Amulti-phaseprogramtoaddressVancouver’slackofpublicwashroomsbyinstallingportableurinals,launchingabusinessincentiveprogram,andbuildingmoreattendedpublicwashrooms.

LanagaraCollege&LeGS

SolvingPublicUrination:TheOpenWashroomProgram

PreparedBy:MayaKorbynnSophieBennettColinMaxwellJonathanLingKieranJamesEricBellHayleyTrachselRebeccaRauschNickLiewYaheLi

April18,2018

2

TableofContents

Foreword....................................................................................................................................1ExecutiveSummary................................................................................................................2

Introduction..............................................................................................................................3

TopicBackground...................................................................................................................3AffectedPartiesandGeographies...............................................................................................3Vancouver’sPublicWashrooms...................................................................................................4CostsofPublicUrination................................................................................................................5Social.....................................................................................................................................................................5Environmental..................................................................................................................................................5Health...................................................................................................................................................................5

PastSolutionsImplemented.........................................................................................................6Scope............................................................................................................................................7

SolutionCriteria.......................................................................................................................7

DesignApproach......................................................................................................................8DesignApproachResults......................................................................................................9Paper-BasedResearch.....................................................................................................................9ExistingSolutions............................................................................................................................................9

Interviews.........................................................................................................................................10PublicSurvey...................................................................................................................................11CollaborativeDesign.....................................................................................................................12PeePlanterPrototype..................................................................................................................12HowItWorked..............................................................................................................................................13PrototypeImplementation.......................................................................................................................13

OurSolution...........................................................................................................................14PeePlanter.......................................................................................................................................14OuterShell.......................................................................................................................................................15PeeReceptacle...............................................................................................................................................15PrivacyWings................................................................................................................................................15DrawerFilterSystem..................................................................................................................................15Drainage...........................................................................................................................................................15PlantandSoil..................................................................................................................................................16Locking/SecuritySystem..........................................................................................................................16

VanPeeIncentiveProgram.........................................................................................................16AttendedWashrooms...................................................................................................................17CostEstimate...................................................................................................................................17PeePlanterCosts..........................................................................................................................................17VanPeeIncentiveProgramCosts..........................................................................................................18AttendedWashroomCosts.......................................................................................................................18ExistingCostsforAlleyCleanUp...........................................................................................................18

RecommendedNextSteps.................................................................................................19

3

EncourageInstallationofTranslinkPublicWashrooms..................................................19ConsiderUsingUrineasaResource........................................................................................19IncorporatetheOpenWashroomProgramintothePlacesforPeopleInitiative....20FixExistingWashroomsinSROs...............................................................................................21LaunchaVancouverWashroomSummit...............................................................................21

Conclusion...............................................................................................................................22Bibliography...........................................................................................................................23

1

ForewordInJanuaryof2018mystudentsinGeography2275:AppliedHumanGeographyacceptedachallengefromtheCityofVancouvertoinnovateasolutiontotheproblemofpublicurinationinthecity'sdowntown.TheyacceptedthechallengeandthroughCityStudio,(asocialinnovationhub)wereconnectedtoacitydirector,eagertosupportanyinitiativeaddressingtheproblem.ToeffectivelymanagetheirprojectthestudentbeganbyformingthemselvesintoLeGS(LangaraEmergingGeographicSolutions)anetworkofgeographerscommittedtourbansocialsustainability.LeGSmettwiceweeklytoresearch,experiment,write,calculate,interview,discuss,design,construct,andobserve.Theyconsideredeconomics,sociology,politics,healthandsanitation,gender,biology,chemistryandofcourse,geography.Theyworkedasindividuals,collaboratedasanetworkandformedworkinggroupsaccordingtotheneedsoftheproject.Itiseasytothinkthatthisproblemisexclusivelycausedbydrunknight-clubbersorthehomeless,butasthestudentsquicklylearned,wheninpublic,anyofuscanbecaughturgentlyneedingtogowhenthereisnowheretogo.Urinatingisahumanimperativeandgoinginpublicisanundignifiedandriskylastoptionresultinginanunhygienicandunpleasantstreetscape.InunderstandingthisLeGSreframedtheproblemaspublicplaceswithnowheretopee,notpeoplepeeinginpublicplaces.LeGSproposesasystemthatintegratesattendedpublicwashrooms,ameansofgainingaccesstoprivatewashroomsandanalternativeforwhenandwheretherearenowashroomsatall.The"OpenWashroomProgram"lays-outapathwaytoconvenientreliefforeveryoneandpromotescommunicationamongstalltherelevantstakeholders.ThestudentsofGEOG2275were,extraordinarilycommitted,creativeanddiligentinthewaytheyembracedaformidablechallengeandorganizedthemselves.TheireffortswererecognizedbyCityStudiowheretheOpenWashroomProjecttook3rdPlacein"Hubbub10",ashowcaseofprojectsfromcollegesanduniversitiesaroundtheLowerMainland.Itremainstobeseewherethisprojectmightbetaken,butforcertain,theconversationhasbegun.SototheseremarkablestudentsIsay“Waytogo!”(sotospeak)ColinMillsGeographyInstructorLangaraCollege

2

ExecutiveSummaryPublicurinationindowntownVancouverisanoverlookedissuethatisnotonlyunpleasant;itisalsocostlytothecityandahealthhazard.MembersofLangaraCollege’sAppliedHumanGeographyclassworkedwithrepresentativesfromCityStudioandtheCityofVancouvertocomeupwithasolutiontostoppublicurinationinVancouver.Earlyintotheirresearch,wedeterminedthatthemaincauseofpublicurinationisthecollectivelackofwashrooms,notdeviantpeople.ToaddressVancouver’slackofpublicwashrooms,anumberoffactorsandsolutionshadtobejoinedtogetherinacoherentsystemcalledTheOpenWashroomProgram,whichaddressesthelackofpubliclyaccessiblefacilitieswithamulti-phaserolloutofnewinfrastructureandbusinessincentivesthataimstoprovideconvenientwashroomaccessforall.TheOpenWashroomProgramPhasesconsistsofthefollowing

• InstallingPeePlanters• LaunchingtheVanPeeIncentiveProgram• InstallingAttendedWashrooms

Peeplantersareaninitiativethatcanquicklybeimplemented.TheyaddresstheimmediateneedforfacilitiesintheGranvilleEntertainmentDistricttodivertpatronsfrompeeinginalleys.TheVanPeeIncentiveprogramrewardsbusinessesforopeninguptheirwashroomstothepublictousefreely.Participatingbusinessesreceiveataxcredit,andthosethatdonotparticipatecontributeafeetowardsincreasingpublicwashroomfacilities.Installing24-hourattendedpublicwashroomsprovidesdignified,safespaceforalltorelievethemselves.Theycanalsobepathstoemploymentfortheunderemployed.Duringthecreationoftheprogram,alotofpaper-basedresearchwasconducted,aswellasinterviewsandsurveysofaffectedpopulations.Inaddition,apeeplanterprototypewasconstructedandputthroughapublictrial.CombinedwithourRecommendedNextSteps,theOpenWashroomProgramwillcreateaframeworkfordialoguebetweenallstakeholderssothattheissueofpublicurinationanddefecationcanbeaddressedcompletelyandwithcompassion.

3

IntroductionMembersofLangaraCollege’sGeography2275:AppliedHumanGeographyclassworkedwithCityStudioandCityofVancouverengineerstocreateasolutionaddressingtheissueofpublicurinationinVancouver’sdowntowncore.CityStudioandtheCityofVancouverinitiallyprovidedthistopic,andconsultedwiththeteamforthedurationoftheproject.PublicurinationisatopicthatisrelatedtomultiplefacetsofGeography,includingHumanGeography,UrbanGeography,EconomicGeographyandPoliticalGeography.ThisConsultant’sReportistheendresultofasemester’sworthofresearch,prototyping,andcollaborativedesign,andisourrecommendationtotheCityofVancouveronhowtoaddresstheissueofpublicurinationinVancouver’sdowntowncore.Publicurinationshouldbeaddressedbysolvingtherootproblem:Vancouver’slackofpublicwashrooms.OurOpenWashroomProgramprovidesaframeworkforincreasingtheavailabilityofpublicwashrooms,aswellasrecommendednextstepsforachievingalasting,equitable,comprehensivesolution.

TopicBackgroundPublicurinationisnotableissueindowntownVancouver.Anygivennight,onecanwalkdownthealleywaysofthedowntowncoreandbeconfrontedwiththecharacteristicsharpsmellofstagnanturine.ThoughpublicurinationisaviolationofVancouverpublichealthbylawsthatcomeswitha$100fine1,itremainsapersistentandcostlyproblemforthecity.Approximately$1836002peryearisspentpertrucktocleanVancouver’salleyways,andtherearemultipletrucksthatpowerwashthestreetsweekly.

AffectedPartiesandGeographies

Everyoneisaffectedbypublicurination.Atpeakhours,5000peoplepassthroughWaterfrontandBurrardSkytrainstations3,andwithlackofpublicfacilities,thesepeopleareleftwonderingwheretheycangotorelievethemselves.

1AdrianaBarton,“Hey,whenyougottago…”TheGlobeandMail,March27,2017,https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/hey-when-youve-gotta-go/article685307/2CaelHopwood,extrapolatedfrome-mailmessagetoMayaKorbynn,April2018.3Translink.“AppendixF:SkytrainStationSummaries.”2016TransitServicePerformanceReview,accessedMarch28,2018.https://www.translink.ca/Plans-and-Projects/Managing-the-Transit-Network/Transit-Service-Performance-Review.aspx.

4

Themostvulnerablepopulationsforpublicurinationarethehomeless,theincontinentandnightclubbers.Havingnoaccesstoaprivatewashroom,thehomelessonlyhavepublicspacesavailabletorelievethemselves.Theincontinentincludeyoungchildrenandtheelderly,whomaynothavethetimeortheresourcestoconvinceaprivatebusinesstoletthemusetheirwashrooms.Nightclubpatronsoftenendtheirnightsfacedwithfullbladdersandnoopenwashroomstoutilize,leavingalleywaysastheonlyconvenientoption.Theentiredowntowncoreisaffectedbypublicurination,butcertainalleywaysparalleltoGranvilleStreetandtoMainStreetarethemostutilized.ThealleywaysbetweenHastingsStandCordovaSt,andtheareanorthofDr.SunYatSenGardenarealsohotspotsforpublicurinationanddefecation4.

Vancouver’sPublicWashrooms

Apublicwashroomisdefinedasawashroomthatisavailableforuseofanymemberofthepublic,includinghomelessandaddictedpopulations.Forthisreason,mall,libraryandstorewashroomsareexcludedaspublicwashrooms,becausetheycatertocustomersandareprivate.InVancouver’sdowntowncore,betweenMainandBurrardStreets,thereareonly7publicwashroomsasillustratedonthemapbelow.

Figure1:MapofPublicToiletsintheVancouverDowntownCore(BetweenBurrardStandMainSt)

Thereare4automatedtoilets,1publicwashroomand2publicparktoiletsbetween.Thesewashroomshavelimitedhoursandareoftenbroken.Withanestimated4RepresentativesfromTheCityofVancouverinconversationwiththeauthors,January2018.

5

homelesspopulationof2,138peopleinVancouver5,combinedwithanestimated5000peoplethatfrequentthedowntownareaduringrushhour,thismeansthatthereisonly1publicwashroomper1020people,andthat’swhenthewashroomsareopenoroperational,whichtheyoftenaren’t.

CostsofPublicUrination

Thecostsofpublicurinationarenotjustmonetary;therearemultiplesocial,environmentalandhealthcoststhatarealsoassociatedwiththeact.

SocialEveryonedeservesrelievethemselvesinsecurityandwithdignity.Providinginsufficientfacilitiesforcespeoplebetweentheproverbialrockandhardplaceofneedingtogo,butonlyhavingthestreetasanoptiontodoitin.Thislackofoptionsisuncivilised,undignified,unsafe,andisamaronourcollectiveidentityasacity.Ratherthanlookatthelackofresourcesastheproblem,insteadwelooktotheperpetratorsastheissueforcarryingoutabasicbodilyfunctionandthencriminalizethemfortheirinabilitytofindascarceresource.Ifwehadtrulyopenwashroomsthatwereaccessibleatalltimesofthedaythesepeoplewouldnolongerneedtobecriminalized,insteadthecitywouldbeholdingupthevaluesthatweidentifywith:dignity,welcoming,andkindness.Notonlyisthisasocialsustainabilityissue,itisahumanrightsissue.

EnvironmentalCurrently,urineandfaecalmatterareflushedintostormdrainswhenlanesareflushed.InVancouver,thestormdrainsleadrighttotheocean,withlittletonofiltrationpresent.Thiscan,anddoescontributetotheenvironmentaldamagetoourwaterwaysbycausingfaecalcoliformbloomsthatrenderbeacheshazardous.

HealthLackofaccessiblewashroomsisrelatedtothespreadofHepatitisA,whichcanbetransmittedthroughcontactwithbodilyfluids.Inlate2017SanDiegohadaHepatitisAoutbreakamongitshomelesspopulation6,whichwaslargelyduetoalackofpublictoiletfacilities.RepresentativesoftheCityofVancouverhave

5B.C.Non-ProfitHousingAssociationandM.ThomsonConsulting,2017HomelessCountinMetroVancouver,(Burnaby,BC:MetroVancouver,2017),7.6“SanDiegoHepatitisAOutbreak,”HepatitisA,SanDiegoCounty,23Jan.2018,https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/Hepatitis_A.html.

6

acknowledgedthattheyareconcernedthataHepatitisAoutbreakcouldoccurinVancouver7.

PastSolutionsImplemented

VancouverhasimplementedattendedpublicwashroomsintheDowntownEastSidebefore.Theywereverypopular,butalsoveryexpensive.Apartfromcriminalizingpublicurination,noothersolutionshavebeenimplementedtocurbpublicurination.

7RepresentativesfromTheCityofVancouverinconversationwiththeauthors,January2018.

7

ScopeInitially,ourscopewaslimitedtoprovidingasolutionforpublicurinationfortheGranvilleEntertainmentDistrictandtheDowntownEastSide.However,duringtheprojecttheteamrealisedthattheasolutionthatstemspublicurinationisverytiedtopublicdefecation,andsoourscopewaswidenedtoincludemeasurestoaddressallbodilyfunctionsforallpeople.Thescopeoftheprobleminvolvingpublicurinationanddefecationislargerthanstinkystreetsorthefinesassociatedwithrelievingoneselfinpublicsuchasindecentexposure,criminalnuisance,orviolatingcityordinances;theissuewithpublicurinationisahumandignityissue.NotallpeopleinVancouver’sdowntowncorehaveaccesstopublicfacilitiestoconductprivateactions,sotheyareforcedtodotheseactionsinpublic;ahumiliating,dehumanizingexperience.Itisalsoagenderedissue,aswomenfeelunsafepubliclyurinatinganddefecating,andoftenspendmoneytogainaccesstowashrooms8.Inordertoaddresstheunderlyingissuesassociatedwithpublicurination,thescopeofthisprojectchangedfromsolvingpublicurinationtosolvingVancouver’slackofpublicwashrooms.Thisenabledoursolutiontobemorecomprehensive,equitable,genderinclusiveandsociallysustainable.

SolutionCriteriaOurmaincriteriaforoursolutionarethatit:

o Maintainsdignityforusers o Divertsurineawayfromlanewaywalls o IslessexpensivethanthesolutionsalreadytriedbythecityofVancouver o Isenvironmentallyfriendly o Encouragessocialresponsibilityandsustainability

8MembersofthePubliconGranvillestreetinconversationwiththeauthors,February2018.

8

DesignApproachOurdesignapproachinvolvedpaper-basedresearch,interviews,datacollection,andthefailingforwardfastdesignprocess,whichinvolvedcreatingandimplementingaprototype.Thepaper-basedresearchrevolvedarounddefinitionsandutilizationofpublicspaceandpublicwashrooms,thehistoryofhomelesspopulationsandpublicspaces,localhistory,andexistingalternativestopublicwashrooms.Interviewswereconductedwithvariousbodiesthatarestakeholdersinthissolution,includingrepresentativesfromtheCityofVancouver,TheVancouverPoliceDepartment,aVancouverwomen’sshelterandtheVancouverAreaNetworkofDrugUsers.Theseinterviewsbroadenedourunderstandingoftheissueandpastsolutions,andinformedusonhowtobestdealwithcreatingasolutionthathelpedthehomelessandaddictedpopulationsinVancouver.Datarelatingtoexistingpublictoiletswascollectedfromanonlinedatabase,whiledataregardingthepublic’sexperiencewithpublicurinationintheGranvilleEntertainmentDistrictwascollectedbysurvey.Initially,asurveyofthehomelesspopulationwasconsidered,however,aftertheinterviewprocessitwasdeterminedthatthiswasnotinthebestinterestofthehomelesspopulation.Ouraimwastocontactallaffectedpopulations.Collaborativedesignwasacriticalpartofourdesignapproach.Atfirst,weconsideredseparatesolutionsfortheGranvilleEntertainmentDistrictandDowntownEastSidepopulations,however,throughresearchandinterviewsitwasrevealedthatacomprehensivesolutionthatcouldbeappliedacrossthecitywasnecessary.Thissolutionwouldhavetocatertobothgeographicpopulations,aswellasallsexes;however,wedidnotethatastopgapimmediatesolutionthatdivertedmalepublicurinationwouldtakecareofthemajorityofstagnantpeeintheGranvilleEntertainmentDistrict.

9

DesignApproachResultsTheresultsgeneratedfromourresearch,prototypeimplementation,interviewsandsurveysnotonlybetterinformedusoftheentirescopeoftheproject,itinfluencedoursolutionsandencouragedthecreationofTheOpenWashroomProgram.

Paper-BasedResearch

ExistingSolutions Therearemanysolutionsaddressingpublicurinationthatcitiesaroundtheworldhaveimplemented.Theserangefromtemporarypublicurinalstocreativeuseofpainttopublicpolicyandinstallingpublicwashrooms.Quiteafewcitieshaveruntrialsof“peeplanters”,aplanterthatfiltersandcollectsurine,thatrequireweeklymaintenance.SanFranciscobuiltbambooP-plantersthatabsorbandreducetheodourofurineandrequireweeklydrainage9,whileinFrancetherearetrialsforuritrottoirs,peeplantersthathaveacompostingbasethatisswitchedouteveryweek10.Incontrast,Brisbanehastemporaryurinalsaroundclubsatnightsothatmalepartiershaveaplacetogo11;whileVictoriahasinstalledapermanentpublicurinal12,andPortlandhashadsuccesswithpermanentwashroomscalledThePortlandLoo,whichhasenoughpersonalprivacytouse,buthasenoughvisibilitysothattheydonobecomeasafetyhazard13.InBerlin,wallsthatarepublicurinationhotspotsarepaintedwithhydrophobicpaintsothaturinebouncesback,essentiallycausingwallsto“peeback”14.Inother

9“PPlanter,SanFrancisco,CA,”HyphaeDesignLaboratory,http://hyphae.net/journal/portfolio/pplanter-san-francisco-ca/.10“Principle,”Uritrottoir,http://uritrottoir.com/principle-en/?lang=en.11SallyLee,“OnlyontheGoldCoast!Bizarreoutdoorurinalsinstalledinbusybeachsidemall…completewith‘modestyscreens’tokeepthelocalshappy,”DailyMailAustralia,December23,2014,http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2884711/.12SunnyDhillon,“Victoriainstallsfirstoutdoorpublicurinal,”TheGlobeandMail,March26,2017,https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/victoria-installs-first-outdoor-public-urinal/article4284725/.13ThePortlandLoo,http://theloo.biz/.14AishaGani,“Wallsthat‘peeback’tacklepeoplewhourinateinpublic,”TheGuardian,November27,2015,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/27/walls-that-pee-back-speople-urinate-in-public.

10

partsofGermanyhasastickerprogramcalled“NetteToilette”thatincentivizesbusinessestoinvitethepublictousetheirtoiletwithoutpaying15.Manyofthesesolutionshaddocumentedsuccess,butalonetheyonlysolvedpartoftheproblem.WeincorporatedthemosteffectiveexistingsolutionsintoTheOpenWashroomProgram.OnelocalinitiativeisalreadytakingupthemantleofprovidingmorepublicwashroomsinVancouver’sdowntowncore.312MainissituatedintheheartoftheDowntownEastSide,atthecornerofMainandCordova.Thisinnovativeproject,ownedbytheCityofVancouver,issituatedwithintheformerheadquartersoftheVancouverpolice,andhasbeentransformedintoahubforsocialengagement.ThevisionofBobWilliamsandpartnersatVancitycreditunionaswellastheJimGreenFoundation,thiscommunity-centeredspaceoffersresourcesinareassuchascollaborating,socialinnovationandskillsdevelopmentwithinthedowntowneastside16.312Mainisapublicspace,whereanyindividualcanenterandengageinthesesocialinitiatives.Thisnotionof‘self-ownership’representsthisneighborhood’sneedforsocialmovementtowardsmorepublicaccess,inacityofever-increasingurbandevelopment.Thisspaceisdedicatedtosocialinclusion.Thismeansthattheprojectconsidersallareasofsocialinclusion,providingresourcessuchasakitchen,freewi-fi,meetingrooms,artstudiospace,aswellaswashrooms,showersandchangingareasformembersofthecommunity.312Main’spublic-accessutilitiesareuniqueintheirqualityaswellasattentiontobothsafetyandhygiene.Thismulti-facetedsolutiontobothsocialandphysicalnecessitiesrepresentsagrowingawarenessofVancouver’sgrowingneedforsociallyinclusivehubs,wherethepublic’sneedsforsafety,relief,anddignityareconsidered.

Interviews

InterviewswereconductedwithnumerousstakeholdersregardingpublicurinationinVancouver’sdowntowncore,includingrepresentativesfromtheCityofVancouver,theVancouverPoliceDepartment(VPD),VancouverAreaNetworkofDrugUsers(VANDU),VancouverCoastalHealth(VCH),andawomen’sshelter.

15FeargusO’Sullivan,“GermanyFoundaCheapWaytoFixItsLackofPublicRestrooms,”Citylab,November1,2016,https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2016/11/not-enough-public-restrooms-nice-toilet-program-germany/506075/.16“312MainStreetInnovationCentre,”JimGreenFoundation,2018,accessedApril5,2018,http://jimgreenfoundation.com/312-main-street-innovation-centre/.

11

OurmeetingwithrepresentativesfromtheCityofVancouverwasveryenlightening,welearnedaboutthefinancialcostsofpublicurination,andthatthecitywasactivelyconcernedthatarepeatofSanDiego’sHepatitisAepidemiccouldhappeninVancouver.Wealsolearnedthatthecityprefersasolutionthatincludesallgenders.InourinterviewwiththeVPDrepresentative,welearnedthatpolicedonotreallyhavetimetodealwithgivingticketsforpublicurination,andthatthelackofpublicwashroomsespeciallyaffectsthoselivingintheDTES.TheVANDUrepresentativegaveusalotofinsightontopastpublicwashroomprojectsinVancouver,andthestatusofpublicwashroomsinVancouvercurrently.AspecificpointofinterestofinterestwasthatnightclubbersfromtheGranvilleEntertainmentDistrictmigratetotheDTESaftertheclubsclose,makingtheissuewithpublicurinationnotoneofseparatedistinctpopulationsinseparategeographies.TheVCHrepresentativegaveusalotofinsightonpossiblesolutionstopublicurination,andthatVCHregardsurineandfaecalmatterassanitarywastethatshouldbedisposedofassuch.Theywereaproponentoftakingawideangledlenstotheproblemandstatedthatitismuchlargerthanprovidingaplacetopee,thatpublicurinationinvolvesahostofothersocialandsafetyissues.Ourcontactwiththewomen’sshelterrepresentativewasbrief,butverytelling.Therewasalotofresistancetoourproject,stemmingfrompastexperienceswithsimilarinitiativesthatgarnerednofurtheraction.Therepresentativewasstaunchlyinsupportofinstallingmoreattendedpublicwashrooms.

PublicSurvey OnthenightofSaturday,February3,2018,fourmembersofourteamtooktothestreetsandconductedapublicsurvey.ThepurposeofthissurveywastodeterminewhowasmorelikelytopubliclyurinateintheGranvilleEntertainmentDistrict.Welearnedthat79%ofmenand53%ofwomenhaveurinatedinalleywayswhentherewerenobetteroptions.Therewasalargerangeofemotions,rangingfromembarrassmenttoshameandalmostprideinawayforhavingdoneit.Wechangedthequestionearlyoninthesurveyafteritwasobservedthat"Granvillestrip"wasnotauniversallyunderstoodgeographicalconcept,oratleast,didnotappeartotargetthedesiredareasofourstudies,whichwerereallyifanyonepeedinthealleywaysoffGranvilleStreet.Thequestionwasfirstmadebroader:Haveyoueverpeedpublicly?Butthiswasalsomisconstruedasalotofwomenansweredthattheyhadpubliclypeedinparksandwhilecamping.Sothenweasked"Haveyou

12

everpeedpubliclyinacity"andgotmoredetailedanswers17.Weextrapolatedthenumberstoshowthatofthewomenweasked,53%hadurinatedintheGranvillestrip,and79%ofmenhadaswell.Duringthesurvey,ourteammemberslearnedadditionalinformationfromthosewhoanswered.After10pmtheoptionsforurinatingbecomenearlynon-existent.TheautomaticwashroomsonGranville,whenoperational,areonlyopenfrom6am-9pm.Thisisprimenightclubhoursandwhenmostbusinessesareclosed.Thiseffectivelyexcludestonight-timepopulationfromconvenientandfreeaccesstopublicwashrooms.

CollaborativeDesign

Thecollaborativedesignprocessnotonlyinvolvedinterviewsandsurveys,italsoincludedmultipleroundsofbrainstormingamongthegrouptocomeupwithdifferentsolutionstoaddresspublicurinationandVancouver’slackofwashrooms.Aftereachroundofbrainstorming,thegroupeliminatedalternativesandrefinedpotentialsolutions.Alargepartofthisprocessinvolvedintegratingaspectsofalreadyexistingprojectsandproductsintooutsolution.Hydrophobicpaintwasconsidered,buteliminatedearlyinontheprojectastheentiregroupthoughtthatitwasnotcosteffectivefortheresultitcreated,whichdidnothingtoactuallypreventurinefromsittinginalleyways.InstallingsomethingsimilartoThePortlandLoowasalsoeliminatedearlybecauseoftheresultsofourinterviews.

PeePlanterPrototype Thepeeplanterprototypewecreatedcamefromourcollaborativedesignefforts.OuraimwastodesignsomethingtoaddresstheimmediateconcernofpublicurinationintheGranvilleEntertainmentDistrict,apredominantlymaleconcern.WedrewfromideaslikethePplanterinSanFrancisco,andtheUritrotoirsinParistomakeourdesign;thoughcontrarytowhattheseotherdesignsinvolve,ourpeeplanterwasnevermeanttoholdpee,butjusttofilteranddrainit.Ourprototypewascomposedofthefollowingpieces:

• Plywoodshellandbase• Peereceptacle• Compostbininnershell• Filtermaterials• SwordFernandSoil

17MayaKorbynninconversationwiththeauthors,February2018.

13

Ourfinaldesigndidnotincludedrainage,asourchosenmethodforevaluationwastomeasuretheamountofliquidthattheplanter“collected”whileinservice.Unfortunately,thiswasfoiled,aswhenwearrivedtoextracttheprototype,wediscoveredthatithadbeenrepurposed–theonlypartthatremainedwhatthecompostbininnershell.

HowItWorked ThePeePlanterconsistsofanoutershellinwhichonesideholdsacompartmenttopeein,whichdrainsintothecompostbininnershell.Insidethecompostbinisafiltrationsysteminwhichwhentheurinetravelsthrougheachlayerandbythetimeitreachesthebottomoftheplanterithasbeenfilteredintogreywaterwhichisnonwaste.Thefiltrationsysteminsidethecompostbinconsistsof(frombottomtotop)alayerofgravel,thensand,thenactivatedcharcoal(acrucialaspectoffiltration),thenanotherlayerofsand,layerofgravelandfinallyyourtopsoilwiththefernplantedontopofthat.Acompostbininnershellwasusedtoaidwithconstructionoftheprototypeonsite,itiseasytowheelintotheoutershell.Ourprototypedidnothavedrainageinorderforthevolumeoftheliquidacquiredtobemeasuredpostimplementation. Fromtheoutsideeyethestructuresimplylookslikeaplanterwithaferncomingoutofthetop,butwithsimpleanddirectsignageindividualswereencouragedtousetheplanterpeeinprivacyandreducewastefromthestreet.Thesignagewaslargeandsimplesothatitcouldbereadinlowlightandbythosewhomanybeinebriated.

PrototypeImplementation TheinitialtestoftheprototypetookplaceinthealleywaybehindtheCommodore,duringtheGranvilleEntertainmentDistricthours.ThepeeplanterwasdeployedforonenightonFriday,March23rd,2018.Observerssuchasbusinessownersintheareaexpressedtheirinterestintheneedforthissolution.Theydiscussedhowitupsetsthemtohavetodealwithpublicurinationbehindtheirbusinesseseachnightandeachmorning.Asnoted,mostofthecomponentsofthepeeplanterdisappearedbetweendeploymentandtheplannedextractiontime.

14

OurSolutionTheprimaryreasonthatpublicurinationoccursisalackoffacilities18.Oursolutiontosolvethisproblemusinga3-phaseharmreductionprogramcalledtheOpenWashroomProgramtoincreasetheamountofpubliclyaccessiblewashroomsindowntownVancouver.ItincorporatesanimmediatestopgapsolutionandstrategiesforincreasingtheamountofwashroomsindowntownbyincreasingtheexistingsupplyandbuildingmorepublicwashroomstomeettheVancouverCoastalHealthrequirementsfortoiletsforpublicevents,whichis5toiletspermaleand16toiletsperfemaleper1000people19.TheOpenWashroomProgramhasthreecomponents:

• InstallingPeePlanters• LaunchingtheVanPeeStickerProgramme• BuildingAdditionalAttendedWashrooms

PeePlanter ThefirstphaseofourprograminvolvesstrategicinstallationofpeeplantersinVancouverdowntownalleywayswillprovideastopgapsolutiontowashroomsustainability.Thisisamoreimmediatesolutioncurbmalepublicurination,akeyissuethattheCityofVancouveridentifiedatprojectinitiation.Thissolutionprovidesanoptioninplacesandattimeswhenpublicwashroomfacilitiesarenotavailable,andaftertheVanPeeIncentiveprogramandtheinstallationofpermanentattendedpublicwashrooms,thegoalisthatfewerofthesepeeplanterswillbeneededtofillgaps.Installingpeeplanterswillalsoalleviatesomeofthepressureonpoliceenforcement,whowillnothavetospendtimehandingoutfinesforpublicurination.Ideally,apeeplanterwouldbeplacedineveryalleywayinthedowntownVancouvercore,and2to3inevery“problem”alleywayuntilmoresupplyisbuiltupsothatpeeplanterscanberelocatedtootherareasofthecitywiththisissue.ThePeePlanterisdesignedtobe100%recyclableandcanalsobere-usedforotherpurposes,suchasbeinganormalplanter.Itisacradle-to-cradledesignthatcostsapproximately$200perunittobuild.

18DanielDenver,“PeeingIsNotaCrime,”Citylab,July21,2015,https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/07/peeing-is-not-a-crime/399068/19Canada.BritishColumbia.MinistryofHealth.“FactSheet#3:Sanitation.”PublicHealthGuidelines:MajorPlannedEvents(ProvinceofBritishColumbia),https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health/keeping-bc-healthy-safe/major-planned-events/factsheet3-sanitation.pdf.

15

Thepeeplanterdesignincludesthefollowing:• Outershell• Peereceptacle• Privacywings• DrawerFilterSystem• Drainage• Plantandsoil• Locking/SecuritySystem

OuterShellThispeeplanterwouldbebuiltoutofplastic,asitislightinadditiontobeingurineandrotresistant.

PeeReceptacleThenecessityofapeereceptacleonthepeeplanteristoaiduserswithaimandensurethatthereisminimalspillingofurine.Apeebeeorotheraimingsystemwillbeplacedstrategicallyonthepeereceptacleasavisualaid.Ourresearchindicatedthatwomenwouldnotprefertouseanyoutdoorpeereceptacles,manywereevenhesitanttouseportapotties,andsoatthistimewedonotrecommendedaddingafemalefriendlypeereceptacle.

PrivacyWingsThemalemembersoftheteamidentifiedthatwhenpossible,menwhopubliclyurinateprefertohavesomeprivacy.Havingprivacywingsextendingfromthefaceoftheplanteroneithersideofthepeereceptacleprovidesuserswithmoredignitywhenthey

DrawerFilterSystemThefiltrationsystemforthepeeplanterisin6layers.Underthesoilandswordfernaretwocoursesofgravel,sand,andactivatedcharcoallayers.Thisfiltrationsystemensuresthatthedrainedfluidsaregreywater,animprovementfromuntreatedurinebeingflusheddownthestormdrains.Theselayersshouldbeplacedinstacked,removabledrawers.Aremovabledrawerdesignispreferredbecauseitmakesiteasiertoservicethepeeplanter–insteadofhavingtoreplacetheentirecontentsoftheplanter,onlynecessarylayerswillhavetobereplaced.Thisincreasesthelongevityoftheplantersandreducesthemaintenanceexpenseandtime.

DrainageOurrecommendeddrainagesystemforthesepeeplantersisopendrainage–thegreywaterfromthefiltersystemshouldbefreetodrainfromthebottomoftheplanterintoanearbystormdrain.

16

However,alternativedrainagemethodstoconsiderareconnectingthepeeplanterstothesanitarysystemviaexistingsanitarymanholesinalleyways,andhavingacollectionsysteminsteadofallowingforfreedrainage.Werecommendedthefreedrainagesystembecauseitistheleastintensiveforinstallationandmaintenance.

PlantandSoilThepurposeofusingapeeplanterisnotonlytogreenupalleyways,buttoalsoprovidesomeprivacyforusers.Werecommendusingswordfernsastheplantofchoicewiththepeeplanters,asitisurineresistant,largeenoughtoaffordprivacyandalocalspeciesofflora.

Locking/SecuritySystemTheshellofthePeePlanterwillhaveanallowanceforachainlocktothatcanbeattachedtoanear-bybuildingtodiscouragetheft.Additionallyoralternatively,concretebasescanbeconstructedforthepeeplanterstodiscouragetheftandvandalism.

VanPeeIncentiveProgram TheVanPeeIncentiveprogramencouragesbusinesstoopenuptheirwashroomstothepublic.Itusesasignallingstickersystem;bydisplayingaVanPeestickerinthewindow,thebusinessindicatesthatanymemberofthepublic,freeofcharge,canusethewashroominside.ParticipatingbusinessesreceiveamonthlytaxcreditandreceivecleaningsupportfromaVANDUvolunteerprogram,whichcreatespotentialpathstoemploymentthroughvolunteeractivities.Thisprogramwouldbefundedbythecity,andanybusinessesthatdonotenrolintheprogramwillpayafeetohelpfundtheincentivesandfundtheinstallationofpeeplantersandattendedpublicwashrooms.Thiscreatesasystemthatworksforallgenders.LocationsandhoursforeachparticipatingbusinesswouldbeincludedonapublicfacilitymapontheVanConnectapp.ThisappcouldbeGPScapableandgivedirectionstothenearestopenbathroomfromtheuser’scurrentlocation. Thisprogramhasaprecedent;inGermanysomecitiespaybusinessesamonthlyfeeofanythingfrom€30to€100($47to$15620)amonthtoopenuptheirrestroomsforthegeneralpublic.Thesebusinessesthenputastickerintheirwindowtoletthepublicknowthey’rewelcometousethefacilitiesevenifthey’renotbuying.Since2000,210citiesinGermanyandSwitzerlandhavesuccessfullybeenrunningsimilarprograms.

20AsoftheXECurrencyConverterexchangerateonApril17,2018.

17

AttendedWashrooms

Theconstructionof24-hourpublicwashroomsnotonlyincreasestheavailabilityofpublicwashrooms,butalsocreatessafespacesforwomenandothervulnerablepopulationstorelievethemselves.WebelievethatnewattendedpublicwashroomscanalsocreatejobopportunitiestounemployedandhomelessresidentsoftheDowntownEastside.Potentialjobopeningsincludecleanersandwashroomattendants.ThiswillcreateaccessibilitysafetytowashroomsandneweconomicopportunitiesintheDowntownEastside.VANDUhasalreadyexpressedinterestasusingitasapathwaytoemploymentforitsmembersAttendedwashroomsaregenderneutralsolutionsthatareproventowork,Vancouverhasdoneatrialrunwithattendedbathroomsandreceivedpositivefeedback.Thoughtheyareexpensivetobuildandrun,ultimately,thismodelisthemostcompassionatewaytoaddresspublicurinationanddefecation.CombinedwithpeeplantersandtheVanPeeIncentiveProgram,attendedbathroomscanbeslowlyphasedinoncetheincentiveprogramandotherfundingmechanismsarefinalised,sothatperhapssomeofthecostsofthebathroomscanbeoffset.

CostEstimate

ThethreestagesofTheOpenWashroomProjectallhavedifferentrelatedcoststoimplement.Thoughthecostsofimplementationarehigherthanwhatisbeingspentcurrentlyonaddressingpublicurination,thelackofpublicwashroomsinthedowntownVancouvercoreisapublicissuethatthepublicmustaddressandshouldnotnecessarilybeaventurethatmakesmoney.ThefocusshouldbeonprovidingessentialservicesandrelieftocitizensofandvisitorstoVancouver.

PeePlanterCostsInitialcapitalcostsofinstalling80peeplantersare$1,600;maintenancecostsare$39,950altogether.Thisissignificantlylessexpensivethanexistingalleywaycleanup,butdoesnotincludetheminimalcostsforfiltermaterial.Costbreakdown:

• Constructioncostsforthepeeplanter:$200perunit• 80planterswillbeinstalledinVancouveralleyways• Maintenanceofthefreedrainingplantersisestimatedtobeonetimeper

monthwitha2-hourtimecommitmentperplanter• FactoringintheCityofVancouverlivingwageof$20.62,thisisanannual

maintenancecostof$39,950peryear.

18

VanPeeIncentiveProgramCostsThisprogramcanbecostneutralorevengeneraterevenue,dependingonhowtheCityofVancouverwantstoimplementthetaxcreditsandpublicwashroomfees.sCostbreakdown:

• BusinessesintheVanPeeProgramreceiveamonthly$50taxcreditforbeingintheVanPeeprogram

• Businesseswhodonotparticipatepay$50permonthtowardssupportingpublicwashroominfrastructure

• Iftheamountofbusinessesparticipatingequaltheamountofbusinessesnotparticipating,thisprogramiscostneutral

AttendedWashroomCostsAttendedwashroomshavetwomaincosts,capitalcostsandmaintenancecosts.Theannualoperationalcostfor8attendedpublicwashroomsis$911,040,andtheinitialcapitaloutlayis$2.4million.Thisamountdoesnottakeintoaccountthecostofthesuppliesneededtostockthewashrooms.Costbreakdown:

• Constructionforpublicwashroom:$300,00021• Aimtohave8attendedpublicwashroomsconstructed• Washroomattendantispaid$13anhour22• Withoneattendantoperatingthewashroom24/7:$113,880annuallyin

wages

ExistingCostsforAlleyCleanUpTheapproximateannualcosttoflushVancouverdowntowncorealleywayseachyearis$183,600peryear.ThisfigurewasdeterminedfromweeklyestimatesobtainedfromCityofVancouverengineers

21AndrePicard,“WhenYouGottaGo,butThere'sNoPublicToiletinSight,”TheGlobeandMail,25July2017,www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/when-you-gotta-go-but-theres-no-public-toilet-in-sight/article35782108/.22ERIEconomicResearchInstitute,“RestroomAttendantSalary,”ERI|SalaryExpert,www.salaryexpert.com/salary/job/restroom-attendant/canada.

19

RecommendedNextStepsEncourageInstallationofTranslinkPublicWashrooms

Unlikeotherworld-classcitiessuchasLondonandHongKong,Vancouverdoesnothaveanywashroomsaccessibletothepublic.WiththeexceptionofthewashroomsattheSeabusterminalandWestCoastExpress,allwashroomsatTranslinkstationsareforstaffuseonly.Inthelastfewmonths,therehasbeenincreasingmediacoveragepromotingtheinstallationofpublicwashroomsatTranslinkhubs.Implementingpublicwashroomsisastepintherightdirection;currentlymanypeopleplantheirtripsthroughVancouverbasedonwheretheycanfindpubliclyaccessiblewashrooms23,andhavingthesefacilitiesatSkytrainstationsandbusloopswouldrelievefrustrationandmakeitmorepleasanttotravelinVancouver.Asitis,therearenopubliclyaccessiblewashroomsfor30minutesonceatravellerleavesYVR(PacificCentreMall),andthat’sifyouknowwheretolookonceyougetdowntown.Thereisnosignageatanystationsdenotingwheretravellerscanstarttolooktofindpublicwashrooms.AchallengetoinstallingTranslinkpublicwashroomsisfunding;itiscurrentlyillegaltochargeforwashroomuse,asmostothermajorcitiesintheworlddo,andTranslinkdoesnothavethetoimplementtheseprograms24.However,publicwashroomsshouldbeseenasanecessityforaworld-classcity,allmeasuresshouldbetakentosecurefundingforthisproject,includingworkingwiththeCityofVancouverandothermunicipalitiesconnectedtoTranslinktocreateajointsolutionthatcouldperhapsbeonpublicland.

ConsiderUsingUrineasaResource Farmershavebeenusingurinetowatertheircropsforaslongaswecancollectivelyremember.Thisisbecauseofitsrichconcentrationofnitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassium,theprimaryingredientsincommercialfertilizer25.

23AttendeesattheLangaraScholarshipCaféindiscussionwiththeauthors,March29,2018.24Translink,“WashroomsontheSystem,”TheBuzzerBlog,2017,accessedApril5,2018,http://buzzer.translink.ca/2011/09/washrooms-on-the-system/.25Senecal,Jenna,andBjörnVinnerås."UreaStabilisationandConcentrationforUrine-divertingDryToilets:UrineDehydrationinAsh."ScienceofTheTotalEnvironment586(2017):650.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.038

20

Usingurineasaresourcereducestheloadontheinfrastructure,ithelpsfertilizetheplantsinthepeeplanter,anditcanbemonetizedtohelppayfortheOpenWashroomProgram.ThroughresearcharoundtheworldsciencehasfoundawaytoturnurineintoacommercialfertilizercalledStruvite.ThroughdehydrationinanacidicenvironmenturinecanbeturnedintoStruvite(NPKfertilizer)theacidicenvironmenthelpskeepthenitrogenstableinUrea.ThebiggestproblemthatwefacewhenmakingStruviteisthattheureaquicklybreaksdownasthepHrises(becomesmorealkaline)andturnsintoammonia26.Traditionalagriculturefertilizerisgoingtorunoutintheforeseeablefuturebecausepredictionssuggeststhatglobally,wewillrunoutofphosphateby2033andseeadeclineinfoodproductionasaresultofthis27.Byrecoveringphosphatesfromurine,Vancouvercanhelpsustainthelocal,andperhapsglobalagriculturalindustry,makingitmoresustainablewhichperhapsusingStruviteinmodeltoaidinfundingtheOpenWashroomProgram.

IncorporatetheOpenWashroomProgramintothePlacesforPeopleInitiative ThecityofVancouverhaspresentedtheDowntown:PlacesforPeopleasamajorplanningproject.ThescopeoftheprojectencompassesmanyaspectsofwhatittakestohaveavibrantandhealthyexperienceforanyonevisitingthecityofVancouver.AfterstudyingtheelementsandinitiativeofthePlacesforPeopleprogramwehaveidentifiedakeyomission:aprovisionforwashroomaccess. TheOpenWashroomProgramisaconstellationofsolutionsthatcanquicklyaddressthevitalneedofwashroomaccessinanydowntownexperience.ThegoalofthePlacesforPeopleinitiativeisstatedascreatinga“well-designeddowntownshouldinspireandcreatepleasureforvisitorsandpassers-by,aswellasforthosewholive,work,andplayintheareaeveryday.”Forthisprogramtotrulybewell-designedwashroomaccessmustbeincorporated. TheresearchundertakenincreatingtheopenwashroomprogramhaspositionedtheL.E.G.Steamasexpertsonprovensolutionsforwashroomaccessfromaroundtheworld.Wehaveconcludedthatabuyinisnecessaryfrommanystakeholderstoaccomplishadignifiedresponsetotheissueofwashroomaccess,fromstopgapmeasuressuchasP-planters,tobusinessesallowingunrestricteduseoftheirfacilitiestoattendedmobilewashroomstationplacedatkeylocations.Thepotential26Ibid,655.27MarkusHeckenmüeller,DaijuNaritaandGernotKlepper,“GlobalAvailabilityof PhosphorusandItsImplicationsforGlobalFoodSupply:AnEconomic Overview,”Series:KielWorkingPaper1897(2014):3.

21

oftheOpenWashroomProgramliesinitssimplicity,ifallaspectsoftheprogramarerealizedamodelofsocialsustainabilityemerges.ThecityofVancouverhasanopportunitywiththePlacesforPeopleprojecttobeginaneweraofhospitality,whenthecityinvitespeopletovisit,itmustmakeahospitableprovisionforeveryneed,includinghumanwaste. ThedraftstrategicreportforthePlacesforPeopleprogramisdueinsummerof2018,thisgivesampletimefortheOpenWashroomProgramtobeintegratedintotheseplans.Ourexpertiseandresearchintothecriticalissueofwashroomaccesscanbenefitthecityinmanyways;theOpenWashroomProgramcanbestartedimmediately.WebelievethatthePlacesforPeopleinitiativepresenttheidealmomenttoimplementwashroomaccessasafoundationofapleasurablevisittoawell-designedVancouver.

FixExistingWashroomsinSROs ThewashroomscurrentlyavailableinSingleRoomOccupancy(SRO)buildingsarenotadequatelymaintained,theycanbedirty,brokenand/orstructurallyunsafe.ThiscausesSROresidentstoavoidusingthem,puttingadditionalstressonexistingpublicwashroomfacilities.Thesewashroomscouldbeanassetifrepairedbybothrelievingthepressureonpublicwashroomfacilitiesandprovidingacrucialpointofreliefforresidents.SROwashroomsareaoneofthepointsofsupportfortheOpenWashroomProgramandwouldhelpeasetheneedforwashroomsinacitywheretheyareascarceresource.

LaunchaVancouverWashroomSummit

WebelievethatamorepermanentsolutionforVancouver’slackofpublicwashroomsliesinallrelevantstakeholderscommunicatingandworkingtogethertocreateasolution.It'snotuptojustonedepartmentbutalldepartmentstodotheirpart.ThemosteffectivewaytodothisistoholdawashroomsummitwhereallstakeholderscancometogethertobrainstormandworkshopalastingstrategyforpublicwashroomsinVancouver.Thesestakeholdersinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

• CityofVancouver • VancouverCoastalHealth• TheDowntownVancouverBusinessImprovementAssociation • Translink • PlacesforPeopleInitiativeRepresentatives • TheVancouverPoliceDepartment

22

• TheVancouverAreaNetworkofDrugUsers • LocalBusinesses • TourismVancouver • Thehomeless • Thegeneralpublic

Thiswillenablethecreationofapermanentsolutionthattakesintoaccountandmeetstheneedsofallwhoareaffected.Additionally,thissummitwouldcomeupwithaframeworkforanorganizationalstructurethatwilldealwiththisissuemovingforward.

ConclusionPublicurinationisanimportantissuetoaddressfromasanitary,health,dignity,environmental,andsocialsustainabilitylens.Itisanunpleasanttopicthathasbeenoverlookedfortoolongandneedsmultidisciplinarycollaborationinordertocomeupwithalasting,inclusive,andcomprehensivesolution.Publicurinationandpublicdefecationdoesnothappenbecausepeoplearedeviant,ithappensbecausethereisalackoftruepublicbathroomsinVancouver.TheOpenWashroomProgramoffersphasedsolutionsthatincreasetheamountandavailabilityofwashroomsinVancouver’sdowntowncore.CombinedwithourRecommendedNextSteps,theOpenWashroomProgramwillcreateaframeworkfordialoguebetweenallstakeholderssothattheissueofpublicurinationanddefecationcanbeaddressedcompletelyandwithcompassion.

23

Bibliography“312MainStreetInnovationCentre.”JimGreenFoundation,2018.AccessedApril5, 2018.http://jimgreenfoundation.com/312-main-street-innovation-centre/.Barton,Adriana.“Hey,whenyougottago…”TheGlobeandMail,March27,2017. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/hey-when-youve-gotta- go/article685307/B.C.Non-ProfitHousingAssociationandM.ThomsonConsulting.2017 HomelessCountinMetroVancouver.PreparedfortheMetroVancouver HomelessnessPartneringStrategyCommunityEntity.Burnaby,BC:Metro Vancouver.2017.Canada.BritishColumbia.MinistryofHealth.“FactSheet#3:Sanitation.”Public HealthGuidelines:MajorPlannedEvents(ProvinceofBritishColumbia). https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health/keeping-bc-healthy-safe/major- planned-events/factsheet3-sanitation.pdfCityofVancouver.PlacesforPeopleDowntown.http://vancouver.ca/home- property-development/places-for-people-downtown.aspxDenver,Daniel.“PeeingIsNotaCrime.”Citylab,July21,2015. https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/07/peeing-is-not-a-crime/399068/Dhillon,Sunny.“Victoriainstallsfirstoutdoorpublicurinal.”TheGlobeandMail. March26,2017.https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british- columbia/victoria-installs-first-outdoor-public-urinal/article4284725/.ERIEconomicResearchInstitute.“RestroomAttendantSalary.”ERI|SalaryExpert, www.salaryexpert.com/salary/job/restroom-attendant/canada.Gani,Aisha.“Wallsthat‘peeback’tacklepeoplewhourinateinpublic.”The Guardian.November27,2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/27/walls-that-pee-back- people-urinate-in-public.Heckenmüeller,Markus,DaijuNaritaandGernotKlepper.“GlobalAvailabilityof PhosphorusandItsImplicationsforGlobalFoodSupply:AnEconomic Overview.”Series:KielWorkingPaper1897(2014). Jalibut.Vanloos:OpenDatapoweredPublicWashroomsDirectory. https://darshandsoni.com/vanloos/.Lee,Sally.“OnlyontheGoldCoast!Bizarreoutdoorurinalsinstalledinbusy beachsidemall…completewith‘modestyscreens’tokeepthelocalshappy.” DailyMailAustralia.December23,2014. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2884711/Merry-Christmas- Surfers-Paradise-Council-receives-public-backlash-new-open-air-urinals-try- stop-drunken-men-celebrating-silly-season-relieving-streets.html.O’Sullivan,Feargus.“GermanyFoundaCheapWaytoFixItsLackofPublic Restrooms.”Citylab.November1,2016. https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2016/11/not-enough-public- restrooms-nice-toilet-program-germany/506075/.

24

Picard,Andre.“WhenYouGottaGo,butThere'sNoPublicToiletinSight.”TheGlobe andMail,25July2017.www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/when-you- gotta-go-but-theres-no-public-toilet-in-sight/article35782108/.“PPlanter,SanFrancisco,CA.”HyphaeDesignLaboratory. http://hyphae.net/journal/portfolio/pplanter-san-francisco-ca/.“Principle.”Uritrottoir.http://uritrottoir.com/principle-en/?lang=en.PublicHealthAct,StatutesofBritishColumbia2008,c28,s124. http://www.bclaws.ca/Recon/document/ID/freeside/00_08028_01#section 124.“SanDiegoHepatitisAOutbreak.”HepatitisA,SanDiegoCounty.23Jan.2018. https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/commu nity_epidemiology/dc/Hepatitis_A.html.Senecal,Jenna,andBjörnVinnerås."UreaStabilisationandConcentrationforUrine- divertingDryToilets:UrineDehydrationinAsh."ScienceofTheTotal. Environment586(2017).650-57.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.038.ThePortlandLoo.http://theloo.biz/.ToiletMap. https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1fxNcjAajIseKt7v4u6Ut gGUKrIE&ll=49.28388985869014%2C-123.12475560000001&z=14Translink.“AppendixF:SkytrainStationSummaries.”2016TransitService PerformanceReview.AccessedMarch28,2018. https://www.translink.ca/Plans-and-Projects/Managing-the-Transit- Network/Transit-Service-Performance-Review.aspx.Translink.“WashroomsontheSystem.”TheBuzzerBlog.2017.AccessedApril5, 2018.http://buzzer.translink.ca/2011/09/washrooms-on-the-system/.