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Solutions: Towards Sustainable ICT Supply Chains
Greening the ICT reverse supply chain
Dr. Mathias Schluep, Empa
ITU Green Standards Week, 18 September 2012, Paris / France
Main objectives
Distribution & Consumption Collection Pre-Processing End-Processing Disposal
Access 100%
recovery of resources/
segregation of hazardous waste
Safe
Main actors
Informal sector
Informalrecycling
Informal collectors /
scrap dealers
Informal dumping &
burning
Formal recyclingindustry
Institutional & corporate consumer
Private consumer
Donations
Official dumpsites
Distribution & Consumption Collection Pre-Processing End-Processing Disposal
Global Industry
Second-handindustry
Refurbishers & Repairers
Distributors& retailersof new EEE
Distributors& retailersof used EEE
Communalcollection
Unwanted processes (examples)
Informal sector
Informalrecycling
Informal collectors /
scrap dealers
Informal dumping &
burning
Formal recyclingindustry
Institutional & corporate consumer
Private consumer
Donations
Official dumpsites
Distribution & Consumption Collection Pre-Processing End-Processing Disposal
Global Industry
Second-handindustry
Refurbishers & Repairers
Distributors& retailersof new EEE
Distributors& retailersof used EEE
Communalcollection
1
Import of e-waste and near end of life EEE
2
Consumer dumps e-waste with
household waste
3
Under harmful conditions
4
Secondary resources are not recovered
5
Emissions to the
environment
Intervention mechanisms
Informal sector
Informalrecycling
Informal collectors /
scrap dealers
Informal dumping &
burning
Formal recyclingindustry
Institutional & corporate consumer
Private consumer
Donations
Official dumpsites
Distribution & Consumption Collection Pre-Processing End-Processing Disposal
Global Industry
Second-handindustry
Refurbishers & Repairers
Distributors& retailersof new EEE
Distributors& retailersof used EEE
Communalcollection
Policy & Legislation Business & Finance Technology & Skills
Marketing & Awareness
Monitoring and Control
Developing a legal framework …
… in synergy with existing policies and legal frameworks, especially related to environment, general waste management, as well as health and safety
… to ensure that all actors will play under the same rules, in order to avoid ‘’cherry picking’’ (level playing field)
… by defining appropriate roles and responsibilities
Policy & Legislation
Policy & Legislation
Example: Swiss WEEE legislation (ORDEE)
Obligation to return
Obligation to take back
Obligation to dispose of
Guarantee best disposal
proof legal disposal
Consumer
Retailer/Manufacturer/Importer
• but free of charge!• return it to a retailer, manufacturer /
importer or to a collection point
• appliances they normally stock, manufacture or import
• retailers may return it to manufacturer or importer
• dispose of via own or existing PRO's system
• license granted by cantonal authorities
• control by PRO and cantonal authorities
Recycler
• export permit granted by Federal Office of the Environment (FOEN)Exporter
Establishing an institutional framework and a financing scheme … … (e.g.) under the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility
(EPR), where producers and importers should be given an appropriate role to manage the waste generated out of their products
… to ensure that the right market incentives lead to high collection and material recovery rates.
… to ensure that recycling is a sustainable business, also under unfavorable economic conditions
… by providing an additional flexible income stream (in addition to revenues through sold secondary materials) enabled through a financing scheme
Business & Finance
The dependency on global commodity prices has to be interpreted as a relevant risk for the business’ profitability
Business & Finance
developing a qualified and efficient e-waste recycling sector …
… with careful consideration of the socio-economic conditions (e.g. low labor costs) and the possible roles of informal collection and dismantling before establishing a parallel system in competition to these structures
… to ensure an efficient and effective recycling chain with high value for people and the environment
… by identifying downstream processes for hazardous and valuable fractions , including interlinking the local recyclers to international recycling companies and networks, for developing market outlets for their pre-processed e-waste fractions
Technology & Skills
The material recovery efficiency of the entire recycling chain depends on the efficiency of each step and on how well the interfaces between these interdependent steps are managed
Technology & SkillsMaterial recovery efficiency
System Net yield
Formal e.g. Europe
15%
Informal e.g. India
20%
formal take-back
system60%
mainly mechanical processes
25% integrated smelter95%
individual collectors80%
manual sorting and dismantling
50% backyard leaching50%
Distribution & Consumption DisposalCollection Pre-Processing End-Processing
Informal sector Bangalore
Technology & SkillsExample gold recovery
State of the art smelter
only 20% gets recovered > 60% loss due to the manual dismantling
process > 50 % loss due to the wet-chemical
leaching process Emissions are dramatic: up to 400x
European thresholds
Recovery rate of up to 95% Plus other metal, e.g. palladium, silver,
copper etc,
High – tech off-gas control and treatment system
Some reference documents for best available technologies (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP)
Technology & SkillsBET / BEP reference documents
Computing Equipment(all fractions)
• PACE, “Guideline on environmentally sound material recovery and recycling of end-of-life computing equipment,” Partnership for Action on Computing Equipment, Geneva / Switzerland, 2011.
Metals•Pyrometallurgical•Hydrometallurgical
• M. Schluep, C. Hagelueken, R. Kuehr, F. Magalini, C. Maurer, C. Meskers, E. Mueller, and F. Wang, “Recycling - from e-waste to resources, Sustainable innovation and technology transfer industrial sector studies,” United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Paris, France, 2009
• UNEP, “Metal Recycling - Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure,” United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Paris / France, Draft #3, 2012
Plastics • Stockholm Convention, “Guidelines on Best Available Techniques and Best Environmental Practice for the Recycling and Disposal of Articles containing Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,” UNEP, UNIDO, unitar, Vienna, Austria, draft v1 2011.
Batteries • ERM, “Battery Waste Management - Life Cycle Assessment,” UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London, UK, 2006.
Monitoring & Control
ensuring a continuous improvement and maintaining compliance of the e-waste sector …
… by implementing monitoring and control mechanisms which favour high standard operations and allow businesses to grow in a level playing field
Greening the ICT reverse supply chain requires to:
… understand the main objectives of e-waste recycling
… know who the main actors are in the reverse supply chain
… define what intervention mechanisms are needed for
developing a legal framework establishing an institutional framework and a financing scheme developing a qualified and efficient e-waste recycling sector ensuring a continuous improvement and maintaining compliance of
the e-waste sector
Conclusion
GeSI & StEP E-waste Academy
Dr. Mathias SchluepEmpaLerchenfeldstrasse 59014 St.Gallen
SWITZERLAND
Technology & Society Lab:www.empa.ch/tsl
Swiss e-Wast Programme:www.ewasteguide.info
Swiss e-Waste Competencewww.e-waste.ch
Thank you!