SOLUTIONS FOR UPPER MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE ......SOLUTIONS FOR UPPER MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION Fire Resistance of Mass Timber Laminated Elements Project No. 301013085

March 31, 2019

SOLUTIONS FOR UPPER MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION FIRE RESISTANCE OF MASS TIMBER LAMINATED ELEMENTS

[email protected] www.fpinnovations.ca

Lindsay Ranger, P.Eng., M.A.Sc.

Christian Dagenais, P.Eng., Ph.D.

Noureddine Bénichou, Ph.D., National Research Council Canada

Client: Natural Resources of Canada (NRCan)

mailto:[email protected]

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FPInnovations would like to thank Western Archrib, StructureCraft Builders Inc., and Forex Inc. for contributing expertise and materials to this test series. The authors would like to thank the staff at the NRC Fire Laboratory for their hard work and dedication. FPInnovations would also like to thank its industry members and Natural Resources Canada (the Canadian Forest Service) for their continued guidance and financial support.

SOLUTIONS FOR UPPER MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE

MASS TIMBER CONTRUCTION:

FIRE RESISTANCE OF MASS TIMBER LAMINATED

ELEMENTS

PROJECT NO. 301013085

REVIEWER

Christian Dagenais, P.Eng. Ph.D., Senior Scientist Building Systems – Sustainable Construction

APPROVER CONTACT INFORMATION

Sylvain Gagnon, P.Eng.

Manager

Building Systems - Sustainable Construction

[email protected]

AUTHOR CONTACT INFORMATION

Lindsay Ranger, P.Eng., M.A.Sc.

Scientist

Building Systems - Sustainable Construction

(343) 292-6342

[email protected]

Disclaimer to any person or entity as to the accuracy, correctness, or completeness of the information, data, or of any analysis thereof contained in this report, or any other recommendation, representation, or warranty whatsoever concerning this report.

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SOLUTIONS FOR UPPER MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION

Fire Resistance of Mass Timber Laminated Elements

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 1

2. OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................................ 1

3. TECHNICAL TEAM ................................................................................................................................................. 1

4. PROCEDURE ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

4.1 X-LVL wall ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

4.1.1 Instrumentation .................................................................................................................................... 4

4.2 2x8 DLT Wall .................................................................................................................................................. 5


4.3 2x6 DLT Wall .................................................................................................................................................. 7


4.4 2x6 GLT Floor ...............................................................................................................................................10

4.4.1 Instrumentation ..................................................................................................................................12

4.5 2x8 GLT Floor ...............................................................................................................................................13

4.5.1 Instrumentation ..................................................................................................................................15

5. RESULTS..............................................................................................................................................................15

5.1 X-LVL Wall ....................................................................................................................................................15

5.1.1 Encapsulation ......................................................................................................................................18

5.2 2x8 DLT Wall ................................................................................................................................................18

5.2.1 Encapsulation ......................................................................................................................................21

5.3 2x6 DLT Wall ................................................................................................................................................21

5.4 2x6 GLT Floor ...............................................................................................................................................25

5.5 2x8 GLT Floor ...............................................................................................................................................29

6. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................................33

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................................34

APPENDIX I – X-LVL WALL GYPSUM DETAIL.............................................................................................................35

APPENDIX II – 2X8 DLT WALL GYPSUM DETAIL .......................................................................................................40

APPENDIX III – 2X6 DLT WALL PLYWOOD AND GYPSUM DETAIL ............................................................................43

APPENDIX IV – 2X6 GLT FLOOR DETAILS ..................................................................................................................46

APPENDIX V – 2X8 GLT FLOOR DETAILS ...................................................................................................................51



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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. X-LVL glue application............................................................................................................................... 2

Figure 2. X-LVL pressing panels ............................................................................................................................... 2

Figure 3. X-LVL wall dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in ft.) .............. 3

Figure 4. X-LVL wall joint detail ............................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 5. X-LVL wall unexposed side, gap at joint ................................................................................................... 4

Figure 6. X-LVL wall exposed side, gap at joint ........................................................................................................ 4

Figure 7. X-LVL wall exposed side before testing .................................................................................................... 4

Figure 8. X-LVL wall unexposed side before testing ................................................................................................ 4

Figure 9. X-LVL wall embedded thermocouple depths ........................................................................................... 5

Figure 10. X-LVL wall Joint thermocouple depths ..................................................................................................... 5

Figure 11. 2x8 DLT wall dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in ft.) .......... 6

Figure 12. 2x8 DLT wall exposed side before test ..................................................................................................... 6

Figure 13. 2x8 DLT wall unexposed side before test ................................................................................................. 6

Figure 14. 2x8 DLT wall dowel placement ................................................................................................................. 7

Figure 15. 2x8 DLT wall edge of assembly ................................................................................................................. 7

Figure 16. 2x8 DLT wall embedded thermocouple depths ....................................................................................... 7

Figure 17. 2x8 DLT wall joint thermocouple depths .................................................................................................. 7

Figure 18. 2x6 DLT wall dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in ft.) .......... 8

Figure 19. 2x6 DLT wall during construction ............................................................................................................. 9

Figure 20. 2x6 DLT wall exposed surface before test ................................................................................................ 9

Figure 21. 2x6 DLT wall unexposed surface before test ............................................................................................ 9

Figure 22. 2x6 DLT wall embedded thermocouple depths ..................................................................................... 10

Figure 23. 2x6 DLT wall joint thermocouple depths ................................................................................................ 10

Figure 24. 2x6 GLT floor dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in in.) ...... 11

Figure 25. 2x6 GLT floor during construction .......................................................................................................... 12

Figure 26. 2x6 GLT floor unexposed side splines installed ...................................................................................... 12

Figure 27. 2x6 GLT floor exposed surface before test ............................................................................................. 12

Figure 28. 2x6 GLT floor unexposed surface before test ........................................................................................ 12

Figure 29. 2x6 GLT floor embedded thermocouple depths .................................................................................... 13

Figure 30. 2x8 GLT floor dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in in.) ...... 14

Figure 31. 2x8 GLT floor exposed surface before test ............................................................................................. 14

Figure 32. 2x8 GLT floor unexposed surface before test ........................................................................................ 14

Figure 33. 2x6 GLT floor embedded thermocouple depths .................................................................................... 15

Figure 34. LVL wall average thermocouple temperatures ...................................................................................... 16



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Figure 35. LVL wall joint temperatures ................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 36. X-LVL wall at the end of the test ............................................................................................................ 17

Figure 37. X-LVL wall exposed side after failure ...................................................................................................... 17

Figure 38. X-LVL wall unexposed side after failure ................................................................................................. 17

Figure 39. X-LVL wall cross-section .......................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 40. 2x8 DLT wall average thermocouple temperatures ............................................................................... 19

Figure 41. 2x8 DLT wall temperatures at joint ........................................................................................................ 20

Figure 42. 2x8 DLT wall exposed face after test ...................................................................................................... 20

Figure 43. 2x8 DLT wall burn-through ..................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 44. 2x8 DLT wall burn-through cross-section ............................................................................................... 21

Figure 45. 2x8 DLT wall charring along length of board .......................................................................................... 21

Figure 46. 2x6 DLT wall during test ......................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 47. 2x6 DLT wall exposed face during test ................................................................................................... 22

Figure 48. 2x6 DLT wall average thermocouple temperatures ............................................................................... 23

Figure 49. 2x6 DLT wall temperatures at joint ........................................................................................................ 24

Figure 50. 2x6 DLT wall at the end of the test ......................................................................................................... 24

Figure 51. 2x6 DLT wall exposed surface after hose stream ................................................................................... 24

Figure 52. 2x6 DLT wall joint after test .................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 53. 2x6 DLT wall charring of boards ............................................................................................................. 25

Figure 54. 2x6 DLT wall charring of dowels ............................................................................................................. 25

Figure 55. 2x6 GLT floor average thermocouple temperatures .............................................................................. 26

Figure 56. 2x6 GLT floor removal from furnace ...................................................................................................... 27

Figure 57. 2x6 GLT floor exposed surface after test ................................................................................................ 27

Figure 58. 2x6 GLT floor unexposed surface after test, deflection ......................................................................... 27

Figure 59. 2x6 GLT floor temperatures at top of joints ........................................................................................... 28

Figure 60. 2x6 GLT floor localized smoke penetration through base layer cement board ..................................... 28

Figure 61. 2x6 GLT floor removal of cement board. Localized charring at plywood joints. .................................... 28

Figure 62. 2x6 GLT floor Type C joint (butt) after test............................................................................................. 29

Figure 63. 2x6 GLT floor residual depth .................................................................................................................. 29

Figure 64. 2x8 GLT floor average thermocouple temperatures .............................................................................. 30

Figure 65. 2x8 GLT floor assembly removal from furnace ...................................................................................... 30

Figure 66. 2x8 GLT floor exposed surface after test ................................................................................................ 30

Figure 67. 2x8 GLT floor temperatures at top of joints ........................................................................................... 31

Figure 68. 2x8 GLT floor condition of Type C joint (butt) ........................................................................................ 31

Figure 69. 2x8 GLT floor charring along Type C joint (butt) .................................................................................... 31

Figure 70. 2x8 GLT floor condition of Type B joint .................................................................................................. 32



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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. LVL wall average thermocouple measurements .................................................................................... 16

Table 2. Encapsulation time for X-LVL wall .......................................................................................................... 18

Table 3. 2x8 DLT wall average thermocouple measurements ............................................................................. 19

Table 4. Encapsulation time for 2x8 DLT wall ...................................................................................................... 21

Table 5. 2x6 DLT wall average thermocouple measurements ............................................................................. 23

Table 6. 2x6 GLT floor average thermocouple measurements ............................................................................ 27

Table 7. 2x8 GLT floor average thermocouple measurements ............................................................................ 31

Table 8. Summary of laminated mass timber fire test results ............................................................................. 33

Table 9. Maximum measured charring rate ......................................................................................................... 33



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project proposal 1 1. INTRODUCTION

Laminated timber structural elements are gaining popularity as mass timber options since they can provide an

economical and readily available alternative to cross-laminated timber (CLT), namely for use in upper mid-rise

buildings (7 to 11 storeys). These types of assemblies include nail-laminated timber (NLT), dowel-laminated

timber (DLT), screw-laminated timber (SLT), glued-laminated timber panels (GLT), and structural composite

lumber plates (SCL). There is very limited or no fire test data available on most of these types of assemblies, in

particular for vertical service shaft applications (e.g., exit stairs, elevators shafts, etc.) in balloon-frame

structures. There is a need for fire performance data to demonstrate that these assemblies can be safely used in

the construction of taller and larger buildings and can meet required fire-resistance ratings (FRR) defined in the

National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) [1].

2. OBJECTIVE This project assesses the fire resistance of laminated timber structural systems as wall and floor assemblies.

Full-scale tests were conducted to assess structural fire resistance and charring behaviour. This research could

be used to expand current fire design provisions and support inclusion of these types of assemblies into Annex B

of CSA O86 [2].

3. TECHNICAL TEAM Lindsay Ranger, P.Eng., M.A.Sc. Scientist, Building Systems

Christian Dagenais, P.Eng., Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Building Systems

Samuel Cuerrier-Auclair, M. Sc. Scientist, Building Systems

Olivier Baes Principal Technologist, Building Systems

Antoine Henry Principal Technologist, Fibre Composites

Noureddine Bénichou, Ph.D. Principal Research Officer, National Research Council Canada

4. PROCEDURE Full-scale tests were carried out to assess the fire resistance of mass timber assemblies in accordance with

CAN/ULC-S101 [3]. The assemblies included:

1. X-LVL wall with 2 layers of 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board on both sides.

2. 2x8 DLT wall with 1 layer of 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board on both sides.

3. 2x6 DLT wall with 1 layer of 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood and 15.9 mm (⅝ in.) Type X gypsum board on the

unexposed side.

4. 2x6 GLT floor with 1 layer of 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood and 2 layers of 12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board on the

unexposed side.

5. 2x8 GLT floor with 1 layer of 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood and 2 layers of 12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board on the

unexposed side.

Testing was conducted at the National Research Council (NRC) Fire Laboratory in Ottawa, ON for tests 1, 2, 4 and

5. Test 3 was conducted at QAI Laboratories in Vancouver, BC.



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4.1 X-LVL wall

X-LVL is an SCL plate system using cross-laminated layers of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL). The X-LVL wall

consisted of two panels which were constructed at the FPInnovations laboratory at Laval University using LVL

manufactured by Forex Inc. in Amos (Quebec). Four 45 mm (1 ¾ in.) LVL 2580Fb-1.55E panels were glued on

face and pressed together at FPInnovations’ laboratory using a phenol-resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) structural

adhesive conforming to glue-laminated timber standards [4] and as per the adhesive supplier’s

recommendations. Gluing and pressing the panels during construction are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The

outer laminations were oriented in the vertical direction (strength direction), and the two inner laminations

were in the perpendicular direction. Details of the panels are shown in Figure 3. Each panel measured

3,048 mm (10 ft.) high x 1,285 mm (6 ft.) wide. Panel 1 was slightly wider due to a tongue joint.

Figure 1. X-LVL glue application Figure 2. X-LVL pressing panels

Panel 1 had a 75 mm (3 in.) tongue in the third ply, with a corresponding groove in Panel 2. A cross-section of

the LVL panels, illustrating the joint configuration, is given in Figure 4. When the panels were installed in the

furnace the joint was sealed with firestop caulking. During installation, the panels could not be tightly fit

together; additional firestop caulking was added at the joint, but a prominent gap remained as shown in Figure 5

and Figure 6. The joint was to be tightly fit with 8x160/80 screws drilled straight through the tongue and

groove, 38 mm (1.5 in.) from the edge of the Panel 2, spaced 305 mm (12 in.) o.c.



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Figure 3. X-LVL wall dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in ft.)

Figure 4. X-LVL wall joint detail



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Figure 5. X-LVL wall unexposed side, gap at joint Figure 6. X-LVL wall exposed side, gap at joint

Two layers of 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board were installed on both sides of the assembly. Gypsum board

layouts for the X-LVL test are given in Appendix I. 55 mm (2 ¼ in.) Type S screws were used to install the gypsum

board at 305 mm (12 in.) o.c., 38 mm (1 ½ in.) from edges. The face layer joints and screws were tapped and

mudded. The exposed and unexposed faces of the assembly before the test are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

Figure 7. X-LVL wall exposed side before testing Figure 8. X-LVL wall unexposed side before testing

4.1.1 Instrumentation

Fiberglass insulated thermocouples (Type G/G-24-KK) were installed at five locations labelled A through E,

indicated in Figure 3. Seven thermocouples were installed at each location, as shown in Figure 9. This included

at both interfaces between the LVL and gypsum board, as well as mid-depth in the first and second LVL ply

(22 mm and 67 mm) and at each glue line (45, 90, and 135 mm). Two thermocouples were installed in the joint,

760 mm (30 in.) from the top, at depths of 45 mm and 112 mm (as shown in Figure 10). Thermocouples were

installed on the unexposed side of the wall in accordance with CAN/ULC-S101. Deflection was measured at nine

points on the unexposed side.



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Figure 9. X-LVL wall embedded thermocouple depths Figure 10. X-LVL wall Joint thermocouple depths

4.2 2x8 DLT Wall

The 2x8 DLT wall, manufactured by StructureCraft Builders Inc. (in British Columbia), consisted of two panels

with total dimensions of 3,048 mm (10 ft.) high x 3,658 mm (12 ft.) wide. The SPF #2 lumber boards were

181 mm deep; they were planed down from 184 mm prior to manufacturing. The wall used 650 mm (25 ½ in.)

long, 20 mm diameter beech dowels, staggered at 400 mm (15 ¾ in.) o.c. The two panels were attached

together using Assy Screws 3.0 Φ 8 x 160 mm spaced 305 mm (12 in.) o.c, 38 mm (1.5 in.) from the joint,

installed at 45o. The dimensions of the assembly are shown in Figure 11.

One layer of 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board was installed on both sides of the assembly. Gypsum board

layouts for the 2x8 DLT test are given in Appendix II. 57 mm (2 ¼ in.) Type S screws were used to install the

gypsum board at 305 mm (12 in.) o.c., 38 mm (1 ½ in.) from edges. The joints and screws were tapped and

mudded. The exposed and unexposed faces of the assembly are shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13. The

installation of the dowels is shown in Figure 14, and one of the DLT panels is shown in Figure 15.



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Figure 11. 2x8 DLT wall dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in ft.)

Figure 12. 2x8 DLT wall exposed side before test Figure 13. 2x8 DLT wall unexposed side before test

A B

C

D E



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Figure 14. 2x8 DLT wall dowel placement Figure 15. 2x8 DLT wall edge of assembly


Fiberglass insulated thermocouples (Type G/G-24-KK) were installed at five locations labelled A through E,

indicated in Figure 11. Six thermocouples were installed at each location, as shown in Figure 16. This included

at both exposed and unexposed interfaces between the DLT and gypsum board, and at depths of 15, 25, 50, and

75 mm. Two thermocouples were also installed in the joint 760 mm (30 in.) from the top, at depths of 15 mm

and 75 mm (as shown in Figure 17). Thermocouples were installed on the unexposed side of the wall in

accordance with CAN/ULC-S101. Deflection was measured at nine points on the unexposed side.

Figure 16. 2x8 DLT wall embedded thermocouple depths Figure 17. 2x8 DLT wall joint thermocouple depths

4.3 2x6 DLT Wall

The 2x6 DLT wall, manufactured by StructureCraft Builders Inc. (in British Columbia), consisted of two panels,

with total dimensions of 2,743 mm (9 ft.) high x 3,658 mm (12 ft.) wide. The SPF #2 lumber boards were

137 mm deep; they were planed down from 140 mm prior to manufacturing. The wall used 650 mm (25 ½ in.)

long, 20 mm diameter beech dowels, staggered at 400 mm (15 ¾ in.) o.c. The two panels were attached

together using Assy Screws 3.0 Φ 8 x 160 mm screws spaced 305 mm (12 in.) o.c., 150 mm (6 in.) from either

end, 38 mm (1.5 in.) from the joint, installed at 45o. The dimensions of the assembly are shown in Figure 18.



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The exposed side was unprotected, and the unexposed side had one layer of 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood and one

layer of 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type X gypsum board. The plywood and gypsum board layout for the 2x6 DLT test are

given in Appendix III. The plywood came preinstalled on the assembly with a 175 mm (6 ⅞ in.) strip left to cover

the joint. The strip was installed with 63 mm (2.5 in.) nails in two lines staggered at 150 mm (6 in.) o.c. An 8 mm

(5/16 in.) gap was left between the strip and preinstalled plywood, on either side. The wall during construction

is shown in Figure 20. 57 mm (2 ¼ in.) Type S screws were used to install the gypsum board at 305 mm (12 in.)

o.c., 38 mm (1 ½ in.) from edges. The joints and screws were tapped and mudded. The exposed and unexposed

faces of the assembly are shown in Figure 20 and Figure 21.

Figure 18. 2x6 DLT wall dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in ft.)



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Figure 19. 2x6 DLT wall during construction

Figure 20. 2x6 DLT wall exposed surface before test Figure 21. 2x6 DLT wall unexposed surface before test


Fiberglass insulated thermocouples (Type K) were installed at five locations labelled A through E, indicated in

Figure 18. Five thermocouples were installed at each location, as shown in Figure 22. This included at the

interface between the DLT and plywood, and at depths of 38, 50, 75, and 100 mm. Thermocouples were

intended to be installed at similar depths to the 2x8 DLT assembly, but due to an oversight, they were instead

installed at the depths as indicated. Two thermocouples were also installed in the joint 685 mm (27 in.) from

the top, at depths of 15 mm and 75 mm (as shown in Figure 23). Thermocouples were installed on the

unexposed side of the wall in accordance with CAN/ULC-S101. No deflection measurements were taken.



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Figure 22. 2x6 DLT wall embedded thermocouple depths Figure 23. 2x6 DLT wall joint thermocouple depths

4.4 2x6 GLT Floor

The 2x6 GLT floor, manufactured by Western Archrib (in Alberta), consisted of eight Spruce-Pine panels using a

melamine-formaldehyde (MF) adhesive conforming to glue-laminated timber standards [4]. The panels were

planed and factory sealed. In order to evaluate the performance of three different joints (which incorporated a

fixed 6 mm (¼ in.) construction gap), the panels were designed for either an 88 mm (3.5 in.) surface spline

(Type A), a 50 mm (2 in.) surface spline (Type B), or a butt-joint (Type C). For surface spline joints, a 38 mm (1 ½

in.) deep notch was cut at each corner. The panels were generally 603 mm (1 ft. 11 ¾ in.) wide, except the panel

on the west end which measured 300 mm (11 ¾ in.) wide to fill the remaining width of the furnace. All panels

were 3,937 mm (12 ft. 11 in.) in length and 130 mm (5 1/8 in.) deep (except at notches). The overall dimensions

of the assembly are shown in Figure 24. The assembly during construction is shown in Figure 25 and Figure 26.

The exposed face was unprotected. The unexposed side was covered with 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood and two

layers of 12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board to replicate a concrete topping. The plywood and cement board layout,

as well as spline details for the 2x6 GLT test are given in Appendix IV. The splines were installed with 76 mm

(3 in.) nails spaced 300 mm (12 in.) o.c., one on either side of the joint. The exposed and unexposed faces of the

assembly are shown in Figure 27 and Figure 28.



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Figure 24. 2x6 GLT floor dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in in.)

N



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Figure 25. 2x6 GLT floor during construction Figure 26. 2x6 GLT floor unexposed side splines installed

Figure 27. 2x6 GLT floor exposed surface before test Figure 28. 2x6 GLT floor unexposed surface before test


Fiberglass insulated thermocouples (Type G/G-24-KK) were installed at three mid-span locations near each

spline type, indicated in Figure 24 as A, B, and C. Five thermocouples were installed at each location, as shown

in Figure 29. This included at the plywood and cement board interfaces, and at depths of 15, 25, and 50 mm, all

75 mm (3 in.) away from the joint. One thermocouple was also installed at each joint, at the top of the butt-joint

or beneath the plywood spline, at the edge of a panel. Thermocouples were installed on the unexposed side of

the floor in accordance with CAN/ULC-S101. Deflection was measured at nine points on the unexposed side.

6 mm gap



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Figure 29. 2x6 GLT floor embedded thermocouple depths

4.5 2x8 GLT Floor

The 2x8 GLT floor, manufactured by Western Archrib (in Alberta), consisted of six Spruce-Pine panels using

melamine-formaldehyde (MF) adhesive conforming to glue-laminated timber standards [4]. The panels were

planed and factory sealed. In order to evaluate the performance of three different joints (which incorporated a

fixed 6 mm (¼ in.) construction gap), the panels were designed for either a 88 mm (3.5 in.) surface spline (Type

A), a 50 mm (2 in.) surface spline (Type B), or a butt-joint (Type C). For surface spline joints, a 38 mm (1 ½ in.)

deep notch was cut at each corner. The panels were 605 mm (1 ft. 11 ⅞ in.) wide. All panels were 4,845 mm

(15 ft. 10 ¾ in.) in length and 175 mm (6 ⅞ in.) deep (except at notches). The overall dimensions of the assembly

are shown in Figure 30.

The exposed face was unprotected. The unexposed side was covered with 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood and two

layers of 12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board to replicate a concrete topping. The plywood and cement board layout

and spline details for the 2x8 GLT test are given in Appendix V. The splines were installed with 76 mm (3 in.)

nails spaced 300 mm (12 in.) o.c., one on either side of the joint. The exposed and unexposed faces of the

assembly are shown in Figure 31 and Figure 32.



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Figure 30. 2x8 GLT floor dimensions and thermocouple locations, from unexposed side (dimensions in in.)

Figure 31. 2x8 GLT floor exposed surface before test Figure 32. 2x8 GLT floor unexposed surface before test

6 mm gap



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Fiberglass insulated thermocouples (Type G/G-24-KK) were installed at three mid-span locations near each

spline type, as indicated in Figure 30. Five thermocouples were installed at each location, as shown in Figure 33.

This included at the plywood and cement board interfaces, and at depths of 25, 50 mm, and 75 mm, all 75 mm

(3 in.) from the joint. One thermocouple was also installed at each joint, at the top of the butt-joint or beneath

the plywood spline, at the edge of a panel. Thermocouples were installed on the unexposed side of the floor in

accordance with CAN/ULC-S101. Deflection was measured at nine points on the unexposed side.

Figure 33. 2x6 GLT floor embedded thermocouple depths

5. RESULTS

5.1 X-LVL Wall

The X-LVL test was conducted on December 11, 2018 at NRC. A 200 kN/m load was applied. The initial

maximum deflection was 1.5 mm at mid-height. Around 1 h 20 min the first layer of gypsum was observed to

begin falling off. After 2 h the second layer began to fall off. The assembly failed structurally at 3 h 54 min due

to excessive out-of-plane deflection. A 3-h FRR was achieved. The maximum deflection at failure was 350 mm

at mid-height. Temperatures did not increase on the unexposed side. Average temperatures of the embedded

thermocouples are presented in Figure 34. The condition of the assembly after the test is shown in Figure 36,

Figure 37, and Figure 38.

Table 1 presents the average maximum temperature reached and the average time the 300oC temperature was

reached (to indicate charring had occurred) for each thermocouple depth. An average charring rate is also

given, which was calculated based on thermocouple depth and the average time to reach 300oC. The charring

rate was slower in the beginning of the test while the gypsum board was still in place. The assembly charred up

to the 90 mm depth. The joint temperatures are shown in Figure 35.

After the test, a cross-section was cut at the location of apparent deepest charring, near the bottom of the

furnace. The cross-section is shown in Figure 39. Furnace pressure is negative near the bottom of the furnace



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and typically correlates to areas of deeper charring. The minimum residual depth was approximately 50 mm

(2 in.), suggesting that one LVL lamination was remaining.

Figure 34. LVL wall average thermocouple temperatures

Table 1. LVL wall average thermocouple measurements

GB/LVL 22 mm 45 mm 67 mm 90 mm 135 mm 180 mm LVL/GB

Unexposed

Maximum Temperature (

oC)

950 1,162 1,123 995 783 79 43 18

Time 300oC Reached

(min) 53.3 127.3 157.6 177.3 196.3 - - -

Charring Rate (mm/min)

- 0.30 0.43 0.54 0.63 - - -

Note: The onset of charring was taken as 53.3 min when calculating charring rates



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Figure 35. LVL wall joint temperatures

Figure 36. X-LVL wall at the end of the test Figure 37. X-LVL wall exposed side after failure

Figure 38. X-LVL wall unexposed side after failure Figure 39. X-LVL wall cross-section



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5.1.1 Encapsulation

Encapsulation time was taken as the time that the average of the thermocouples between the gypsum board

and the LVL on the exposed side increased 250oC or any one point increased 270oC, whichever is less, as is

currently being considered for acceptance into the NBCC for encapsulated mass timber construction [5] as per

the new standard test method CAN/ULC S146 [6] (under-development/review). The encapsulation time for two

layers of 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board directly attached to the X-LVL was determined to be 47.4 min

based on a single point. The average time to reach 250oC was 49.7 min. The times, for 250oC and 270oC

temperature increases, were reached at each of the thermocouple location is given in Table 2. For other mass

timber products, such as CLT, using two layers of 12.7 mm (½”) Type X gypsum can increase fire resistance by 60

min [2].

Table 2. Encapsulation time for X-LVL wall

Thermocouple Location A B C D E Average

Time to 250⁰C (min) 47.8 52.4 46.3 48.2 53.8 49.7

Time to 270⁰C (min) 49.3 53.9 47.4 49.6 55.4 51.1

5.2 2x8 DLT Wall

The 2x8 DLT test was conducted on November 6, 2018 at NRC. A 450 kN/m load was applied. The initial

maximum deflection was 1.5 mm at mid-height. 1 h 20 min in to the test gypsum began to fall off. The

assembly failed structurally at 3 h 20 min due to excessive out-of-plane deflection. A 3-h FRR was achieved. The

maximum deflection at failure was 620 mm at mid-height. Temperatures on the unexposed side increased less

than 1oC. Average temperatures of the embedded thermocouples are presented in Figure 40. The condition of

the assembly after the test is shown in Figure 42.



given, which was calculated based on thermocouple depth and the average time to reach 300oC. The charring

rates were slower earlier in the test while the gypsum board was still in place. The assembly charred up to the

75 mm depth. The temperatures in the joint are shown in Figure 41.

After the test, the wall was disassembled. There was one spot where charring reached the unexposed side of

the DLT, but did not penetrate the gypsum board, shown in Figure 43 and Figure 44. The spot was located near

the bottom of the wall, where furnace pressure is negative. Boards were pulled apart to assess charring

throughout the assembly, as shown in Figure 45. The average residual depth varied from approximately 63

(2 ½ in.) to 75 mm (3 in.). A few other localized spots of deeper char penetration were noted.



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Figure 40. 2x8 DLT wall average thermocouple temperatures

Table 3. 2x8 DLT wall average thermocouple measurements

GB/DLT 15 mm 25 mm 50 mm 75 mm

181 mm DLT/GB

Unexposed


oC)

956 956 938 857 580 25 21

Time 300oC Reached

(min) 19.8 70.4 83.2 115.8 158.6 - -


- 0.30 0.39 0.52 0.54 - -

Note: The onset of charring was taken as 19.8 min when calculating charring rates



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Figure 41. 2x8 DLT wall temperatures at joint

Figure 42. 2x8 DLT wall exposed face after test Figure 43. 2x8 DLT wall burn-through



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Figure 44. 2x8 DLT wall burn-through cross-section Figure 45. 2x8 DLT wall charring along length of board

5.2.1 Encapsulation

Encapsulation time was taken as the time that the average of the thermocouples between the gypsum board

and the DLT on the exposed side increased 250⁰C or any one point increased 270oC, whichever is less, as is

currently being considered for acceptance into the NBCC for encapsulated mass timber construction [5] as per

the new standard test method CAN/ULC S146 [6] (under-development/review). The encapsulation time for one

layer of 15.9 mm (⅝ in.) Type X gypsum board directly attached to the DLT was determined to be 16.9 min based

on a single point. The average time to reach 250oC was 18.1 min. The times, for 250oC and 270oC temperature

increases, were reached at each of the thermocouple location is given in Table 2.

Table 4. Encapsulation time for 2x8 DLT wall

Thermocouple Location A B C D E Average

Time to 250⁰C (min) 16.3 19.5 17.9 17.5 19.3 18.1

Time to 270⁰C (min) 16.9 20.4 18.5 18.0 20.0 18.8

5.3 2x6 DLT Wall

The 2x6 DLT test was conducted on February 21, 2019 at QAI Laboratories. A 121 kN/m load was applied (the

maximum applicable load of the test facility). The test was stopped after 2 h 8 min to conduct a hose stream

test; it had not reached structural failure by this point. At least a 2-h FRR was achieved. The assembly during

the test is shown in Figure 46 and Figure 47. A hose stream test was conducted in accordance with CAN/ULC-

S101 once the assembly was removed from the furnace. Typically a hose stream test is conducted on a

secondary assembly since the time of fire exposure prior to the hose stream test need only be half the time of

the FRR desired.



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Figure 46. 2x6 DLT wall during test Figure 47. 2x6 DLT wall exposed face during test

The maximum temperature increase on the unexposed side was 24oC. Average temperatures of the embedded

thermocouples are presented in Figure 48.



given, which was calculated based on thermocouple depth and the average time to reach 300oC. The assembly

charred up to the 50 mm depth. The temperatures in the joint are presented in Figure 49. There is some

uncertainty about the depth that the 15 mm joint thermocouple was ultimately installed at, it may have been as

deep at 38 mm. The temperatures at this thermocouple rose very quickly early in the test to match the furnace

temperatures; a gap was noted at the joint before the test.

The condition of the assembly after the test is shown in Figure 50 and Figure 51. Any loose char was removed by

the hose stream test, exposing one layer of the wood dowels. Following the test the wall was disassembled.

The gypsum board was removed; the condition of the joint from the unexposed side is shown in Figure 52.

Boards were pulled apart to assess charring throughout the assembly, as shown in Figure 53 and Figure 54. The

average residual depth was approximately between 50 and 60 mm. Near the joint, localized charring resulted in

a residual depth of between 35 mm to 50 mm.



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Figure 48. 2x6 DLT wall average thermocouple temperatures

Table 5. 2x6 DLT wall average thermocouple measurements

38 mm 50 mm 75 mm 100 mm Plywood 137 mm

Unexposed


oC)

658 635 247 90 38 40

Time 300oC Reached

(min) 69.4 87.5 - - - -


0.55 0.57 - - - -



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Figure 49. 2x6 DLT wall temperatures at joint

Figure 50. 2x6 DLT wall at the end of the test Figure 51. 2x6 DLT wall exposed surface after hose stream



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Figure 52. 2x6 DLT wall joint after test Figure 53. 2x6 DLT wall charring of boards

Figure 54. 2x6 DLT wall charring of dowels

5.4 2x6 GLT Floor

The 2x6 GLT floor test was conducted on January 24, 2019 at NRC. A 4.8 kPa load was applied. The initial

maximum deflection was 6 mm at mid-span. The test ran for 2 h 32 min at which point the test was stopped

due to excessive deflection; structural failure was not reached. A 2-h FRR was achieved. The maximum

deflection at failure was 413 mm at mid-span. Temperatures on the unexposed side did not increase. Average

temperatures of the embedded thermocouples are presented in Figure 55. The embedded thermocouple depth

temperatures were generally consistent for each assembly, with temperatures slightly lower near the butt-joint

at the 25 mm (1 in.) and 50 mm (2 in.) depths. The floor assembly coming off the furnace is shown in Figure 56.

The condition of the assembly after the test is shown in Figure 57 and Figure 58.






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charred up to the 50 mm depth. The average temperature rise at the plywood surface was 33oC, and 8oC at the

cement board. The joint temperatures are presented in Figure 59.

A secondary objective of this test was to evaluate the performance of the different joint types. No flame-

through was observed at any of the joints, suggesting that all three details were sufficient. The thermocouples

at the Type C (butt-joint with a 6 mm gap) were 38 mm (1 ½ in.) deeper (closer to the unexposed surface) than

for the other two spline joints. Temperatures in the Type C joint increased by 61oC, whereas temperatures rose

more than 500oC in the other two joint types (Type A and B), thus suggesting that the butt joint performed the

best at preventing charring from occurring within the construction gap. Butt-joints are easier to construct since

no additional profiling of the panels is necessary nor is there a need to install a spline; from a construction and

cost standpoint, it is the preferred design.

After the test, the floor was disassembled. Figure 60 and Figure 61 show the condition of the assembly as the

layers of cement board were removed. A sample was cut at the butt-joint to assess charring within the joint,

shown in Figure 62. The average residual depth was approximately 50 mm, as shown in Figure 63. A few

localized spots of deeper char penetration, with a residual depth of 30 mm were noted.

Note: data not included for Type C location at 12.7 mm between 115 -120 min., and at 50 mm after 140 min, due to malfunction.

Figure 55. 2x6 GLT floor average thermocouple temperatures



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Figure 56. 2x6 GLT floor removal from furnace Figure 57. 2x6 GLT floor exposed surface after test

Figure 58. 2x6 GLT floor unexposed surface after test, deflection

Table 6. 2x6 GLT floor average thermocouple measurements

15 mm 25 mm 50 mm Plywood Cement Board

Unexposed

Maximum Temperature (oC) 975 920 808 54 31 23

Time 300oC Reached

(min) 27.3 51.7 94.7 - - -


0.55 0.48 0.53 - - -



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Figure 59. 2x6 GLT floor temperatures at top of joints

Figure 60. 2x6 GLT floor localized smoke penetration through base layer cement board

Figure 61. 2x6 GLT floor removal of cement board. Localized charring at plywood joints.



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Figure 62. 2x6 GLT floor Type C joint (butt) after test Figure 63. 2x6 GLT floor residual depth

5.5 2x8 GLT Floor

The 2x8 GLT floor test was conducted on March 4, 2019 at NRC. A 7.2 kPa load was applied. The initial

maximum deflection was 11.5 mm at mid-span. Structural failure occurred at 3 h 8 min; failure originated in the

Type B panels. A 3-h FRR was achieved. The maximum deflection at the end of the test was 357 mm at mid-

span. Temperatures on the unexposed increased 4oC. Average temperatures of the embedded thermocouples

are presented in Figure 64. The embedded thermocouple depths were generally consistent for each assembly,

except at the 25 mm (1 in.) depth where there was some variability, which is indicated by the variability in the

average plot. The floor assembly coming off the furnace is shown in Figure 65. The condition of the assembly

after the test is shown in Figure 66.




charred up to the 75 mm depth. The average temperature rise at the plywood surface was 30oC and 21oC at the

cement board. The joint temperatures are presented in Figure 67.

No flame-through was observed at any of the joints, suggesting that all three details were sufficient. The

thermocouples at the Type C (butt-joint) were 38 mm (1 ½ in) deeper (closer to the unexposed surface) than for

the other two spline joints. Temperatures in the Type C joint increased by 77oC, whereas temperatures rose

more than 350oC in the other two joint types (Type A and B). As in the 2x6 GLT floor test, the Type C joint (butt)

was the best performer because it limited temperatures within the construction gap. The condition of the Type

C joint after the test is shown in Figure 68 and Figure 69.

The sides of the panels were inspected after the test, but no sample was cut from the assembly. It was difficult

to assess the residual depth from the sides of the panels, because greater charring occurred within the

construction gaps. Figure 70 illustrates the condition of the Type B joint after the test.



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Note: Data not included for Type A and B location at 25, 50, and 75 mm after 170 min due to malfunction.

Joint Type A after 175 min and Type B after 180 min also removed.

Figure 64. 2x8 GLT floor average thermocouple temperatures

Figure 65. 2x8 GLT floor assembly removal from furnace Figure 66. 2x8 GLT floor exposed surface after test



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Table 7. 2x8 GLT floor average thermocouple measurements

25 mm 50 mm 75 mm Plywood Cement Board

Unexposed


oC)

934 815 555 45 40 23

Time 300oC Reached

(min) 73.3 95.3 153.6 - - -


0.34 0.52 0.49 - - -

Figure 67. 2x8 GLT floor temperatures at top of joints

Figure 68. 2x8 GLT floor condition of Type C joint (butt) Figure 69. 2x8 GLT floor charring along Type C joint (butt)



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Figure 70. 2x8 GLT floor condition of Type B joint



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6. CONCLUSION A series of five full-scale fire resistance tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of different types of

laminated mass timber elements with varying degrees of protection. All of the assemblies performed well with

no burn-through to the unexposed side during the tests. All of the assemblies achieved at least a 2-h FRR. A

summary of the results is presented in Table 8.

Table 8. Summary of laminated mass timber fire test results

Assembly Details

Protection Load

(% ratio) Structural

Failure

Fire Resistance

Rating

X-LVL wall 2 layers 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board on both sides

200 kN/m 3 h 54 min 3 h

2x8 DLT wall 1 layer 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board on both sides 450 kN/m 3 h 20 3 h

2x6 DLT wall 1 layer 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood, 15.9 mm (⅝ in.) Type X gypsum board on unexposed

121 kN/m > 2 h 8 min1

2 h

2x6 GLT floor 1 layer 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood, 2 layers 12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board on unexposed

4.8 kPa > 2 h 32 min2

2 h


7.2 kPa 3 h 8 min 3 h

1 Structural failure not reached. Test duration 2 h 8 min.

2 Structural failure not reached. Test duration 2 h 32 min.

A summary of the maximum measured charring rates is given in Table 9, all of which stayed below 0.65 mm/min

which is the one-dimensional charring rate prescribed in CSA-O86 for solid timber, glulam, and SCL [2]. The

results suggest that the specified one-dimensional charring rate of 0.65 mm/min could be used for these types

of mass timber assemblies.

Table 9. Maximum measured charring rate

Assembly Details

Protection Maximum


X-LVL wall 2 layers of 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board on both sides 0.63

2x8 DLT wall 1 layer 12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C gypsum board on both sides 0.54

2x6 DLT wall 1 layer 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood, 15.9 mm (⅝ in.) Type X gypsum board on unexposed

0.57

2x6 GLT floor 1 layer of 12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood, 2 layers 12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board on unexposed

0.55


0.52



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REFERENCES

[1] "National Building Code of Canada," Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes. National Research

Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, 2015.

[2] CSA, "CSA-O86-14: Engineering Design in Wood," CSA Standards, Mississauga, ON, 2014.

[3] CAN/ULC-S101-14. Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials, Toronto, ON: Underwriters

Laboratory of Canada (ULC), 2014.

[4] "CSA O122-16. Structural Glued-Laminated Timber.," CSA Group, Toronto, ON, 2016.

[5] "National Building Code of Canada Proposed Change 1027. NBC15 Div.B 3.1. Encapsulated Mass Timber

Construction," Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, 2017.

[6] "CAN/ULC S146. Standard Method Of Test For The Evaluation Of Encapsulation Materials And Assemblies Of

Materials For The Protection Of Structural Timber Elements. Under Development," Underwriters

Laboratories Canada Inc., Ottawa, ON, 2018.



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APPENDIX I – X-LVL WALL GYPSUM DETAIL



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X-LVL Wall

Exposed Side Base Layer Gypsum Layout. Dimensions in ft.



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X-LVL Wall

Exposed Side Face Layer Gypsum Layout. Dimensions in ft.



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X-LVL Wall

Unexposed Side Base Layer Gypsum Layout. Dimensions in ft.



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X-LVL Wall

Unexposed Side Face Layer Gypsum Layout. Dimensions in ft.



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APPENDIX II – 2X8 DLT WALL GYPSUM DETAIL



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2x8 DLT Wall

12.7 mm (½ in.) Type C Gypsum Layout. Dimensions in ft.

Exposed Side



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2x8 DLT Wall

Unexposed Side



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APPENDIX III – 2X6 DLT WALL PLYWOOD AND GYPSUM DETAIL



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2x6 DLT Wall

12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood Layout. Dimensions in ft. Unexposed Side



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2x6 DLT Wall

15.9 mm (⅝ in.) Type X gypsum Layout. Dimensions in ft. Unexposed Side



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APPENDIX IV – 2X6 GLT FLOOR DETAILS



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2x6 GLT FLOOR

12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood layout. Dimensions in ft. Unexposed Side.

63 mm (2 ½ in.) 8d nails spaced 305 mm (12 in.) o.c. in both directions and in the field.

150 mm (6 in.) along edges. Installed 25 mm (1 in.) from edges.



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2x6 GLT FLOOR

12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board base layer layout. Dimensions in ft. Unexposed Side.

32 mm (1 ¼ in.) wood screws spaced 200 mm (8 in.) o.c. around perimeter and 300 mm (12 in.) in the field.

25 mm (1 in.) from edges.



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2x6 GLT FLOOR

12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board face layer layout. Dimensions in ft. Unexposed Side

32 mm (1 ¼ in.) wood screws spaced 200 mm (8 in.) o.c. around perimeter and in the field.




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2x6 GLT Floor

Spline Panel Details.

Spline Type A

Spline Type B



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APPENDIX V – 2X8 GLT FLOOR DETAILS



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2x8 GLT FLOOR

12.7 mm (½ in.) plywood layout. Dimensions in in. Unexposed Side.

63 mm (2 ½ in.) 8d nails spaced 305 mm (12 in.) o.c. in both directions and in the field.

150 mm (6 in.) along edges. Installed 25 mm (1 in.) from edges.



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2x8 GLT FLOOR

12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board base layer layout. Dimensions in in. Unexposed Side.





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2x8 GLT FLOOR

12.7 mm (½ in.) cement board face layer layout. Dimensions in in. Unexposed Side.





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2x8 GLT Floor

Spline Panel Details.

Spline Type A

Spline Type B

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Pointe-Claire, QC

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Documents

SOLUTIONS FOR UPPER MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE ......SOLUTIONS FOR UPPER MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE MASS TIMBER CONSTRUCTION Fire Resistance of Mass Timber Laminated Elements Project No. 301013085