Solids, Liquids, Gases and the Classification of Matter

Solids, Liquids, Gases and the Classification of Matter

Solids, Liquids and Gases

• The Kinetic Theory of Matter– All matter is made of particles– These particles are always moving– These particles collide with the walls of their

container.

• The amount of movement determines the state


• This movement is related to the amount of energy the particles have.

• The total amount of energy the particles have is known as thermal energy

• The average kinetic energy of the particles is the temperature.


• Solids– Least energy– Definite shape and definite volume– Particle are close together– Particles locked into position– Most solids are Crystalline

• Particles are in geometric order– Particles in random order are amorphous.– Melting Point – Heat of Fusion


• Liquids– Higher energy– indefinite shape and definite volume– Particle are close together– Particles move around each other• Flow• Liquids take the shape of the bottom of their container

– Boiling Point– Heat of Vaporization


• Gases– High Energy– Indefinite shape and indefinite volume– Particles are far apart and moving fast– Gases take the shape of any sized container– Gases are compressible


• Plasma– Highest Energy– Most common state of matter in the Universe– Particles vary fast moving– Collisions knock off electrons• Gas of positively and negatively charged particles.

– Examples – Lightning, Fire and stars


• As objects increase in energy• The particles move faster• The faster they move the farther apart they get.– Thermal Expansion– Most materials expand when heated

• Except things like ZrW2O8

• Examples of Use:– Thermometers, Hot air Balloons


• Archimedes Principle– Buoyancy

• Pascal's Principle– Force is transmitted unchanged throughout a fluid

• Bernoulli's Principle– The faster the velocity the lower the pressure

• Boyle’s and Charles’ laws

Classification of Matter

• Matter is classified into two categories.

• Substances– Elements • particles all the same

– Compounds• Two or more elements combined in fixed proportions



• Mixtures– Can be separated by physical means• Heterogeneous Mixtures• Composition not consistant• Examples: Pizza, Salad, Cookies



• Mixtures– Can be separated by physical means• Homogeneous Mixtures

– Composition is consistant

• Also known as solutions• Examples: Milk, Vinegar

– Colloids and Suspensions


• Properties of Matter– Physical properties• Any characteristic of a material that you can observe

without changing its identity

– Examples: Color, shape, melting point– Physical Change• Any change that can be made that does not change the

identity of the material

– Examples: cutting, melting, Boiling


• Properties of Matter– Chemical Properties• A characteristic of a substance that indicates that it can

undergo a chemical change

– Examples: Flammability, resistance to corrosion– Chemical Change• Any change of one substance into another

– Examples: Combustion, rusting, Bleaching– Conservation of Mass

Documents

Solids, Liquids, Gases and the Classification of Matter