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Solid Waste Management scenario – Issues and Challenges
Dr. K. Balachandra KurupProgramme Director
Introduction
What is Waste ?
“Any material left over after productive use or is beyond use in its
current form; generally discarded or unwanted.”
Categories of Solid Waste:-
▪ Household waste
▪ Institutional waste
▪ Waste from Markets & commercial areas
▪ Road Sweeping
▪ Drain silt
▪ Cattle waste
▪ Biomedical waste
▪ Plastic Waste
▪ Hazardous waste
▪ E-waste
▪ Industrial solid waste
Biodegradable and Recyclable
Kitchen Waste
FoodCow dungAgricultural wasteLeavesEgg shellsHenna pasteVegetables PeelsPaperWood
Non RecyclableNon-biodegradable
Recyclable
Plastic – carry bags, milk covers, PVC Pipes etc.
Syringes, Glucose bottles etc. Cotton and nylon cloth
Tyres & Tubes
ShampooBottlesGlassWiresCaps of mineral Water bottlesPlasticTin canMetalAsh/dirtPET bottles
Nitrogen sealed packing for chips
Tetra-packsThermo calCarbon paperPlastic coated cardsSachetsModern packing materials (plastic) for food packaging
• Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish,construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, traderefuges etc. are managed by any municipality.
• Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate orend products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medicalsciences.
• Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing &processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas,sanitary & paper etc.
• Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. These substancesare mostly biodegradable.
• Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensivelyfound in coastal & estuarine areas.
• Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these arebyproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involvedin nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes,chemical sludge etc.
• E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They maybe described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrapcomponents, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be orbrominated flame retardants.
Classification of Wastes
Waste Management Scenario
Globally, more than 2 billion tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) is generated every year
which is expected to increase to 2.5 billion tons by 2025.
Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually.
As per Census of India 7,935 urban centres generates 1, 70,000 TPD (around 62 million tons
per year). – average per capita generation of 450 gms per person per day
It is estimated that nearly 18,000 million liters of liquid waste and 0.4 million metric tons of
solid waste is generated each day in rural areas of India.
It has been estimated that the ULBs spend about Rs. 500 to Rs.1500 per tonne on solid waste
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. About 60-70% of this amount is spent on
collection, 20-30% on transportation, and hardly any fund is spent on treatment and disposal
of waste.
Approximately 80% of MSW is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps and landfills. This
is the most common way to get rid of the waste problem and ‘throw-away’ strategy which
leads to health hazards, safety issues and loss of the valuable resources.
Such a steep increase in waste generation within a decade has severed the stress on all
available natural, infrastructural and budgetary resources.
Plastic waste constitutes a significant portion of the total MSW.
Approximately 10 thousand tons per day (TPD) of plastic waste is generated
i.e. 9% of the total MSW in the country.
PLASTICS IN MSW
There is no specific survey report on the quantity of plastics waste in MSW in
the country.
Considering Plastics Waste in MSW @ 5 – 8 %, Total MSW May contain
…between 3 to 5 MnTA. However 8% figure is for large cities, not for rural
areas.
Practical estimate is around 0.5 MnTA, considering that less than 1% Plastic
Waste ultimately remain in MSW.
• Every one talks about Wealth from Waste or Waste as a Resource. Inspite
of several Indian documents supporting this concept – it is still a distant
dream due to variety of reasons
• As per CPCB report 2012-13, 279 centralised compost plants, 172
biomethanation plants, 29 RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) plants and 8 Waste
to Energy (W to E) plants in the country. Most of these plants are not
functional
• However there are small and decentralized initiatives in composting,
Biogas plants across India and most of it are functioning effectively
Waste!.........can be a resource…wealth!
Objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission
➢Elimination of Open Defecation.
➢Conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets.
➢Eradication of manual scavenging.
➢100% collection and scientific processing/ disposal/ reuse/ recycling of
Municipal Solid Wastes.
➢Behavioral change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices.
➢Generation of awareness among citizens about sanitation and its linkages with
public health.
➢Supporting urban local bodies in designing, executing and operating waste
disposal systems.
➢Facilitating private sector participation in capital
expenditure and operation and maintenance costs for
sanitary facilities.
Only 28% of MSW treated
by the Municipal
Authorities.
E- Waste accounts for
approximately 40% of lead
and 70% of heavy metals
found in landfills.
6,137 tons/day of plastic
remains uncollected and
littered.
Effective treatment capacity
for only 19% of sewage
generation
Litter free clean India.
Scientific solid and liquid
waste management.
Present Status Goal for 2019
Goal of Swachh Bharat Mission : Waste Management
Why Waste Management ?
Almost all states in India, disposal of waste is still continued through open
burning
Around 62-64 Million Tonnes per year of Solid waste is generated in urban
India.
Waste dumped in landfills in business-as- usual scenario.
As per the reports of SPCB’s, a total of 94 landfills have been constructed/
operational in the country.
The 34 new landfills have been constructed during the year (2013-14).
Local bodies have not so far preferred Waste to Energy projects in many states
of India. However they are in the states of A.P., Gujarat, Maharashtra and
Delhi.
.
Why Waste Management ?
Level of Sulphur di-oxide in major Indian cities has already exceeded the
permissible limit, set by WHO.
Almost all the rivers in India are polluted.
70% of the available water in India is pollutes.
73 million workdays are lost due to water related diseases.
The cost of environmental damage is estimated to be over 5% of India’s GDP,
which is in excess of $ 32 billion.
MSW generation in Indian states
Composition of MSW
Plastic Waste
Sources of Plastic Waste
Plastic waste
Thermoplastics
80%
Thermosetplastics
20%
Plastic Waste constitutes
Composition of Solid Waste in India
Year Composition (In percentage)
Biodegradable
Paper Plastics Metal Glass Rags Others Inerts
1996 42.21 3.63 0.60 0.49 0.60 Nil Nil 45.13
2005 47.43 8.13 9.22 0.50 1.01 4.49 4.016 25.16
2011 42.51 9.63 10.11 0.63 0.96 - - 17.00
With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, theamount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and itscomposition is changing.
The existing landfills are neither well equipped or well managed andare not lined properly to protect against contamination of soil andground water.
Waste management is a challenge……..because…..
Waste..
.. generation is
increasing through
economic development,
urbanization and
population growth.
Pollutes / contaminates waterPollutes air and emits Greenhouse Gases
Chokes city drains Breeder ground for vectors
Often not degradableHealth hazard for humansHazard for animals
Leachate generation near dump site Waste threw out side the bins
Waste management is a challenge……..because…..
Open burningAccumulating Plastics
MAJOR ISSUES
• Safety to human and animal health
• Toxicity
• Non- biodegradability
• Emissions during burning
• Disposal - major cause of solid waste management problems
Issues with Plastic Wastes
• Choke drains
• Beauty of the city
• Garbage containing plastics, when burn-
cause air pollution
• Non degradable
• Problem in land fill operation
Environmental Hazards
Issues with Disposal of Plastic Wastes
PLASTIC WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2011
(With Amendments, 2011)
Issued to Assist Managing the
Waste Created by
Thin Plastic Carry Bags
Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage
Rules. 1999
Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage
(Amendment) Rules, 2003
Initial Rules
Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules,
1999
• Limiting Thickness (20µ)
• Virgin & Natural Colour
• Pigments, when used, must conform to IS 9833
• Prohibiting Use of Recycled Plastics for Packaging of
Foodstuffs
• Recycling as per IS 14534:1998
• Marking of ‘Recycled’ on recycled product (within 1 year)
• Self Regulation
Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules,
2003
• Adding restriction on size (8” x 12”)
• Defining Carry Bag with Drawing
• Making Registration of Units Mandatory
• Renewal of Registration subject to adherence of the Rules
Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 – (Feb 4, 2011)
(with amendments July 2, 2011)
• Minimum Thickness increased to 40 µ
• All plastic bags brought under the Rule
• Amendment Rule excluded bags that form an integral part of packaging of goods and are sealed prior to use
(This has created some confusion in interpretation of the Rule - gap between manufacturing and packaging not properly explained)
▪Introduction of ‘Extended producer’s responsibility (EPR) for “sound management of product until end of life”
▪Involvement of manufacturers for assisting municipal authorities in setting up of plastic waste collection centres.
(These two provisions have not yet been utilized by the authorities / municipalities)
Plastic Waste Management
PLASTICS RECYCLING/RECOVERY OPTIONS
Plastics Waste
Material Recovery
Energy Recovery
Feedstock Recycling
Mechanical Recycling
Biological Recycling
•Co- Processing in Cement Kilns •Heat & Power Generation
•Monomer•Fuel•ReducingAgent in
Blast Furnace•Gasification
Most Adopted
ENERGY RECOVERY -
CO-PROCESSING IN CEMENT KILN
• All types of mixed plastics waste can be used
• Segregation and cleaning not required
ALL TYPES OF MIXED PLASTICS WASTE CAN BE USED WITHOUTELABORATE CLEANING
CONVERSION TO FUEL
Plastics waste in road construction
ASPHALT PLANT OF BMC, WORLI, MUMBAIProf. V S AGHASE ROAD DADAR, MUMBAI
Bidyasagar Street – Kalyani,
West Bengal
PLASTICS WASTE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION
For 1 KM long and 7 feet wide Road, 1 MT of Plastics Waste is used with 9
MTs of Bitumen.
Plastics waste in road construction
In the last 2 years the Govt. of Tamil Nadu has proposed the
construction of 1255 kms long roads in rural areas using plastic wastes
which costs 153.5 crores. While 1200 kms road construction has been
completed; the rest is supposed to be completed this year.
In urban areas 1065 kms road construction using
plastic wastes is planned and is in different stages
of completion.
Besides Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, West Bengal and Kerala have also taken
up the initiatives of construction of roads using plastic wastes.
450, 000 KM Rural Road in India Can Use more
than 0.5 Mn Tons of Plastics Waste
Recommendations
• STRICT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT
RULES – 2000 and draft rule 2015.
• ALL STAKE HOLDERS TO BE ROPED IN
• GOVERNMENT APPROVED MANDATORY AWARENESS
/MOTIVATION CAMPAIGNS IN ELECTRONIC & PRINT MEDIA
• IMPROVEMENT IN WASTE COLLECTION & DISPOSAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
• UNIFORM WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM THROUGHOUT
THE COUNTRY
BIODEGRADATION OR RECYCLING ?
• BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED
• THESE ARE REQUIRED IN SPECIFIC AND SPECIAL
APPLICATIONS
• DEVELOPED COUNTRIES – MAJOR MANUFACTURERS OF BD
PLASTICS – HAVE NOT MANDATED USE OF BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS where recycling is possible
REUSE AND RECYCLING IS PREFERRED
OVER DEGRADATION TO ENCOURAGE RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
• Plastic waste Management has assumed great significance in view
of the urbanization activities.
• Some significant issues still exist from both the technological
factors and from economic and social behavior issues related to
collection of recyclable waste and substitution of the material.
• 3R is insufficient to overcome the problem of plastic waste
accumulation.
• 3R & (+1)R [redeveloping plastic materials] should coexist.
Plastic Waste Management
Selection criteria for technologies for SWM
Technologies for SWM
KEY ISSUES
▪ Inaccurate data
▪ Too many Actors/Agencies – leads lack of coordination
▪ Institutional Capabilities – weak
▪ Lack of political will – support
▪ Segregation not practiced at all levels
▪ Illegal dumping sites and water bodies-
▪ Selection of Improper Technologies – due to tendering process
▪ Lack of awareness – Motivation lacking among every one
▪ ATTITUDE - Negative
▪ Poor Monitoring
▪ Governance
▪ Accountability
▪ MASSIVE CORRUPTION – MAFIA GROUPS
Discrepancies in the waste generation data
• As per 2011 census, the 377 million people living in 7,935 urban centres generate 1,70,000
tons per day (TPD) and 62 million tonnes of MSW per year, based on an average per capita
generation of 450 gm per person per day.
• The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Annual Report, 2013 has reported that 1,33,760
metric tons of waste is generated daily in urban areas in the country.
• The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that by 2047, waste generation in
Indian cities will increase five-fold to touch 260 million tonne per year, implying that the
current solid waste generation is over 50 million tons per year.
• The NSWAI study states the generation of 36.5 million tonnes annualy.
• A study by the World Bank (2006) puts India’s annual generation of municipal solid waste to
be somewhat lower, i.e.in the range of 35 to 45 million ton, amounting to about 1,00,000 to
1,20,000 metric ton every day. It has been estimated that the annual increase in overall
quantity of solid waste in India’s cities will be at a rate of 5 percent per annum.
There is an old adage which is more accurate for SWM in India- WHAT CANNOT BE
MEAURED CANNOT BE MANAGED
Stakeholders involved in
Waste Management
NITI AYOG
MNREMPR
MoRD
Ministry of Health
District Collector
PCB
MOEF
NGT
Ministry of Agriculture
MOUD
MDWS
Ministry of Chemicals
& Fertilizers
A typical solid waste management system displays an array of issues:
• Segregation of waste is non-existent. No Segregation of wastes at household level except
old news papers that can be sold. Earlier wastes were kept in two bags at household level
and at the time of transportation this is being mixed up.
• Door to door collection of waste practiced is worked out to be less than 25% to 40%.
• Volume of waste generated is not calculated scientifically
• Scientific analysis of the waste composition is not carried out in majority of the
municipalities and records are not maintained scientifically.
• Crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution control.
• The breeding of flies and vermin.
• The handling and control of informal waste picking or scavenging activities.
• Knowledge Management or Lessons learnt is absolutely absent
• Poor monitoring and accounting mechanism
Key Issues
They can be categorized into institutional, technical, social, economic and
financial constraints.
• There are multiplicity of agencies in the fray with very little co-ordination and synergy at
least around common themes. The lack of effective legislation for waste management is
partially responsible for the roles/functions of the relevant national agencies.
• In the cities and towns, the municipal authorities have identified hundreds of locations on the
road side for secondary storage of waste. Most of these sites are open and extremely
unhygienic.
Key Issues
Steps in Waste Management
Integrated Solid Waste Management
• Integrated Solid Waste Management: Water, sanitation and solid waste management
are integral part of any cleanliness initiative. The Swachh Bharat (Clean India
initiatives) by Prime Minister of India leads to have an integrated approach in solving
the waste management problem in India
• Good water quality cannot be ensured unless we have a good waste management
system and proper sanitation facilities. As part of the integrated waste management,
different components need to be strengthened and worked upon in coming years to
help cities, small and medium towns and Panchayats in India to deal with the enormous
challenge of waste management.
• Principles of Swachh Bharat (Clean India Campaign):
Creation of Totally Sanitized Environment – By 2019: The end of open defecation
and achievement of a clean environment where human faecal waste is safely contained
and disposed.
Adoption of Improved Hygiene Practices – By 2020: All people in the rural areas,
especially children and care givers, adopt safe hygiene practices during all times.
Solid and Liquid Waste Management – By 2022: Effective management of solid and
liquid waste such that the village environment is kept clean at all times.
• ISWM - comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and
disposal program.
• An effective ISWM system considers how to prevent, recycle, and manage
solid waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the
environment.
• ISWM involves assessing local needs and conditions, and then selecting
and combining the most appropriate waste management activities for those
conditions.
• Each of these activities requires careful planning, financing, collection, and
transport, all of which will be incorporated in the SWM plan
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Integrated Solid Waste Management
• Waste Prevention: Waste prevention/source reduction – seek to prevent waste from
being generated. Waste prevention strategies include using less packaging, designing
products to last longer, and reusing products and materials.
Waste prevention help reduce handling, treatment and disposal costs and ultimately reduce the
generation of pollutants escaping to atmosphere from waste treatment and disposal processes.
• Recycling and Composting: Recycling is a process that involves collecting, reprocessing,
and/or recovering certain waste materials (e.g., glass, metal, plastics, paper) to make new
materials or products. Some recycled organic materials are rich in nutrients.
Recycling and composting generate many environmental and economic benefits, for
examples: they create jobs and income, supply valuable raw material to industry, produce soil
enhancing compost leading to better agricultural productivity.
• Disposal (Landfilling and combustion): These activities are used to manage waste that
cannot be prevented or recycled. One way to dispose of waste is to place it in properly
designed, constructed and managed landfills (few working in India today), where it is safely
contained.
Another way to handle this waste is through combustion. Combustion is the controlled
burning of waste, which helps reduce its volume.
This technology could be properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills can be used
to generate energy by recovering methane. Similarly, combustion facilities produce steam as
a by-product that can be used to generate energy.
Integrated Solid Waste Management
• Developing a Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management: Planning is the first
step in designing or improving a waste management system. Waste management
planners should, for example, take into consideration institutional, social, financial,
economic, technical, and environmental factors.
• Based on these factors, each community has the challenge of selecting the
combination of waste management activities that best suits its needs. Because
integrated solid waste management involves both short and long-term choices, it
is critical to set achievable goals.
• While developing ISWM plan, one should identify goals or objectives (e.g., protect
human health, protect water supplies, reduce POPs from open burning of trash,
increase recycling or composting). The ISWM plan helps through the
implementation process. Input from community should also be sought to ensure an
informed public and to increase public acceptance.
• Implementing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan:Once ISWM plan is
developed and written, one can begin to implement the various combinations of
waste management activities. Implementing an ISWM plan is an ongoing process
with adjustments to the pan along the way. System inefficiencies should be
evaluated and adjustments should be made to improve or expand solid waste
management services.
SOLUTIONS
• SEGRREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE
- REQUIRES MASS AWARENESS
• COLLECTION & SCIENTIFIC DISPOSAL
- REQUIRES IMPROVEMENTS IN
INFRASTRUCTURE
• RECYCLING & RECOVERY
- REQUIRES POLICY SUPPORT FOR
PROMOTING BUSINESS MODEL / EPR
Conclusions
• Given the overall MSWM situation in our society, there is a need to promote
multiple options including decentralized initiatives and a supporting policy
environment through capacity building of implementing institutions and stake
holders.
• Need for strong IEC component needs to be institutionalised among all
stakeholders for imparting the right information and positive attitude for
healthy and hygienic waste disposal practices
• The Municipalities/Cities/Towns needs to establish multi disciplinary team
within the local bodies for taking entire responsibility of waste management.
currently it is handled by the health sections which are totally incompetent in
handling waste management.
• More effective legislation will support a stronger, coordinated sector but
legislation is only effective if there is the capacity to enforce it.
• Well defined Roles and Responsibilities among stakeholders for enabling them
to practice transparency and accountability mechanisms in work culture.
• Integrated Solid Waste Management will lead to sustainable waste
management in the long run. This reinforces the importance of minimization
of waste generation and 3R strategy of waste management-Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle.
• Suryapet: Dustbin-free city
• Warangal: 100% door-to-door collection achieved
• Namakkal : Zero Waste
• Vellore: Gandhinagar- waste utilization more than 80%
Some good practices
. Ahmedabad: 4 or 6-bin handcarts or tricycles to avoid double-
handling of waste
• Nasik: Trucks move from one street-corner to another to have a city
without street waste-bins
• Surat: 60% waste utilization .Pin-point beats include bins on raised
platforms, near drainage manholes
• Mumbai: Only wet waste lifted from hi-rises
• Tamil Nadu: Plastic wastes used for laying roads
• Coimbatore: Guinness World Records for the ‘Largest Recycling Lesson’
• Pune: Co-operative waste pickers. Many Waste to Energy models initiated
• Many cities: Private groups are doing doorstep collection on payment
• Everywhere: SLUMS are the most cooperative. 419 slums in Mumbai
have Take-away-bin system
Some good practices
Aim of MSWM
• To extract maximum practical benefits.
• To generate minimum amount of waste.
• Reduce negative impacts on environment and society
Promote facilities and behavior together
There is a whole culture of waste management thatneeds to be put in place - from the micro-level ofhousehold and neighborhood to the macro levels of city,district state and nation.
No wonder, our is a country where ‘private’ places are clean but‘public’ places are dirty. Unless, municipalities, municipalcorporations, small and medium towns and other institutions arepulled up, the situation is unlikely to transform.
