Solid State Physics (Major, 8 ECTS)

1 physicist over 3 in US declares to be a condensed matter physicist (CMP)

CMP: solids, amorphous materials, liquids, soft materials …

20 CMP physics Nobel prizes + 5 in chemistry

This course ⊕ Quantum Effects at Macroscopic Scale ⊕ … = Solid State Physics

M. Civelli A. BarthélémyP. Mendels

SSP: some milestones, electronic properties

Transistor: electronic devices, nano-devices

SSP: some milestones, electronic properties

Superconductivity → SQUID, MRI, levitation

Les supraconducteursSSP: some milestones, electronic properties

Step 1: periodic structures

Polonium CuO2 plane

Step 2: From individual atoms to CMP…

Energy bands…

Solide Atome

Hamiltonian: let’s model!

Exploring the k space: e- ↔ plane wave (k)

hve-

φ

θ

Crystal

Graphene 2010

Transport properties

e-

Philippe Mendels Fabrice Bert

SummaryCourse prerequisites and corequisites: Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics. Book : Quantum Mechanics by C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, F. Laloë (vol. I and II), Ed WileyFundamentals of Statistical Physics. Book : Statistical Mechanics by K. Huang, Ed Wiley. Concepts of Statistical Physics needed for this course can be easily learnt in parallel.

Contents:

I Basic model of metals : the free electron gasI-5 Scanning tunneling microscopeI-6 Quantization of levels in a magnetic field: quantum oscillations

II Crystalline SolidsII-1 Structures: crystal lattice and primitive unit cell II-4 Diffraction in practice: lab. X-rays, synchrotron and neutron facilities,

electronic microscopy: from formulas to hands on experimentsII-5 Beyond crystals: introduction to amorphous solids and soft matter

III- Electronic structure of solids

IV- Dynamics of electrons

V- Electrons at the nanoscaleV-1 Coulomb blockadeV-2 Band tailoring: heterostructures

VI- SemiconductorsVI-1 General introduction: Silicium, Germanium, III-V and II-VI familiesVI-5 Towards applications: diode , LED, solar cells, …

Philippe Mendels Fabrice Bert

Magnetism

Agnès Barthélémy

From individual spins to magnets

~ + 80%

I

V

(Orsay, 1988, système Fe/Cr)

Giant magnetoresistance 2007

Basics in magnetism : from atomic magnetismto collective magnetism

Macroscopic properties : domains, walls, magnets

Spintronics, magnetic recording

Magnetism

Fundamental concepts in physics: condensed matter physicsquantum physics

Nanoscience : nanophysicsnanodevices

M2 openings

PHY564B Nanomaterials and electronic applications (Minor, 4ECTS)

This module introduces recent developments in the field of silicon- and carbon-based semiconducting nanomaterials, as well as their principal electronic applications.

The following subjects are addressed:• Disordered semiconductors: amorphous, nano- and polycrystalline silicon • Silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene: structure and synthesis• Characterization techniques for nanomaterials: near-field spectroscopies, etc. • Electronic applications: photovoltaics, flat panel displays, transistors, sensors, etc.

Requirements : Fundamentals of quantum and statistical physics

Si nanowires graphene structure nanowire transistor

contact: razvigor.ossikovski@polytechnique.edu

Quantum Effects at Macroscopic Scale (Minor, 6 ECTS)P. Simon & M. Ferrier

1st part : Quantum information and quantum computing

-2 Quantum communication and quantum computing

-1 Quantum systems with a small number of degrees of freedom

- A qubit, contrary to a bit is continuousvalued, describable by a direction on

theBloch sphere

quantum superposition of states

- Quantum teleportation- EPR paradox and Bell inequalities - qubits, computing and decoherence

Spins in a magnetic field

NMR

Quantum Effects at Macroscopic Scale (Minor, 6 ECTS)

1st part : Superconductivity, superfluids and condensate

-1 Bose-Einstein Condensation and superfluidity

-2 Superconductivity : macroscopic aspects, microscopic theory, and thermodynamics

Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Rb gas observed in

Boulder by Cornell &WiemannFountain effect: consequence of the superfluidity of Helium-4

So#  Condensed  Ma,er  

Whar  is  so#  ma,er  

20

Whar  is  so#  ma,er  

20

SM  Scale  

A  lot  of  stuff  we  are  familiar  with…  

Microscopic  Descrip=on  

Macroscopic  Descrip=on  

Microscopic  Descrip=on  

Macroscopic  Descrip=on  Sta=s=cal  Mechanics  

Microscopic  Descrip=on  

Macroscopic  Descrip=on  Sta=s=cal  Mechanics  

Lucasian  Chair  of  Mathema=cs  

Isaac  Newton  1669  

33  Years  Mathema=cs    And  Physics  

Paul  Dirac  1932  

37  Years  Physics  

Stephen  Hawking  1979  

30  Years  Physics  

New  Lucasian  Chair  of  Mathema=cs  Mike  Cates  2015    Sta=s=cal  Mechanics  and  So#  Condensed  Ma,er  

“The  field  of  so#  ma,er  is  highly  interdisciplinary,  bringing  together  methods  from  areas  such  as  elas=city,  fluid  mechanics,  sta=s=cal  mechanics,  and  computa=onal  science.    In  recent  years  it  has  expanded  to  address  many  problems  in  biology,  including  the  proper=es  of  cellular  cytoskeletons  and  collec=ve  behaviour  of  mo=le  cells”      

This  so#  ma,er!    

Computer  simula.on  Experiment  

Theory  

FUNDAMENTAL  SCIENCE   APPLICATIONS