Solar Roofing BasicsSolar Roofing BasicsAIA PresentationAIA Presentation

Ken Schulte - DERBIGUM Energies Sales Manager

DERBIGUM Americas, Inc. is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Upon completion of this program, participants will be able to:

• Understand and explain how solar power is generated

• Recognize the different varieties of Photovoltaic panels

• Identify the advantages of triple junction cells

• Discuss various system configurations• Understand economic and

environmental advantages

•Light particle (Photon) strikes PV cell

• Impacts PN junction in semiconductor material

•Knocks off two “charge carriers”, one electron(-) and one “hole”(+)

•Electron travels to negative electrode

•Hole travels to positive electrode

•Electron enters circuit, does “work” and travels back to Hole completing circuit and “neutralizes” charge

•Process repeats

PhotonsPhotons

Negative Electrode

Positive Electrode

PN Junction

Electrical Circuit

Inverter

Electrical Device

PV Cell

•First Type of commercial cell

• Invented by Bell labs in 1954

•A wafer cut from a large, specially grown, cylindrical silicon crystal

•Highest efficiency of currently available PV

•Poor low-light tolerance

•Fragile

•Expensive

•Requires heavy frames and support structures

• Made from multiple crystalline sources

• Not as dependent on “perfect” crystal growth

• Less Expensive than monocrystallines

• 2-5% less efficient than monocrystallines

• Extremely fragile

• Poor low-light tolerance

• Requires heavy frames and support structures

• First generation thin-film

• Does not require crystalline silicon to produce

• Relatively inexpensive to produce and manufacture

• Tolerant to low-light conditions

• About 50% less efficient than monocrystalline

• Easy to incorporate into windows and skylights

• Glass substrate heavy and fragile

• Generally requires supportive framework

• Has historical issues with longevity/durability

• 2nd Generation thin-film

• Doesn’t require crystalline silicon to produce

• Easier to manufacture than 1st generation thin-film with about the same cost

• Does not require any framing or support structure

• Low-light tolerant

• More efficient than 1st Generation thin-film

• Much lighter than all other PV

• Much more rugged than other PV types

• Integrates easily after roofing membrane installed

• No history of excessive deterioration

• Has adhesion issues

• Still needs separate installation

The entire spectrum is not available to single junction solar cell

☼ Triple Junction

• Top cell has large bandgap

• Middle cell mid eV bandgap

• Bottom cell small bandgap.

Indium Tin Oxidep-a-Si:H

Blue Cell i-a-Si:Hn-a-Si:H

pGreen Cell

i-a-SiGe:H (~15%)

np

Red Celli-a-SiGe:H (~50%)

nTextured Zinc Oxide

SilverStainless Steel Substrate

Silver Grid

☼ Absorbs light in three different spectral bands up to and including UV

☼ More efficient design than single or double junction thin-film

☼ Works with moderate snow cover

☼ Adds only two deposition steps to manufacturing process without adding significant increase in cost or materials

☼ Is currently unique in commercial PV panels

☼ Stand-Alone Systems - those systems which use photovoltaic's technology only, and are not connected to a utility grid.

☼ Hybrid Systems - those systems which use photovoltaic's and some other form of energy, such as diesel generation or wind.

☼ Grid-Tied Systems - those systems which are connected to a utility grid.

☼ Determine the load (energy, not power)• You should think of the load as being

supplied by photovoltaic system.• Machinery & Appliances• Consumption Reduction• Make a List

☼ Initial steps in the process include: • Calculate the number of photovoltaic

modules required• Solar Irradiance• Solar Radiation• Peak Hours

☼ The BOS typically contains:• Structures for mounting the

PV arrays or modules • Power conditioning

equipment that massages and converts the do electricity to the proper form and magnitude required by an alternating current (ac) load.

• Sometimes also storage devices, such as batteries, for storing PV generated electricity during cloudy days

and at night.

☼ Solar Photovoltaic Cells convert sunlight directly into electricity

☼ They are sold on a $/Wp basis or $/power

☼ Wp is the power in Watts for Peak sun hours -- the equivalent number of hours per day, with solar irradiance equaling 1,000 W/m2, that gives the same energy received from sunrise to sundown.

☼ To convert power to energy simply multiply by the amount of time that the cell is illuminated

• W * hr = 1 W-hr

☼ Electricity (energy) is normally billed $/kW-hr

☼ One stop shop for financial incentives is www.dsireusa.org/

☼ The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) is a comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility, and federal incentives that promote renewable energy.

☼ Lists includes:• Corporate Tax Incentives • Direct Equipment Sales • Grant Programs • Leasing/Lease Purchase Programs • Loan Programs • Personal Income Tax Incentives • Production Incentives • Property Tax Incentives • Rebate Programs • Sales Tax Incentives

NanoMarkets, LC – Market Report July 2008

☼ During use - PV produce no :• atmospheric emissions• radioactive waste

☼ During use PV produce no greenhouse gases so it will help offset CO2 emissions and global climate destabilization• PV does have an embodied energy and

embodied CO2 emissions

☼ PV curtails air pollution, which produces acid rain, soil damage, and human respiratory ailments.

A 4 kWp solar energy array would prevent: • 2.4 tons of coal from being burned• 6.2 tons of CO2 = decreasing the greenhouse effect• over 3,600 gallons of water from being used• ~34 pounds each of NOx and SO2 from polluting the

atmosphere• 1.8 pounds of particulates from causing a health

hazard (and no nuclear waste)

EACH YEAR - FOR 20+ YEARS!

• 100 miles by 100 miles in Nevada would provide

the equivalent of the entire US electrical demand

• Distributed (to sites with less sun) it would take

less than 25% of the area covered by US roads.

THANK YOUfor your time and attention.

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems

Program

Contact DERBIGUM at (800) 727-9872

info@DERBIGUM.com,

www.DERBIGUM.com