Solar Electricity And Safe Drinking Water – The Way …sustainable-concepts.de/uploads/pdf/Solar-Electricity... · · 2015-11-061 Solar Electricity and Safe Drinking Water –

Solar Electricity and Safe Drinking Water – © Sustainable Concepts GmbH, H. Aulich, October 2015 1

Solar Electricity And Safe Drinking Water – The Way Forward To A Sustainable Development

International Conference on Solar Energy Solutions For Electricity And Water Supply In Rural Areas, The American University in Cairo, October 7 – 10, 2015

Hubert Aulich, PhD

President SC Sustainable Concepts, Germany Chairman SolarInput

Chairman Solarvalley Mitteldeutschland


Contents

Introduction Status of Global Electricity and Water Technologies for Safe Drinking Water Technologies for Powering Safe Drinking Water Systems Applications and Implementations


Electricity and Water – Local and Sustainable

for Rural & Urban Population

Safe Drinking Water Renewable Electricity PV / Hybrid Systems / Minigrids

Autarcon Technology Reverse Osmosis

Communication, Lighting Heating, Cooling Industry, Commerce Other Technologies

EPC – Engineering, Procurement, Construction Consulting – Financing, Legal Framework, Investor Relations

R&D, Training&Education – Universities, Research Institutes, Vocational Colleges

Governmental Institutions Industry Investors NGOs International Networks

Introduction – SC Sustainable Concepts


Introduction – UN Sustainable Development Goals

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture ………. Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all


Goals 6. & 7. Water, Sanitation and Energy for All 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention

to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and

materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater

to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as

appropriate 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related

activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies

6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable

energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology

7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support.


Contents



Status of Global Electricity

People without access to electricity (circles) mainly live in Sub-Saharan Africa (about 590 million), India (about 400 million) and other parts of developing Asia (about 390 million)

Ref.: C. Breyer, P. Adelmann, Off-Grid Photovoltaic Applications in Regions of Low Electrification: High Demand, Fast Financial Amortization and Large Market Potential; 26th EUPVSEC (2011), Hamburg


Africa: Lack of Electricity in the Rural Areas ….

Ref.: GfK-Verein 2012, „Fünf Löwen auf dem Sprung“

30- 120 121- 500 501-1000 1001-2500 2501-5000 No data

Ref.: JRC-Report: Renewable energies in Africa (2015)

no data

… with High Population Growth Rate (%) and Low Electricity Consumption (kWh/capita*a)

„Electrical Poverty“ is defined by the IEA as

<120kWh/capita*a


Status of Global Drinking Water

Ref.: WHO / Unicef Joint Monitoring Program „JMP Update Report 2015 English“

Percentage of Population Without Reasonable Access to Safe Drinking Water (yellow to red)

The populations without access to safe drinking water are mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia**: Sub-Saharan Africa 319 Mio Southern Asia 134 Mio Eastern Asia 65 Mio Southeastern Asia 61 Mio All other Regions 84 Mio Total: 663 Mio Corresponds to 9% of global population!


Status of Global Drinking Water

Graphics: http://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/human-conditions.php

"More than five million people, most of them children, die every year from illnesses caused by drinking poor quality water."

Distribution of Access to Safe Drinking Water Corresponds to World Life Expectancy Distribution


Status of Global Drinking Water - Urban and Rural Disparity

Worldwide*: 79% without access to „improved“ drinking water

and 93% of the population drinking surface water

live in rural areasl

* Ref.: WHO / Unicef Joint Monitoring Program, JMP Update Report 2015

„Due to the lack of regionally representative data on safety of water supply, the indicator was changed by the WHO to „use of improved drinking water source“. Definition of „improved“: An „improved“ drinking water source is one that, by the nature of its construction, adequately protects the source from outside contamination, particularly from faecal matter“

Ref.: WHO / Unicef JMP Update Report 2015, Annex 1


Status of Improved Sanitation Water

** Ref.: WHO / Unicef Joint Monitoring Program, JMP Update Report 2015

7 out of 10 people without access to „improved sanitation“ live in rural areas!

In 2015 even more people had no access to “improved” sanitation water than to improved drinking water! • Southern Asia 953 million • Sub-Saharan Africa 695 million • Eastern Asia 337 million

Distribution of Access to Improved Sanitation Water Corresponds to that of Energy Poverty


Contents



Technologies for Safe Drinking Water - Water Quality Standards

References: Metals: Deutsche Grenzwerte für Schwermetalle im Trinkwasser gemäß der

Trinkwasserverordnung vom 12. Dezember 1990, und Novelle 11/2011 Ions: N.N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw , Chemie der Elemente, VCH, 1988

Metals Limit (mg/ltr) Ions Limit *

(mg/ltr)

Mercury 0,001 Magnesium 150

Arsenic 0,010 Calcium 200

Lead 0,040 Chloride 60

Cadmium 0,002 Sulfate 400

Copper 2,000 Nitrate 50

Zink 5,000 Fluoride 1,5

Chromium 0,050 Boron 1,0

Iron 0,2 Aluminum 0,2

Nickel 0,02 Sodium 200

Silver 0,010 TDS 1500

* WHO

Metal and Ion Contamination Limits in Drinking Water

Ref.: WHO / Unicef Joint Monitoring Program, JMP Update Report 2015


Technologies for Safe Drinking Water - Filtration

A multi-media filter typically contains three layers of media consisting of anthracite coal, sand and garnet, with a supporting (non filtering) layer of gravel at the bottom. It is mainly used as a precleaning of raw water with mud and other particle content (foul water) especially for membrane type filtration methods (e.g. Reverse Osmosis) to prevent scaling and fouling. Howerever: precleaned water is not safe drinking water!

Ref.: http://puretecwater.com/resources/basics-of-multi-media-filtration-mmf.pdf

Multi-Media Filtration: Precleaning of Muddy Water


Technologies for Safe Drinking Water – Fine to Hyper-Filtration

also called: Hyperfiltration

Multi-media filter All filtration methods require Chlorine addition to make water “safe”.


Technologies for Safe Drinking Water - Disinfection

1. Boiling 2. Ozon 3. UV 4. Chlorine dioxide 5. Chlorine 6. Hypochlorites NaClO, Ca(ClO)2 7. Electrolysis (+ Cl) 8. Reverse Osmosis

Chlorine has been used to treat drinking water for more than 75 years. Thanks to its high safety standards, it is the most widely used disinfectant worldwide: When dissolved in water, the actual disinfectant – hypochlorous acid (HClO) – is produced. HClO is most effective at a pH value around 5 (s. Figure). The most frequently used procedures are the following: Dosing of chlorine gas Dosing of liquid sodium/calcium Hypochlorite solution Electrolytic production and dosing of sodium hypochlorite solution.

Chlorine – the no. 1 disinfectant worldwide* *Ref.: https://us.grundfos.com/content/dam/GPU/Products/DME/water-is-life.pdf

Boiling is still widely used! however:


www.outdoortrends.de/outdoorkueche/gaskocher/3/

Technologies for Water Disinfection - Boiling of Water

Sorurce: http://survival-mediawiki.de/dewiki/ index.php/Datei:Germanenherd009.JPG

Advantages: No (or low) initial investment required

Simple process and handling

Sterilization of containers and flatware possible, as well.

Disadvantages: Germs and micro-organisms are devitalized, but

anorganic substanes like heavy metals are not removed by boiling;

oil or gas burners must be procured and fuel must be periodically transported, filled into vessels and paid for;

open coal or wood fire involves danger of fire spreading and of scalding;

after some hours the boiled water is not safe from new infection.

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http://survival-mediawiki.de/dewiki/index.php/Datei:Germanenherd009.JPG�

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Need for Disinfected Water in Dry Areas

Use of water for: Required amount

per head * day (ltrs)

Out of this: to be disinfected

(ltrs) Drinking and cooking 3 3 Dish washing 3 3 Cleaning 3 Personal hygiene 5 5 Shower (without bath tub bathing) 15 15 Laundry 15 15 Toilet flushing 20 Total amount per head and day 64 41

Water boiler with wood firing; Source: http://www.kellykettle.com/

Energy needed to heat up 41 liters of water from 20°C to 100°C: 3.815 kWh Assuming that this takes 30min, then the boiler has a power of: 3.815kWh/0.5h = 7.63 kW If boiling is allowed for 10min, then this takes additional energy: 7.63kW*1/6h = 1.272 kWh Total energy consumption for boiling 41 ltrs of water for 10min: (3.815+1.272)kWh ~ 5 kWh

http://www.kellykettle.com/�


Fuel Efficiency for Water Boiling

Required energy for 10min of boiling of 41 liters: 5 kWh (per head*day) For wood and coal the amount is tentatively doubled due to the need for pre-burning and residual fire after boiling (i.e. taking incomplete use of the material into account): 10 kWh

Source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heizwert *Hint: Burning of 1.2 kg carbon (C) with 3.2 kg oxygen (O2) produces 4.4 kg CO2

Fuel Net caloric value

(MJ/kg)

Net caloric value

(kWh/kg)

Specific CO2-production (kg/kWh)

Energy for boiling 41 ltrs for 10min

(kWh)

Fuel consumption per head*day

(kg)

Total CO2- Production*

(kg /head*day) Wood, fresh from forest 6,8 1,9 neutral 10 5,3 -

Wood, air-dried 14,4–15,8 4–4,4 neutral 10 2,4 -

Brown coal briquette 19,6 5,6 0,3 10 1,8 3,00

Hard coal / coke 28,7 7,97 0,38 10 1,3 3,80

Diesel / fuel oil 42,6 11,8 0,27 5 0,4 1,35

Natural gas 12,4 3,44 0,18 5 1,5 0,90

Propane 46,354 12,9 0,23 5 0,4 1,15

n-Butane 45,715 12,7 0,24 5 0,4 1,20

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heizwert�


Technologies for Water Disinfection - Electrolytical Disinfection

Schematic function diagram of a stand-alone- solution for decentral drinking water disinfection (Autarcon): 1. Sweet water is pumped from a depth of up to 70m using an immersion pump.

2. After a mechanical filtration of the water Chlorine is produced in the electrolysis

cell from the naturally existing dissolved salts. Thus, germs and other microbes are safely devitalized. Using an add-on device, Iron can also be removed.

3. The tank accomodates the water which is continuously pumped out of the well during the day. From there, the water can be retrieved and distributed through a decentralized pipe system to the consumers in the vicinity.

4. The sensor is continuously controlling the quality of the water.

5. The control unit adapts the Chlorine production according to the measured water quality und provides the operation data online.

6. With the PV-modules supplied with the SuMeWa system it operates completely energy autarkic; batteries are not mandatory.

Ref.: www.autarcon.com SuMeWa COMPLETE

http://www.autarcon.com/�


Contents



World-wide Exponential Growth of PV Capacity 1992-2015

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics Ref.: Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, Think Act, June 2015


Price Reduction - A Chance for More PV Power in Africa

Subsaharan Africa 2040 (conservative estimate of IEA)

4% of 1540 TWh = 61.6 TWh => 61.6 TWh / 1800 kWh/kWp = 34.2 GWp expected PV-power installed in 2040

Learning curve: 20% reduction of PV-module prices after each doubling of the cumulated world-wide production!

Ref.: Adapted from Reneable Energy Laboratory (for data until 2009), supplemented by Solar Valley GmbH


Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)

In Germany (with only ~1000 kWh/m2*a) the LCOE are already <10 €ct/kWh for green-field installations!

In Africa, solar irradiance is roughly twice as high as in Germany, but cost for finance and inflation are much higher. However, depending on the local conditions and size of the system the LCOE of PV is already lower than that of Diesel gensets.

Ref.: H. Wirth, „Aktuelle Fakten zur Photovoltaik in Deutschland“, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, 2015 (www.pv-fakten.de)

PV installation cost (total) [€/kWp]

Leve

lized

Cos

t of E

lect

ricity

LC

OE

[€ct

/kW

h]

kWh/m2*a

Germany

Africa?

http://www.pv-fakten.de/�




Technologies for Powering Safe Drinking Water Systems

Above a certain distance from a public grid (here: 2 km) an off-grid / minigrid supply is less expensive than grid extension.

LCOE-Values for Sub-Saharan Africa 2012

Ref.: IEA-Report: „Africa - Energy Outlook“ (2015)



Ref.: G. Léna, „Rural Electrification with PV Hybrid Systems“, IEA-PVPS T9-13:2013, July 2013

Example: Production / load of a PV-Diesel system in a rural area of Mauretania

In areas with high solar irradiance PV power can replace or at least minimize use of Diesel gensets.

Hybridization significantly reduces fuel consumption, improves genset performance (because genset running hours at low load are reduced from 16h to 7h), reduces genset usage and thus extends its lifespan.

The blue curve in the left figure below shows the actual production of the existing 55 kVA diesel genset today (equal to the average daily load curve) and after adding a 16 kWp PV system with 150 kWh battery, for a daily energy demand of 140 kWh. The yearly PV penetration rate in this example is 35%.

7h 16h



Application Average

Person Number Drinking

Water Sanitation

Water Cooling/Process

Water Total

Demand (3 ltr/head*d) (61 ltr/head*d) (m3/d) (m3/d)

Villages (houses, schools) 500 1.500 30.500 1 33,0 Hotels, lodges (air conditioned) 125 375 7.625 5 13,0 Health care stations (air cond.) 25 75 1.525 3 4,6 Food production 20 60 1.220 5 6,3 Textile handcraft 10 30 610 2 2,6 Laundries 5 15 305 5 5,3

Water demand per day in remote area settlements (without irrigation)

For these applications and consumption numbers production capacities for water pumping and water treatment of 3 - 33 m3/day are required. Depending on the avialability of electrical storage for PV power the day can be 12h or 24h long.

64 l/head*d

range



For solar irradiance in Africa of around 1800 kWh/kWp the electrical (e.g. PV-) power generation facility for a water treatment machine with power consumption Pwt has to provide a power of PPV ≈ 2,35 * Pwt … provided, that PV peak power (exceeding Pwt) can be stored in a battery or used to store water in water storage tanks!

Water Treatment Technology

Flow Rate

[m3/h]

Permeate Yield

Φ

Pwt = Power Consumption

[kW]

Specific . Power Demand

[kWh/m3]

Energy Demand per Day (for 12h/d)

[kWh]

Required PV- or Diesel-Hybrid Power

PPV [kWp]

Electrolyt. Disinfection (Autarcon) 0,4 100% 0,12 0.3 1,44 0.28

Brackish Water RO 3 90% 2,1 0.672 24,2 4.9

Seawater RO 3 70% 20 6.54 235 47.7

36 m3/day

Typical size of power generation systems to cover the drinking water demand


Contents



Applications and Implementations - Community Involvement

Financer

Owner

Imple- menter

Operator

User

Roles in a Project The last fifteen years have seen a shift from a typically donor-driven “supplier” approach, which has proven to be unsustainable, to a “service” approach that aims at greater local, i.e. community involvement and focuses on arrangements to guarantee the operational and commercial sustainability of off-grid projects. However, the long-term sustainability of offgrid electrification depends on more than technology. It requires • effective prioritization and planning to enable economic choices

of technology, • appropriate infrastructure to ensure that services are maintained

over the long run, and • sustainable financing to make these capital intensive technologies

affordable, • sustainable revenue flow by realistic tariff system installation.

Ref.: „Addressing the Electricity Access Gap“ Background Paper of the World Bank Group Energy Sector Strategy, June 2010

Graphics: I. Baudish, A.Bruce, 31st PVSEC, Hamburg (2015)


Applications and Implementations - Project Oranisation

• SC Sustainable Concepts engages an EPC-partner for design and engineering as well as for the procurement of the PV-system and (possibly an other partner) for the water treatment system;

• Selection and contracting of the suppliers will be decided on by the EPC-partners based on the fulfilment of the requirement specifications for the systems;

• Supply and installation of the system components as well as commissioning are performed by the selected suppliers;

• Warranty and guarantee are suppliers´ duties

• The EPC-partners are responsible for control of compliance with the requirement specifications;

• Service&Maintenance are to be contracted between the suppliers and the owners/operators for a predeter-mined amount of years.

EPC-Partner for PV-System P

reparation, Financing and Managem

ent

Design, Engineering, techn. Leader

Design, Engineering, techn. Leader

Water System Suppliers

PV-Inverter

Balance of System

PV-Modules

PV-System Suppliers

Commissioning & Training

Service & Maintenance

Filtering & Disinfection

(Desalination)

Well Drilling

Commissioning & Training

Service & Maintenance

EPC-Partner for Water System

SC sustainable concepts


Summary and Conclusions

For many rural areas around the globe lack of electricity is matching with unsafe water supply, clearly an unacceptable situation for 800 Miliion to 1000 Million people

Autonomous systems based on solar electricity are ideally suited to supply the power needed for water pumping and production of safe drinking water in a sustainable and cost-effective way.

Considerably more work and development are needed for water treatment to be employed for sanitation usage.


Solar Electricity And Safe Drinking Water – The Way Forward To A Sustainable Development

[email protected]

Acknowledgement: Visit us on:

www.solarvalley.org www.solarinput.de

mailto:[email protected]�



http://www.solarvalley.org/�

http://www.solarinput.de/�

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Solar Electricity And Safe Drinking Water – The Way …sustainable-concepts.de/uploads/pdf/Solar-Electricity... · · 2015-11-061 Solar Electricity and Safe Drinking Water –