SOL: USII.4c & 9a

DISCRIMINATION

Discrimination and segregation against African Americans intensified

and took new forms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Jim Crow LawsLimited the freedom of Blacks

Lynchings against Blacks were common in

the South. Blacks unsuccessfully looked to the U.S.

Court System to safeguard their rights.

Separate but Equal?• Plessy vs. Ferguson-upheld a segregated

southern society.

Not a violationOf the 14th

Amendment Equal Protection.

The Supreme Court confirmed legality of

"separate but equal" in Plessey vs. Ferguson

case - 1896.

1896

RESPONSE TO RACISM

Ida B. Wells-led

a crusade to get

the government

to stop lynching

and punish

southern whites.

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON• Former slave, believed that

equality could be gained through vocational education and economic success.

• He accepted social segregation.

• Wrote Up From Slavery• Some blacks thought he was

too cautious and faulted him for his acceptance of separation.

Attended Hampton Institute 1st President Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. Du Bois• Believed that

education was meaningless without equality.

• He supported political equality for African Americans by helping form the NAACP.

• Wrote: The Souls of Black Folk.

Du Bois would not accept segregation as Booker T. Washington had.

The Student will demonstrate how the

U.S.A. grew and changed from the end of

Reconstruction through the early 20th Century.

Sol-VUS.8d.

Working Conditions in the Factories

• Dangerous• Child Labor• Long hours,

low wages• No benefits• Women labor

How did workers respond to unfair treatment by management.

•Formed Labor Unions-1886-AFL-Samuel Gompers-American Railway Union-Eugene Debs

-Industrial Ladies Garment Union•Unions Organized

-Strikes, slowdowns, sit downs, and boycotts

How did Owners Respond?

• Placed union members on blacklists

• Violent confrontations

• Yellow dog Contracts

• Lockouts

Famous StrikesIn the late 1800's,

strikes occurred all the time, often ending in violence and little gain for the workers.

Haymarket StrikePullman Strike

Homestead Strike In 1892, 13 men were killed in a battle

between striking steelworkers and strikebreakers at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant in Pittsburgh.

The strike turned many Americans 

against unions and organized labor, which they blamed for the violence.

Corrupt Politicians

• Bosses and the political machines controlled the big cities.

• Political machines gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants ( jobs, housing)

• Some city bosses tried to help new immigrants in order to get their votes.

Boss Tweed-Political Machines

• One of the most famous of these bosses was Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall

• Often fixed elections to keep his political machine in power.

The Progressive Movement

•Used government to REFORM problems created by industrialization and social inequality.

•Progressive Movement-

a movement to have the government

reform problems created by industrialization

Goals of the Progressive Movement

• Government controlled by the people

• Guaranteed economic opportunities through government regulation

• Elimination of social injustices

–racism, discrimination, poor work conditions

The Government Steps In

• Teddy Roosevelt became the first president to seriously attach trusts.

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act-Prevents monopolies

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act• 1935 The Wagner Act- created the NLRB

to monitor union & employee relations• 1947 Taft-Hartley Act-The President can

delay a strike if it threatens national security.

A Trust Busting President

Teddy Roosevelt promised a “SQUARE DEAL.”

Equal treatment by ending monopolies & trust.

He earned the nickname the Trust Buster.

26th President

Square DealRoosevelt’s belief in a society based on fair business competition,and increased welfare for the needy

Teddy RooseveltHe worked hard to regulate business and

helped establish workers rightsMeat Inspection Act- Government was

now allowed to inspect meat shipped interstate

Pure Food and Drug Act- Led to the (FDA) and allowed for regulating food and drugs

Elkins Act- ICC could punish the RR’s that gave rebates to trusts

The Muckrakers

•Crusading Journalists who sought to expose the abuse of power by crooked politicians & the robber barons.

Upton Sinclair- The Jungle• Describes just how

terrible conditions for workers were a hundred years ago.

• The threat of food contamination from unsanitary factories before corporate greed was put in check by government regulation.

JACOB RIIS: REFORMER • In the 1880s his work gravitated towards

reform and he worked with other New York reformers then crusading for better living conditions for the thousands of immigrants flocking to New York in search of new opportunities.

How did the reforms of the Progressive

Movement change the United States?

• Progressive Movement reforms: Improved safety conditions Reduced work hours Placed restrictions on child labor Fresh water was piped  in, lighting was

installed. Garbage collections and street cleaning

More Reforms

• Elections– Progressives were able to reform the electoral

process• this took some of the corruption out of

elections

17th amendment- direct election of senators; before state legislators had chosen senators

Secret Ballot- voting process reformed

Voter Choice Reforms

• Established the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall at the state level.

Initiative the citizens can propose laws.Referendum the citizens can actually vote

on the passage of laws.Recall citizens can remove state officials