Soil Test1

7/25/2019 Soil Test1

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A B O O K L E T O N

G E O T E C H N I C A L T E S T I N G

F O R R A I L W A Y E N G I N E E R S

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

SPECIALLY TO INDIAN RAILWAYS

SUGGESTIONS ARE WELCOME

LABORATORY & FIELD TESTS

SOIL TESTS

COMPACTIONCONSOLIDATION

TRIAXIAL SHEAR

GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

ATTERBERG LIMITS

DIFFERENTIAL SWELL

NUCLEAR

MOISTURE GAUGE

RELATIVE DENSITY

CORE CUTTER I MOISTURE CONTENT I SPECIFIC GRAVITY I PERMEABILITY

IMPACT I ABRASION I WATER ABSORPTION I BLANKET MATERIAL

G E O T E C H N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G D I R E C T O R A T ER D S O , L U C K N O W - 2 2 6 0 1 1


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PREFACE

G E O T E C H N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N GD I R E C T O R A T E , R D S O

Simple soil tests are required for assessing quality of earthwork on Railwayprojects. These tests play an important role in maintaining quality of earthworkand thereby the performance of Railway formation. However, in field, whileconducting stage inspections on zonal railways, it has been observed that thetesting procedures vary which affects the soil testing results thereby affectingthe quality of work done. Lack of knowledge and proper understanding of rele-

vant specifications have also contributed to this situation.

In order to improve the situation, regular one week course on QualityControl on Construction Projects have been started at Geotechnical Engineer-ing Directorate of RDSO, where detailed procedures for various tests are ex-plained. An abridged version of procedure of soil testing has been framed so

that it is easy for the field supervisors involved in earthwork projects, to under-stand and appreciate the testing methods. In abridging, we have tried to preparethis compilation very brief. For details relevant IS code as referred for each testneeds to be gone through.

The tests in this booklet have been divided into four categories i.e. a)Tests for soil, b) Tests for Ballast, c) Test for Blanket material and d) Fieldtests.

Testing of blanket material for use on railway formation developed byRDSO, which has been standardised, has also been included.

It is hoped that the booklet will prove useful for our field supervisors in

improving quality control of earthwork and ballast apart from designing slopethrough slope stability analysis.

Suggestions for further improvement of this booklet may be sent to Geo-technical Engineering Directorate of RDSO.

RDSO Nand Kishore

Lucknow Executive Director

04/11/2004 Geotechnical Engineering DirectorateR D S O

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Edited by Foxit ReaderCopyright(C) by Foxit Software Company,2005-2008For Evaluation Only.


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Tab l e o f Conten ts

Preface 2

Table of Contents 3

Tests for Soil :

Moisture Content by Oven Dry Method 4

Natural Moisture Content & Dry Density Test 5

Particle Size Distribution Test 6

Liquid limit 7

Plastic limit 8

Shrinkage limit 9-10

Free Swell Index 10

Consolidation 11-12

Specific Gravity 13

Compaction 14

Relative Density 15

Permeability 16-17

Unconfined Compression Strength 18

Direct Shear 19

Triaxial 20

Tests for Ballast :

Impact 21

Water Absorption 22

Abrasion 23

Test for Blanket Material 24-25

Field Tests : Moisture content & Dry density

By Calcium Carbide Method 26

By Core Cutter Method 27

By Sand Replacement Method 28-29

By Nuclear Moisture Density Gauge 30


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Page 4


WATER CONTENT BY OVEN DRY METHOD[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 2) - 1973 ]

The water content (w) of a soil sample is equal to the mass of water divided by the mass of solids.

w = [(M2 M3) / (M3 M1)] x100

Where M1 = Mass of empty container, with lid.M2 = Mass of the container with wet soil & lid.M3 = Mass of the container with dry soil & lid.

APPARATUS1. Thermostatically controlled oven maintained at a temperature of 110 5C.2. Weighing balance, with accuracy of 0.04% of the mass of the soil taken.3. Airtight container made of non-corrodible material with lid.4. Tongs.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

The soil specimen should be representative of the soil mass. The quantity of the specimen taken would depend upon thegradation and the maximum size particles.

Size of particles more than 90 percentpassing IS Sieve

Minimum quantity of the soil specimen to be taken fortest mass in g

425 m 25

2.0 mm 50

4.75 mm 200

10 mm 300

20 mm 500

37.5 mm 1000

PROCEDURE

1. Clean the container, dry it and weight it with lid ( M1 ).2. Take the required quantity of the wet specimen in the container and clean it with lid. Take the mass ( M2 ).3. Place the container, with its lid removed, in the oven till its mass becomes constant ( Normally for 24 hours ).4. When the soil has dried, remove the container from the oven, using tongs.5. Find the mass ( M3 ) of the container with lid and dry soil sample.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Observation & Calculation Unit Determination No.

OBSERVATIONS : I II III

1. Container No. A B C

2. Mass of empty container (M1) g 20.12

3. Mass of container + Wet soil (M2) g 44.12

4. Mass of container + Dry soil (M3) g 41.18

CALCULATION :

5. Mass of water MW = (M2 M3) g 3.14

6. Mass of solid MS = (M3 M1) g 21.06

7. Water content w = (5/6) x100 % 14.91

S. No.

RESULT :Average of three determinations shall be taken. The water content of the sample = %

PRECAUTIONS

1. The wet soil specimen should be kept loosely in the container.2. Care should be taken to avoid over-heating of the soil specimen by maintaining the oven temperature at 105 -

110 C

3. Dry soil specimen should not be left uncovered before weighing.



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NATURAL DRY DENSITY ANDNATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT

[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 2) 1973 ]

Moisture content of soil is generally measured as a ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids, ex-pressed as a percentage. As soil behaviour depends on its moisture content, it is one of the basic parame-ters defining the soil condition.

To a control engineer, even a rapid moisture content check is extremely useful, as it gives an indication ofthe existing characteristics of the soil, which enables him some extent to decide on the pattern of test pro-gramme.

For quality control of compacted earth fill, measurement of in-situ density is essential. All types of earthworkconstruction like embankments, dams, roads, airfields and trenches need checking density for quality con-trol. Equipment for quick checking of density as well as accurate determination is listed here.


1. Use 75 mm and 50 mm height ring with sharp cutting edge at the bottom and removable dolly at the top.2. Orient soil stratum to loading direction similar to applied force in field.3. Insert the density ring to ejected soil sample gradually by pressing with hands.4. Carefully removed the ring with soil specimen.5. The top and bottom surface should project above and below the edges of ring for final trimming.6. Trim perfectly both sides of density ring.

PROCEDURE

1. A volume of soil is taken out by pushing a density ring of known volume into the undisturbed soil sample col-lected. The spoil in the density ring should be perfectly trimmed on both sides before removing the soil specimen.

2. The wet soil specimen is kept in the oven for drying at the temperature of 105 -110 C for 24 hours. The dryweight of the specimen is taken.

3. Natural dry density = Wd/ V g/cc4. Natural water content = (W Wd) x100/ Wd %5. Average of at least two specimen test results i.e. one from top and the other from bottom of the sample should be

reported.


Determination No. I II

Container No. Top Bottom

Wt. of container + wet soil W1 g 202.00

Wt. of container + oven dry soil, W2 g 181.90

Wt. of container W3 g 96.26

Wt. of water ( W1 W2) g 20.10

Wt. of dry soil ( W2 W3) g 85.64

Volume of ring c c 56.56

(W1 W2)

Moisture content = -------------- x 100(W2 W3)

% 24.47

Dry density = ( W2 W3) / V g / cc 1.54

Average Dry density =

Unit

RESULT

Average of two determinations shall be taken.


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There is large variation in types of soils from site to site. Accordingly, their behavior has also varia-tion. To make understanding of soil in easy manner, their grouping has been done depending on size of soilparticles and their water absorption capacity. Ratio of soil of different sizes are worked out from sieve analy-sis and hydrometer/laser particle analyzer and capacity to absorb water is worked out from liquid limit, plas-

tic limit tests. These test are used to classify the soils. Sieving is used for gravel as well as sand size parti-cles and sedimentation procedures are used for finer soils. For soils containing coarse and fine soil particlesboth, it is usual to employ both sieving and sedimentation proce-dures.

APPARATUS1. Set of fine IS sieves 2 mm, 600, 425, 212, and 752. Set of coarse sieves 20 mm, 10 mm, and 4.75 mm.3. Weighing balance, with accuracy of 0.1% of the mass of sample4. Oven5. Mechanical shaker6. Mortar, with rubber pestle7. Brushes8. Trays

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE1. Soil sample, as received from the field shall be dried in air or in

sun. In wet weather the drying apparatus may be used in whichcase the temperature of the sample should not exceed 60 C.The clod may be broken with wooden mallet to hasten drying .theorganic matter, like tree root and pieces of bark should be re-moved from the sample.

2. The big clods may be broken with the help of wooden mallet.Care should be taken not to break up the individual soil particles.

3. A representative soil sample of required quantity (As per Table-3of IS: 2720-I) is taken and dried in oven at 105 -120 C

PROCEDURE1. The dried sample is taken in tray and soaked with water and

mixed 2 g of sodium hexametaphosphate of 2 g or sodium hydroxide of 1 g and sodium carbonate of 1 g per literof water added as dispersive agent. The soaking of soil continued for 10 -12 hours.

2. Sample is washed through 4.75 mm IS sieve with water till substantially clean water comes out. Retained sampleon 4.75 mm IS sieve shall be oven dried for 24 hours. This dried sample is sieved through 20 mm, 10 mm set ofIS sieves.

3. The portion of the passing 4.75 mm IS sieve shall be oven dried for 24 hours. This oven dried material is riffledand is taken of about 200 g.

4. This sample of about 200 g is washed on 75 micron IS sieve with half litre distilled water till substantially clear wa-ter comes out.

5. The material retained on 75 IS sieve is collected and dried in oven at 105 - 120 C for 24 hours. The dried soilsample is sieved through 2 mm, 600 , 425 , 212 IS sieves. Soil retained on each sieve is weighed.

6. If the soil passing 75 is 10% or more, hydrometer method is used to analysis soil particle size.

(B) Hydrometer Analysis

1. Particles passed through 75 IS sieve along with water is collected and put into a 1000 ml jar for hydrometeranalysis. More water if required is added to make the soil water suspension just 1000 ml. The suspension in the

jar is vigorously shaken horizontally by keeping the jar in between the palms of two hands. The jar is put on thetable.

2. A graduated hydrometer is carefully inserted in to the suspension with minimum disturbance.3. At different time intervals, the density of the suspension at the c.g. of the hydrometer is noted by seeing the depth

of sinking of the stem. The temperature of suspension is noted for each recording of hydrometer reading.4. Hydrometer reading is taken at a time of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 15.0, 45.0, 90.0, 180.0 minutes, 6 hrs, 24 / 48 hours.5. By using the nomogram the diameter of the particles at different hydrometer reading is found out. (Ref. IS : 2720

(Part 4) 1985, page 30).

After completing mechanical analysis and hydrometer analysis the results are plotted on a semi log graph with particle

size as abscissa (log scale) and the percentage smaller than the specified diameter as ordinate. A typical graph of grain

size distribution is shown in Figure on page 25.

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 4) - 1985 ]

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G E O T E C H N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G

D I R E C T O R A T E , R D S OL U C K N O W - 2 2 6 0 1 1

The Liquid limit of fine-grained soil is the water content at which soil behaves practically like a liquid, bit hassmall shear strength. It flow close the groove in just 25 blows in Casagrandes liquid limit device. It is one ofthe Atterbergs limits. The Atterbergs limits consist of The Liquid limit, Plastic limit and Shrinkage limit.

As it difficult to get exactly 25 blows in the test. 3 to 4

tests are conducted, and the number of blows (N) re-quired in each test determined. A semi-log plot isdrawn between log N and the water content (w).

The Liquid limit is the water content corresponding toN=25. This index property helps in classification.

APPARATUS

1. Casagrandes limit device2. Grooving tools of both standard and ASTM types3. Oven4. Evaporating dish5. Spatula6. 425 micron IS sieve7. Weighing balance with 0.01 g accuracy8. Wash bottle9. Air-tight and non-corrodible container for determination of moisture content.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE1. Air dry the soil sample (in case drying) and break the clods. Remove the organic matter like tree roots, pieces of

bark etc.2. About 100 g of the specimen passing 425 micron IS sieve is mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the evapo-

rating dish and left for 24 hours for soaking.

PROCEDURE

1. A portion of the paste is placed in the cup of the Liquid limit device.2. Level the mix so as to have a maximum depth of 1 cm.3. Draw the grooving tool through the sample along the symmetrical axis of the cup, holding the tool perpendicular

to the cup.4. For normal fine grained soil : The Casagrande tool is used which cuts a groove of width 2 mm at the bottom, 11

mm at the top and 8 mm deep.5. For sandy soil : The ASTM tool is used which cuts a groove of width 2 mm at bottom, 13.6 mm at top and 10 mm

deep.6. After the soil pat has been cut by proper grooving tool, the handle is rotated at the rate of about 2 revolutions per

second and the nos. of blows counted till the two parts of the soil sample come into contact for about 10 mmlength.

7. Take about 10 g of soil near the closed groove & find water content.8. The soil of the cup is transferred to the dish containing the soil paste and mixed thoroughly after adding a little

more water. Repeat the test.9. By altering the water content of the soil and repeating the foregoing operations, obtain at least 5 readings in the

range of 15 - 35 blows. Dont mix dry soil to change its consistency.10. Liquid limit is determined by plotting a flow curve on semi-log graph between nos. of blows on logarithmic scale

and water content on arithmetical scale.11. Generally these points lie in a straight line.12. Water content corresponding to 25 blows is the value of Liquid limit.

RESULT : Read water content corresponding to 25 blows from the graph.[ Sample graph is given on page-8.]

LIQUID LIMIT TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 5) - 1985 ]

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The Plastic limit of a fine-grained soil is the water content of the soil below which it ceases to be

plastic. It begins to crumble when rolled in to threads of 3 mm diameter. It is the boundary between Liquid

and Plastic limit. It is one of the Atterbergs limits. The Atterbergs limits consist of The Liquid limit, Plastic

limit and Shrinkage limit.

APPARATUS

1. Porcelain evaporating dish about 120 mm diameter.2. Spatula3. Container to determine moisture content4. Balance with 0.01 g accuracy5. Oven6. Ground glass plate 20 x 15 cm for rolling


Take out 30 g of air dried soil from a thoroughly mixed sample of the soil passing 425 micron IS sieve, mix the soil with

distilled water in a evaporating dish and leave the soil mass for naturing. This period may be up to 24 hours.

PROCEDURE

1. Take about 8 g of the soil and roll it with fingers on a glass plate. The rate of rolling shall be between 80 to 90strokes per minutes to form a 3 mm diameter.

2. If the diameter of the threads becomes less than 3 mm without cracks, it shows that water content is more than itsplastic limit. Kneed the soil to reduce the water content and roll it again to thread.

3. Repeat the process of alternate rolling and kneading until the thread crumbles.4. Collect the pieces of crumbled soil thread in a moisture content container.5. Repeat the process at least twice more with fresh samples of plastic soil each time.


PLASTIC LIMIT[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 5) - 1985 ]


Liquid limit % = [Read at 25 blows from the Graph]

Plastic limit % =

Plasticity Index % =

RESULT

The Plastic limit shall be determined for at least three portion ofthe soil passing 425 micron IS sieve. The average of the resultcalculated to the nearest whole numbers shall be reported as thePlastic limit of soil.

LIQUID LIMIT TEST

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

10 100Nos. of Blow (Log scale)

Moisturecontent

Series1 Log. (Series 1)

Dish No. Liquid Limit Plastic Limit

A B C D

Nos. of Blow 35 28 20 15 - - -

Weight of Dish + Wet Soil = W1 g 17.68 17.11 18.29 19.72 21.10 19.71 18.20

Weight of Dish + Dry Soil = W2 g 14.81 14.26 15.02 16.10 19.80 18.33 16.96

Weight of Dish = W3 g 6.25 6.22 6.25 7.01 11.71 9.93 9.28

Weight of Water = (W1 W2) g 2.87 2.85 3.27 3.62 1.30 1.38 1.24

Weight of Dry Soil = (W2 W3) g 8.56 8.04 8.77 9.09 8.09 8.40 7.68

% Moisture = (W1 W2) / (W2 W3) x 100 % 33.53 35.45 37.29 39.82 16.07 16.43 16.15

Unit

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SHRINKAGE LIMIT TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 5) - 1985 ]

The Shrinkage limit is the water content of the soil when the water is just sufficient to fill all the pores of the soil and the

soil is just saturated. The volume of soil does not decrease when the water content is reduced below the Shrinkage limit.

It can be determined from the following relation -

Ws = (M1 Ms) (V1 V2)wX 100Ms

Where M1 = Initial wet mass, Ms = Dry massV1= Initial volume, V2= Volume after drying

APPARATUS

1. Shrinkage dish, having a flat bottom, 45 mm diameter and 15 mmheight.

2. Two large evaporating dishes about 120 mm diameters, with a pour outand flat bottom.

3. One small mercury dish, 60 mm diameter.4. Two glass plates, one plane and one with prongs, 75 x 75 x 3 mm size.5. Glass cup, 50 mm diameter and 25 mm height.

6. IS sieve 425 micron.7. Oven.8. Desiccator.9. Weighing balance, accuracy 0.01 g.10. Spatula11. Straight edge12. Mercury

PROCEDURE1. Take a sample of mass about 100 g from a thoroughly mixed soil passing 425 micron IS sieve.2. Take about 30 g of soil sample in a large evaporating dish. Mix it with distilled water to make a creamy paste,

which can be readily worked without entrapping the air bubbles.3. Take the shrinkage dish, clean it and determine its mass.4. Fill mercury in the shrinkage dish. Remove the excess mercury by pressing the plain glass plate over the top of

the shrinkage dish. The plate should be flush with the top of the dish, and no air should be entrapped.5. Transfer the mercury of the shrinkage dish to a mercury weighing dish and determine the mass of the mercury to

an accuracy of 0.01 g. The volume of the shrinkage dish is equal to the mass of the mercury in grams divided bythe specific gravity of the mercury.

6. Coat the inside of the shrinkage dish with a thin layer of silicon grease or Vaseline. Place the soil specimen in thecenter of the shrinkage dish, equal to about one third volume of shrinkage dish. Tap the shrinkage dish on a firm,cushioned surface and allow the paste to flow to the edges.

7. Add more soil paste, approximately equal to the first portion and tap the shrinkage dish as before, until the soil isthoroughly compacted. Add more soil and continue the tapping till the shrinkage dish is completely filled, and ex-cess soil paste projects out about its edge. Strike out the top surface of the paste with the straight edge. Wipe offall soil adhering to the out side of the shrinkage dish. Determine the mass of the wet soil ( M1 ).

8. Dry the soil in the shrinkage dish in an air until the colour of pat turns from dark to light. Then dry the pat in theoven at 105 to 110 C to constant mass.

9. Cool the dry pat in a desiccator. Remove the dry pat from the desiccator after cooling and weigh the shrinkagedish with the dry pat to determine the dry mass of the soil ( M

s)

10. Place a glass cup in a large evaporating dish and fill it with mercury. Remove the excess mercury by pressing theglass plate with prong firmly over the top of the cup. Wipe of any mercury adhering to the outside of the cup. Re-move the glass cup full of mercury and place it in another evaporating dish, taking care not to spill any mercuryfrom the glass cup.

11. Take out the dry pat of soil from the shrinkage dish and immerse it in the glass cup full of mercury. Take care notto entrap air under the pat. Press the plate with the prongs on the top of cup firmly.

12. Collect the mercury displaced by the dry pat in the evaporating dish, and transfer it to the mercury weighing dish.Determine the mass of mercury to an accuracy of 0.01 g. The volume of the dry pat ( V 2 ) is equal to the mass ofmercury divided by the specific gravity of mercury.

13. Repeat the test at least 3 times.


Continued on page 10 .

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FREE SWELL INDEX TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 40) - 1977 ]

The clay and specially the black cotton soils have a tendency to swell in small or more proportion

when submerged in water. Free swell or differential free swell also termed as free swell index, is the in-

crease in volume of soil with out any external constraint when subjected to submergence in water.

APPARATUS

1. Sieve : 425 micron IS sieve2. Oven3. Balance : weighing accuracy of 0.01 g.4. Graduate glass cylinder : two nos. each of 100 ml capac-

ity.

PROCEDURE

1. Take two specimens of 10 g each of pulverised soil passing 425 micron IS sieve and oven dried.2. Pour each soil specimen in 100 ml capacity graduate glass cylinder.3. Pour distilled water in one and kerosene oil in other cylinder upto 100 ml mark.4. Remove entrapped air by gentle shaking or stirring with glass rod.5. Allow attainment of equilibrium state of volume of suspension (for not less than 24 hours).

6. Final volume of soil in each of the cylinder shall be read out.

OBSERVATION

Determination No Unit I II III

Container No. 3 4 5

Wt of container W1 g 7.98 7.37 7.04

Wt of container + wet soil pat W2 g 32.87 31.42 32.39

Wt of container + dry soil pat W3 g 25.99 24.78 25.43

wet weight of soil W2 - W1 g 24.89 24.05 25.35

wt of oven dry soil pat W3- W1 g 18.01 17.41 18.39

Wt of water W2 - W3 g 6.88 6.64 6.96

Moisture content of soil in (%) % 38.20 38.14 37.85

Volume of wet soil pat c c 12.69 12.52 12.97

Wt of mercury displaced by dry soil pat g 113.97 113.02 114.51

Volume of dry soil pat c c 8.38 8.31 8.42

Density of mercury g / c c 13.6 13.6 13.6

Difference in volume c c 4.31 4.21 4.55

Shrinkage Limit % 14.27 13.96 13.10

CALCULATIONVd - Vk

Free swell index = x 100Vk

Where Vd = volume of soil specimen read from the graduate cylinder containing distilled water.Vk = volume of soil specimen read from the graduate cylinder containing kerosene.

Date Time start Time elapsed( in hours )

Volume of soil in cylinder containingKerosene( Vk ) in cc

Volume of soil in cylinder containing distilledwater

( Vd) in cc

0

6

12

18

24

D FS (% ) DEGREE OF EXPANSIVENESS

< 20 LOW

20 35 MODERATE

35 50 HIGH

>50 VERY HIGH

Continued from page-9

RESULT

Shrinkage Limit ( average of three determinations ), WS = 13.78 %

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Consolidation of a saturated soil occurs due to expulsion of water under static, sustained load. The consolidation charac-teristics of soil are required to predict the magnitude and the rate of settlement.

A structure (railway formation) constructed overcompressible soft saturated marshy soil settles

with expulsion of water. to work out total settle-ment and rate of settlement of structure, thistest is required. The following characteristicsare obtained from the consolidation test.

Co-efficient of compressibility = avCo-efficient of volume change = mvCompression index = CcCo-efficient of consolidation = Cv

APPARATUS1. Consolidometer with loading device2. Specimen ring, made of a non-corroding

material3. Water reservoir to saturate the sample.4. Porous stones5. Soil trimming tool, like knife, spatula6. Dial gauge, accuracy 0.002 mm7. Pressure pad.8. Weighing balance, accuracy 0.01g.9. Oven10. Ball.


UNDISTURBED SOIL SPECIMEN :- Clean dry and then lubricate the consolidation ring from inside with silicon grease.Push the sample directly into the consolidation ring and hold the ring firmly about 5 mm above the sample tube keepingthe cutting face down ward and eject the sample gently and steadily out of the tube by means of hydraulic jack so that itintrudes into the ring. During this process, continue trimming the specimen care fully from outside the consolidation ring

to reduce friction. Trim and flush the soil sample with the ends of the consolidation ring.

REMOULDED SOIL SPECIMEN :- Prepare the soil sample by compaction method at the OMC and MDD. Place the con-solidation ring on glass plate with cutting edge upward. Press the remoulded soil into the ring by suitable means. Flushthe soil specimen with the top end of the ring and weigh. Alternatively, the soil specimen may be intruded into the con-solidation ring.

PROCEDURE

1. Clean and dry the metal ring. Measure its diameter and height. Take the mass of the empty ring.2. Press the ring into the soil sample at the desired density and the water content. The ring is to be pressed with

hands. Any voids in the specimen due to the removal of large particles should be filled back by pressing the soillightly.

3. Trim the specimen flush with the top and bottom of the ring.

4. Saturate the porous stones by boiling them in distilled water for about 15 minutes.5. Assemble the consolidometer. Place the bottom porous stone, bottom filter paper, specimen, top filter paper andthe top porous stone, one by one.

6. Position the loading block centrally on the top porous stone. Mount the mould assembly on the loading frame.Centre it such that the load applied is axial in the lever-loading system.

7. Set the dial gauge in the position. Allow sufficient margin for the swelling of the soil.8. Connect the mould assembly to the water reservoir having the water level at about the same level as the soil

specimen. Allow the water flow into the specimen till it is fully saturated.9. Take the initial reading of the dial gauge.10. Apply an initial setting load to give a pressure of 0.05 kg/cm

2to the assembly so that there is no swelling and al-

low the setting load to stand till there is no change in the dial gauge reading or for 24 hours. Take the final gaugereading under the initial setting load.

11. Normal sequence of pressure to be applied is 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0 kg /cm2and take the dial

gauge reading after application of each load at a time sequence of 0.25, 1.0, 2.25, 4.0, 6.25, 12.25, 16, 20, 25,36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 289, 324, 361, 400, and finally 1440 minutes.

12. After the last load increment had been applied and the reading taken, decrease the load to of the last load andallow it stand for 24 hours. Take the dial gauge reading after 24 hours. Further reduce the load to of the previ-ous load and repeat the above procedure, likewise further reduce the load to of the previous and repeat theprocedure. Finally reduce the load to the initial setting load and keep out for 24 hours and take the final dial gaugereading.

CONSOLIDATION TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 15) - 1986 ]

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13. Dismantle the assembly. Take out the ring with the specimen. Wipe out the excess surface water using bloatingpaper and remove the filter paper both side the specimen.

14. Take weight of the ring with specimen.15. Dry the specimen in oven for 24 hours and determine the dry weight of the specimen.16. Determine the specific gravity of soil from the dried specimen.


Specific gravity of solid, G = Mass of ring =Diameter of ring = Mass of ring + wet soil =Area of ring, A = Mass of dry soil =Height of ring = Mass of water =Volume of ring = Degree of saturation, S =Initial height , Hi = Height of solid, Hs =Water content before test = Water content after test =

(a) CO-EFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILTY :

Initial dial gauge read-ing

Final dial gaugereading

Change inheight

HeightH=Hi+ H

[ in cm ]

Heightof voids

(H-Hs)[ in cm ]

e = H-HsH

Average height[ in cm ]

Remarks

(b) CO-EFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION :

DIAL GAUGE READING

T(Minutes)

0.25 0.50 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0

0.000.251.002.25

..

..1440

( R )

( kg / cm2 )

For each load increment plot time ( t ) as abscissa

and the dial gauge reading ( R ) as ordinate. Deter-

mine the value of t90from the plot.

Now, Cv = 0.848 d / t90

4560

4580

4600

4620

4640

4660

4680

4700

4720

4740

4760

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

sqrt. t90 (in minutes)

dialgauger

eading

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Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of a material at a standard tem-perature to the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at the same stated temperature. The equip-ment mentioned below can be used to test a wide range of materials from clay to sand and gravel smallerthan 10 mm. The specific gravity of solid particles is the ratio of the mass density of solids to that of water. Itis determined in the laboratory using the relation.

( M2 - M1 )G =

(M2 M1) (M3 M4)

where M1= mass of empty bottle M2= mass of the bottle + dry soilM3= mass of bottle + soil + water M4 = mass of bottle filled with wateronly

The reported result is based on water at 27 CSpecific gravity of water at ( T t )

G ( at 27 C) = G ( at Tt ) x Specific gravity of water at (27 C)

APPARATUS

1. 50 ml density bottle with stopper2. Oven1. Constant temperature water bath (27 C)2. Vacuum desiccator3. Weighing balance of accuracy 0.001 g4. Spatula.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE1. Disturbed soil sample is enough for this test.2. Take pulverized soil passed through 2 mm IS sieve.

PROCEDURE1. Clean the bottle with distilled water, dry it in oven, cool in desiccator and weigh it with stopper.2. Keep about 10-15 g of this soil in the bottle.

3. Cover the soil with air free distilled water from the glass wash bottle and leave for a period of 2 to 3 hours forsoaking. Add water to fill the bottle to about half.

4. Entrapped air can be removed by heating the density bottle on a water bath or a sand bath.5. Keep the bottle without stopper in vacuum desiccator for about 1 to 2 hours until there is no further loss of air.6. Gently stir the soil in the density bottle by a clean glass rod, wash off carefully adhering particles from the rod with

some drops of distilled water and see that no more soil particles are lost.7. Repeat the process till no more air bubbles are observed in the soil water mixture.8. Observe the temperature of the constant ( C ) in the bottle and record.9. Insert the stopper in the density bottle, wipe and weigh.10. Now make the bottle empty, clean thoroughly till the density bottle with distilled water at the same temperature.

Insert the stopper in the bottle, wipe dry from the out side and weigh.11. Take at least two such observations for the same soil.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION

Specific gravity of water at ( T t) 0.995369G ( at 27 C) = G ( at T t ) x = 2.59 x = 2.587

Specific gravity of water at ( 27 C ) 0.996542

RESULT :Average of three determinations shall be taken .

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLIDS BY THE DENSITY BOTTLE METHOD[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 3 / Sec-2) 1980 ]


Determination No. I II III

Bottle no. A B C

Temperature C 31 31 31Weight of bottle ( M1 ) g 18.57

Weight of oven dry soil g 10

Weight bottle + soil ( M2) g 28.57

Weight of bottle + soil + water ( M3) g 90.88

Weight of bottle + water ( M4) g 84.74

CALCULATION

Specific gravity = ( M2 M1 ) ____(M2 M1) (M3 M4)

- 2.59

Unit

Temperature Correction Temperature Correction10.0 -0.004173 23.0 -0.001825

10.5 -0.004095 23.5 -0.001700

11.0 -0.004015 24.0 -0.001584

11.5 -0.003936 24.5 -0.001428

12.0 -0.003857 25.0 -0.001364

12.5 -0.003778 25.5 -0.001216

13.0 -0.003699 26.0 -0.001071

13.5 -0.003620 26.5 -0.000935

14.0 -0.003542 27.0 -0.000800

14.5 -0.003463 27.5 -0.000660

15.0 -0.003385 28.0 -0.000520

15.5 -0.003306 29.0 -0.000232

16.0 -0.003228 29.5 -0.000080

16.5 -0.003144 30.0 0.000066

17.0 -0.003060 30.5 0.00021217.5 -0.002910 31.0 0.000373

18.0 -0.002881 31.5 0.000530

18.5 -0.002786 32.0 0.000688

19.0 -0.002691 32.5 0.000849

19.5 -0.002590 33.0 0.001011

20.0 -0.002490 33.5 0.001127

20.5 -0.002385 34.0 0.001343

21.0 -0.002271 34.5 0.001413

21.5 -0.002165 35.0 0.001675

22.0 -0.002057 35.5 0.001825

22.5 -0.001941 36.0 0.002077

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Compaction is the process of densification of soil by reducing air voids. The degree of compaction of a givensoil is measured in terms of its dry density. The dry density is maximum at the optimum water content. Acurve is drawn between the water content and dry density to obtainthe maximum dry density and optimum water content.

Dry density = M / V1+

where M = total mass of soilV = volume of soil = water content

APPARATUS

1. Cylindrical metal compaction mouldCapacity : 1000 cc with dia 100 mm + 0.1

2250 cc with dia 150 mm + 0.1Internal diameter : 100 mm + 0.1

150 mm + 0.1Internal effective height of mould : 127.3 + 0.1 mmCollar : 60 mm highDetachable base plate

2. Rammer Mass : for light compaction = 2.6 kgheavy compaction = 4.9kg

Dia : 50 mm3. IS sieve : 19 mm & 4.75 mm4. Oven : Thermostatically controlled to maintain a temperature of 105

0to 110 0C5. Weighing Balance : sensitivity - 1 g for capacity 10 kg

0.01g for capacity 200 g6. Steel straight edge of about 300 mm in length with one edge lev-

elled.7. Gradation jar8. Large mixing pan

9. Spatula

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE1. A representative portion of air dried soil sample ( in case of oven

drying temp. < 60 0C) break the clods, remove the organic matterlike free roots , piece of bark etc.

2. Take about 6 kg - ( for soil is not susceptible to crushing during compaction)15 kg - ( for soil is susceptible to crushing during compaction)

3. Sieve above material through 19 mm IS sieve and 4.75 mm IS sieve and % passing 4.75 mm IS sieve. Do not usethe soil retained on 20 mm sieve. Determine the ratio of fraction retained and that passing 4.75 mm sieve.

4. If % passing retained on 4.75 mm IS sieve is greater than 20 mm IS sieve, use the larger mould of 150 mm di-ameter.

5. Mix the soil sample retained on 4.75 mm sieve and that passing 4.75 mm sieve in the proportion determined.6. Thoroughly mix water in

a) Sandy and gravely soil : 3 to 5 %b) Cohesive soil : 12 to 16 % approx.Store the soil sample in a sealed container for minimum period of 16 hours.

PROCEDURE1. Clean and dry the mould and base plate. And apply a thin layer of grease on inside the mould.2. Weigh the mould to the nearest 1 gram. Attach the collar to the mould and place on a solid base.3. Compact the moist soil in to the mould in five layers of approximately equal mass, corri layer being given 25 blows

from 4.9 kg rammer dropped from the height of 450 mm above the soil. The blows should be distributed uniformlyover the surface of each layer.

4. Remove the collar and trim off the excess soil projecting above the mould by using straight edge. Take the weightof mould with compacted soil in it.

5. Remove the 100 g compacted soil specimen for the water content determination.6. Add water in increment of 1 to 2 % for sandy and gravely soils and 2 to 4 % for cohesive soils.

7. Above procedure will be repeated for each increment of water added. The total number of determination shall beat least four and moisture content should be such that the OMC at which MDD occurs , is within that range.

PRECAUTION1. Ramming should be done continuously taking of height of 450 mm free fall accurately.2. The amount of soil taken for compaction should be in such a way that after compacting the last layer, the soil sur-

face is not more than 5 mm above the top rim of the mould.3. Weighing should be done accurately.

1.700

1.800

1.900

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00

%age of Moisture content

DryDensityingm

/cc

COMPACTION TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 8) 1983 ]

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RELATIVE DENSITY TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 14) - 1983 ]

Relative density relates the dry density of cohesion-less soil to the maximum and minimum densities. The degree ofcompaction of cohesion-less soil can be stated in terms of Relative density. The test is used to determine the Relativedensity of cohesion less free draining soils containing upto 5 % present by weight of the soil particles passing a 75 mi-cron IS-sieve. It is also known as Density Index.

max( d - min ) ( emax e )Density Index = x 100 = x 100

d ( max- min) ( emax emin )

APPARATUS

1. Vibratory table : a steel table with cushioned steel vibrating deck about 75 x 75 cm. The vibrator shall have fre-quency of 3600 vibrations per minute.

2. Mould : Two cylindrical metal unit mass mould of 3000 cc and 15000 cc capacity.3. Two guide sleeves.4. Surcharges masses : as per IS: 10837-19845. Dial gauge : 50 mm travel with 0.025 mm graduation ( IS: 2092-1962)6. Calibration bar : for computing the initial dial gauge reading calculating the volume of specimen.

7. Mixing pans : suitable size are 65 x 90 x 10 cm.8. Weighing scale : portable platform weighing scale, 100 kg capacity.9. Pouring devices : consisting of funnels 12 mm and 25 mm dia. and 15 cm long with cylindrical spouts.10. Metal straight edge : about 40 cm long


A representative sample of soil should be taken. The mass of soil sample to be taken depends upon the maximum sizeparticle in the soil.

Maximum size of soil particles in mm Mass of soil sample required in kg Size of mould in cm3

75 45 15000

37.5 12 3000

19 12 30009.5 12 3000

4.75 12 3000

The soil sample should be dried in oven at temperature of 105 to 110 C. The soil sample should be pulverized with outbreaking the individual soil particles and through required sieve.

PROCEDURE

A) DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM DENSITY

1. The maximum density may determined by either dry or wet method.2. Assemble the guide sleeve on the top of the mould and tighten the clamp assemblies so that the inner surface

of the walls of the mould and sleeve are in the line.3. Tighten the lock nuts with two set screws. Loosen the third clamp, remove the guide sleeve, weight the empty

mould and record its weight.4. Fill the mould with thoroughly mixed oven dry soil by the procedure explained for minimum test. Attach the

guide sleeve to the mould and place surcharge base plate on soil surface.5. Surcharge weight should then be lowered on the base plate.6. Fix the mould to the vibrator deck and loaded soil sample should be vibrated for 8 minutes.7. Remove the surcharge weight and the guide sleeve. Obtain dial gauge readings on two opposite side of the

mould and record their average.8. Weigh the mould with soil and record these weight.

B) DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM DENSITY

1. Select pouring device and mould according to the maximum size of the particles.2. Weigh the mould and record its weight. Oven dry soil should be used.

3. Soil containing particles smaller than 9.5 mm should placed as loosely as possible in the mould by pouring thesoil through spout in a steady stream.

4. The height of free fall of soil is always 25 mm. The mould should be filled approximately 25 mm above the topand leveled with top by making one continuous pass with steel straight edge.

5. The mould and soil should be weighed and mass recorded.

Relative Density Consistency Term0-15 Very loose

15-35 Loose

35-65 Medium dense

65-85 Dense

85-100 Very dense


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The co-efficient of permeability is equal to the rate of flow of water through a unit cross sectional area undera unit hydraulic gradient. In the constant head parameter, the head causing flow through the specimen re-main constant throughout the test. The coefficient of permeability ( K ) is obtained from the relation.K =ql /Ah = QL /Ah t

Where q = discharge Q = total volume of water, t = time periodh = head causing flow, L = length of specimen, A = cross sectional area

APPARATUS

1. Permeameter mould : internal diameter =100 mm, effective height = 127.3 mm , capacity = 1000 cc.2. Detachable collar : 100 mm diameter, 60 mm high.3. Compaction equipment4. Drainage base, having porous disc.5. Drainage cap , having a porous disc with a spring attached to the top.6. Constant head water supply reservoir.7. Constant head collecting chamber.8. Stop watch9. Weighing balance

10. Thermometer


A) DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLE1. Measure the internal dimensions of the mould. Weight the mould to the nearest gram.2. Apply a little grease on the inside to the mould. Clamp the mould between the base plate and the extension col-

lar and place the assembly on a solid base.3. Take about 2.5 kg of soil sample, from a thoroughly mixed wet soil in the mould. Compact the soil at the required

dry density, using a suitable compacting device.4. After the compaction, remove the collar and base plate, trim off the surplus soil mass by means of straight edge

and weigh the mould with a compacted soil.5. Saturate the stones. Place the filter paper at both the end of the soil specimen in the mould.6. Attached this mould with the drainage base and cap having saturated porous stone.

B) UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLEFor testing the undisturbed soil sample, trim off the undisturbed specimen in the shape of a cylinder of about 85 mmin dia and height equal to that of mould. Put the filter paper at the both the end of the specimen and place it centrallyover the bottom saturated porous stone of the drainage base fixed to the mould.

Fill the annular space between mould and soil specimen with an impervious material to avoid any leakage from thesides. The impervious material may be cement slurry or a mixture of 10 % bentonite and 90 % fine sand by weight.Fix the drainage cap over the top the mould.

PROCEDURE1. Disconnect the reservoir from the bottom out let.2. Connect the constant head reservoir to the drainage cap inlet.3. Open the stop cock and allow the water to flow downward so that all the air is removed.4. Close the stop cock and allow the water to flow through the soil till a steady state is attained.

5. Start the stop watch, and collect the water flowing out of the base in a measuring flask for some convenient timeinterval.

6. Repeat this thrice, keeping the interval the same. Check that quantity of water collected is approximately thesame each time.

7. Measure the difference of head ( h ) in levels between the constant head reservoir and the outlet in the base.8. Repeat the test for at least two more different interval.9. Stop the flow of water and disconnect all the part of assembly. Record the temperature of the water used in the

test.


Length of soil sample (L) = 12.73 cmDiameter of the soil sample (d) = 10.00 cm(It is remoulded specimen)

For undrained sample, dia. = 8.5 cmArea of the soil specimen (A) = 78.54 cmHeight of reservoir above the out let of the bottom plate (h) = 150 cmTemperature of water (T) = C

PERMEABILITY TEST( by constant head parameter)

[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 17) - 1986 ]

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S. No. Determination No.

I II III

1 Mass of empty mould 5110

2 Mass of mould + soil 7000

3 Hydraulic head ( h ) 150

4 Time interval ( t ) 300

5

Quality of flow ( Q )a) First time in period ( t )b) Second time in period ( t )c) Third time in period ( t )

Average

121012051210

1215= 1210 x 10

Calculation

6 Permeability ( K ) =QL / A h t

Observation Unit

g

g

mm

minutes

mlmlml

mlmm

cm/sec

Mass of soil ( 2-1 ) = 1890 g.

Bulk density, = Mass / Volume

Water content , =

Dry density, d = / 1+

Void ratio, e = G / d

RESULT

Average of three determinations shall be taken.

10-310-6 10010-310-6 100

clays gravelssandssiltsclays gravelssandssilts

CoarseFines CoarseFines

Permeability Values (cm/s)


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The unconfined compressive strength ( qu ) is the load per unit area at which the cylindrical specimen of acohesive soil fails in compression.

P

qu = A

Where, P = axial load at failure,A = corrected area = A o/ ( 1- )A o = initial area of the specimen = axial strain = change in length / original length.

The undrained shear strength (s) of the soil is equal to one half of the unconfined compressive strength,

s = qu / 2

APPARATUS

1. Unconfined compression apparatus comprising hydraulic loading device with proving ring and defor-mation dial gauge.

2. Vernier caliper3. Sample extractor4. Coning tool5. Sampling tube6. Spatula7. Split mould.

PROCEDURE

1. Coat the split mould lightly with a thin layer of grease.

2. Push the sample out of the sampling tube into the split mould using the sample extractor with negligi-

ble disturbance of the specimen.

3. Remove the specimen from the split mould by splitting the mould into two part and use the coning tool

to form cones on two ends of the specimen.

4. Measure the length and diameter of the specimen and weigh it.

5. Place the specimen on the bottom plate of the compression machine. Adjust the upper plate to make

contact with the specimen.

6. Adjust dial gauge and proving ring gauge to zero.

7. The rate strain of 1.5 mm / minute is applied to soil specimen.

8. Continue the test until failure surfaces have clearly developed or until an axial strain of 20 % is

reached.

9. Take the sample from the failure zone of the specimen for water content determination.

UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OFA COHESIVE SOI L

[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 10) 1973 ]


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The Direct Shear test is carried out with an apparatus consisting of a square or circular box divided into twohalves. The specimen, contained in the box, is subjected to a constant normal load while an increasing horizontal forceis applied to one of the sections of the shear box. This force causes a shear failure along the juncture between the boxsections. The shear force and the normal load are measured directly. The rate of strain is adjusted by the speed of the

horizontal force applied. The loading unit has V-Strips on which the shear box housing rests. The pre-calibrated loadyoke helps counter balance the loading system. The load yoke with direct and through level system for applying normalload upto 8 Kg/cm

2capacity. Fixtures for proving ring, brackets for holding consolidation and strain dial gauges are pro-

vided. The lead screw connected to the shear box housing helps application of shear stress.

Shear strength of the soil is its maximum resistance toshearing stress. The shear strength is expressed as -

s = c + tan

Where c = effective cohesion = effective stress = effective angle

APPARATUS

1. Shear box, divided into two halves by a horizontalplane and fitted with locking and spacing screw.

2. Box container to hold the shear box.3. Base plate having cross grooves on its top surface.4. Grid plates perforated (2 nos.)5. Porous stones 6 mm thick (2 nos.)6. Proving ring7. Dial gauge accuracy 0.01 mm 2 mm8. Static compaction device, spatula.9. Loading yoke, loading frame, loading pad.


A) UNDISTURBED SAMPLE : Specimen is prepared by pushing a cutting ring of size 10 cm dia and 3 cm high , in

the undisturbed soil sample. The square specimen of size 6 cm x 6 cm x 2.4 cm is then cut from circular speci-men.B) DISTURBED SAMPLE :

(a) cohesive soil :- the soil may be compacted to required density and moisture content directly into the shearbox after fixing the two halves of the shear box together by mean of the fixing screw.

(b) cohesion less soil :- soil may be tamped in the shear box itself with base plate and grid plate or porous stoneas required in place at the bottom of the box.

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the internal dimension of the shear box and average thickness of the grid plates2. Fix the upper part of the box to the lower part using the locking screw. Attach the base to the lower part .3. Place the grid plate in the shear box keeping the serrations of the grid at right angle to the direction of shear.

Place a porous stone over the grid plate.4. Weight the shear box with base plate, grid plate and porous stone.

5. Place soil specimen in the box and weight the box.6. Place inside the box container and the loading pad on the box. Mount the box container on the loading pad.7. Bring the upper half of the box in contact with the proving ring. Check the contact by giving slight movement.8. Fill the container with water and mount the loading yoke on the ball placed on loading pad.9. Mount one dial gauge on the loading yoke to record the vertical displacement and another dial gauge on the con-

tainer to record the horizontal displacement.10. Place the weight on loading yoke to apply a normal stress.11. Allow the sample to consolidate under the applied normal stress. Note reading of vertical displacement dial

gauge.12. Remove the locking screws. Using the spacing screws, raise the upper part slightly above the lower part such as

that gap is slightly larger than the maximum particle size. Remove the spacing screws.13. Adjust all dial gauges to read zero. The proving ring also read zero.14. Apply the horizontal shear load at constant rate of strain.15. Record reading of the proving ring, the vertical displacement dial gauge.

16. Continue the test, till the specimen fails or till a strain of 20 % is reached.17. At the end of the test, remove the specimen from the box.18. Repeat the test on identical specimens under the normal stress.

DIRECT SHEAR TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 13) - 1986 ]


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Different types of soils show different characteristics on being subjected to loading. The test helps todetermine load supporting capacity of a particular soil under fully saturated condition. This test is required fordesign of foundation for structure and analysis of slope stability. The test is used to determine the shearstrength parameter ( C and ) of soil by consolidated undrained triaxial test.


1. Remove wax sealing from field sample tube.2. Place sample cutter tube (38 mm inner dia ) on field

sample tube.3. Insert sample cutter tube in the soil with the help of

hydraulic jack.4. Take out the sample cutter tube from field sample

tube by pushing soil with hydraulic jack.5. Transfer soil sample from sample cutter tube to split

mould of proper length (76 mm).6. Take out soil specimen from split mould.

LOADING OF SAMPLE

1. Clean base of triaxial cell.2. Put porous stone over bottom pedestal and a filter

paper of 38 mm dia over this porous stone.3. Place soil specimen over filter paper and put another

filter paper then porous stone on the top of the soilspecimen.

4. Place about 8 filter paper strips vertically around soil specimen extending from top porous stone tobottom porous stone to facilitate uniform and quick saturation.

5. Put rubber membrane around the soil specimen with the help of stretcher.6. Place O ring around top and bottom pedestal in the grooves.7. Place the triaxial cell and tight the nut to the base plate.

TESTING OF SPECIMEN

1. Saturate the soil sample from 24 to 48 hours, by opening drainage valve, which is connected with bu-rette filled with water. Water level in burette is kept little more than the top of specimen.

2. After saturation triaxial cell is filled with water and all around cell pressure ( 3 ) is applied by mercurycontrolled device. The pore water pressure is measured the sample is saturated until it satisfies B pa-rameter of 1 ( not less than 90% of 3 ).

3. Four soil specimen of a sample are tested at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kg / cm2of lateral pressure ( 3 ).For consolidated un-drained test ( CU ), the sample is to be placed for consolidation and B parameterhas to be checked. The drainage reading during consolidation in the burette is to be recorded in timeinterval of 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36.....minutes up to 24 hrs .

4. On account of consolidation the length and diameter of specimen changed.

5. Changed length, cross sectional area and rate of strain on consolidated specimen have to be calcu-lated.

6. Apply calculated rate of strain on con-solidated specimen and note down thedeformation and corresponding load onspecimen un till the failure of specimen.

7. Four specimen has been tested at fourconfining pressure ( 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2Kg / cm2 ) as explained above.

8. Now from above reading plot Mohrs cir-cle and get the shear parameter C and.

TRIAXIAL TEST[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 11)-1971 ]

c

Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion

_

[ Effective Normal stress (kg/cm2) ]

[Shearstress(kg/cm2)]

Failure Envelope

Page 20



21/31

IMPACT VALUE OF COARSE AGGREGATE[ As per IS: 2386 (Part 4) 1963 ]

Ballast (stone broken in specified range of size) transfers load from sleeper to formation soil. Ballast parti-cles are subjected to high level of impact from sleepers and abrasion among each other due to vibrations.Test results indicate suitability or otherwise of the ballast.


1. Take ballast sample which passes 12.5 mm IS sieve and is retained on a 10 mm IS sieve.2. The sample shall be oven dried for 4 hours at a temperature of 100-110 C and cooled.3. The measure shall be filled about one third full with the prepared aggregate and tamped with 25

strokes of the tamping rod. A further similar quantity of aggregate shall be added and further tampingof 25 strokes given.

4. The measure shall finally be filled to over flowing tamped 25 times and the surplus aggregate stuckoff, using the tamping rod as straight edge. The net weight of the aggregate in the measure shall bedetermined to the nearest gm. ( weight A ).

PROCEDURE

1. The cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of test sampleplaced in it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the tamping rod.

2. The 13.5 -14 kg hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of theaggregate in the cup and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate. The test sample shall be subjectedto total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.

3. The crushed sample shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved on the 2.36 mm ISsieve.

4. The fraction passing through shall be weighed ( weight B ). The fraction retained on the sieve shallalso be weighed ( weight C ).

5. If the total weight ( B&C ) is less than the initial weight ( weight A ) by more than one gram the resultshall be discarded and a fresh test made.

6. Two tests shall be made.

CALCULATIONB

Aggregate impact value = x 100A

OBSERVATION

S. No. Weight of sampletaken before impact

(A)( in g )

Weight of sample passing2.36 mm IS Sieve after impact

(B)( in g )

Weight of sample retained on2.36 mm IS sieve after impact

( C )( in g )

Impact valueB

x 100 %A

Remark

1 308 56 252 18

2 310 57 253 18.38


RESULT

Average value of two results = %.

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APPARATUS

1. Wire basket, perforated, electroplated or plastic coated, with wire hangers for suspending it from the

balance.2. Water-tight container for suspending the basket.3. Dry soft absorbent cloth 75 x 45 cm size (2 nos.)4. Shallow tray of minimum 650 square cm area5. Air-tight container of capacity similar to basket6. Drying oven7. Test sample8. A sample of not less than 2000 g shall be used.

PROCEDURE

1. The sample shall be thoroughly washed to remove finer particle and dust, drained and then placed inthe wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22-32 C.

2. After immersion the entrapped air shall be removed by lifting the basket and allowing it to drop 25 sec-onds. The basket and sample shall remain immersed for a period of 24+ hours afterwards.

3. The basket and aggregate shall then be removed from the water, allowed to drain for few minutes, af-ter which the aggregate shall be gently emptied from the basket on to one of dry clothes and gentlysurface dried with the cloth, transferring it to second dry cloth when the first will remove no furthermoisture. The stone aggregate shall be spread on the second cloth and exposed to atmosphere until itappears to be completely surface dry. The aggregate then shall be weighed ( weight A ).

4. The aggregate shall then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 110 C for 24 hours. It shallthen be removed from oven, cooled and weighed ( weight B ).

( A - B )Water absorption = x 100

B

Two such tests shall be made and individual and mean results shall be reported.


WATER ABSORPTION OF AGGEREGATE[ As per IS: 2386 (Part 3) - 1963 ]

Determination No. Unit I II III

Weight of saturated surface dry sample in air (A) g 2409 2380 2491

Weight of oven dry sample in air (B) g 2404 2375 2486

A - B

Absorption % = - x 100B

%

5/2404

=0.207

5/2375

= 0.210

5/ 2486

= 0.201

RESULT

Average value of I, II, & III = 0.206 %.

Page 22



23/31

This test covers the determining the abrasion value of coarse aggregate.

APPARATUS

1. Los Angeles Abrasion testing machine: Machine shall consist of hallow steel cylinder closed at both

ends, having an inside diameter 700 mm and inside length of 500 mm.2. IS sieves : 50, 40, 2 5, 1.7 mm IS sieves having square hole.3. Abrasion charge : Abrasion charge of 12 spheres weighing 5000 25 g shall be used.


1. The sample shall be consist of ballast :Passing 50 mm IS Sieve and retained on 40 mm square IS Sieve = 5000 gPassing 40 mm retained on 25 mm square IS Sieve = 5000 g

Total = 10000 g

2. The sample shall be dried in oven at 100 -110 C to a constant weight and weighed (A).

PROCEDURE

1. The test sample and the abrasive charge shall be placed in the Los Angles Abrasion testing machineand the machine started at a speed of 20 to 33 revolution / minute.

2. The abrasive charge shall consist of 12 nos. of cast iron or steel sphere approx. 48 mm dia and eachweighing between 395 to 445 g ensuring total weight of charge as 5000 25 g.

3. At the completion of test , the material shall be discharged and sieved through 1.7 mm IS Sieve.4. The material coarser than 1.7 mm IS Sieve shall be washed, dried in oven at 100-110 C to a con-

stant weight and weighed (B).

The difference between the original weight and the final weight of the test sample shall be expressed as apercentage of the original weight of the test sample. This value shall be reported as,

A - BAggregate Abrasion Value = x 100

A

where A = original weight of the sample.B = final weight of the sample.


ABRASION VALUE OF COARSE AGGREGATE[ As per IS: 2386 (Part 4) 1963 ]


SNo

Sample pass-ing IS sieve in

mm

Sample re-tained on ISsieve in mm

Weight of sampletaken in g

(A)

Category No ofcharges

Weight of sampleretained on 1.7 mmIS sieve after test

(B) in g

Calculation of abra-sion value [(A - B)/ A]

x 100%

Remarks

150 40 5000

f 12 8650 13.540 25 5000

250 40 5000

f 1240 25 5000

350 40 5000

f 1240 25 5000

RESULT

Average value of 1, 2, & 3 = %.

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RDSO STANDARD TEST PROCEDUREFOR BLANKET MATERIAL

[ IRS: GE-3 ]

RDSO standard test procedure of blanket material has been evolved for the purpose to address to specific need of theblanket material and to ascertain its suitability for use on Railway formation over sub-grade soil. This method covers thedetermination of the particle size distribution of blanket material. This test procedure also covers determination of per-centage of fraction ( finer than 75 micron ) by washing or wet sieving with the objective of accurate determination of fines

present in the material. Test procedure covers for the different type blanket materials either obtained from naturalsources such as river bed, hill sides, from quarry dust or manufactured through stone crusher plant using gradedscreens.

This method is used primarily to determine the grading of material proposed for use as blanket material on railway for-mation. The results are to determine compliance of the particle size distribution and other parameters such as coefficientof uniformity CU, coefficient of curvature CCto the specified values as per guidelines of earthwork in railway formation.Material finer than 75 micron can be separated from larger particles much efficiently and completely by wet sieving thanthrough the use of dry sieving only. Therefore for accurate determination of fines particles, wet sieving through 75 mi-cron is used on the samples prior to dry sieving of blanket material. In case of crusher / manufacturing plants, the parti-cle size distribution and other parameters of the material will be helpful to control the production / manufacturing processviz screen opening crusher & etc. adjustable amount of shaking to obtain final product as per specification and will beuseful for identification. Usually the percent fines through wet sieving is slightly greater than through dry sieving. If it islarge, efficiency of washing operation should be checked. It could also be an indication of degradation of material inpresence of water.

REFERENCES

1. IS: 2720 (part 4) - 1985, grain size analysis2. IS: 2720 (part 1) - 1983, preparation of soil sample3. IS: 460 - 1978, specifications for wire cloth sieves.

SUMMARY OF METHOD1. A oven dried sample of known weight is washed in prescribed manner and the decanted wash water containing

suspended and dissolved is passed through 75 micron IS sieve. The percentage reduction in weight of the origi-nal material by washing is then reported as percentage fines in the blanket material.

2. A oven dried sample of known weight is separated through a set of IS sieves of progressively smaller opening forobtaining the percentage of the material passed through each sieve and determination of particle size distribution.

APPARATUS1. Balance : A balance readable and accurate to 0.1 g for fines particles and to 0.5 g for coarse fraction or to 0.2 %

of the test load whichever is greater.2. Sieves : IS sieves conforming to the requirement of IS: 460 (Part 1) - 1978 of following sizes 75 mm, 40 mm, 20

mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2 mm, 1.36 mm, 425 micron, 75 micron.Note :- The sieves should be periodically checked for aperture sizes and other defects such as clogging / tornwire cloth or presence of one or big opening especially in case of 425 micron & 75 micron sieves.

3. Oven : thermostatically controlled oven of appropriate size to maintain temperature inside between 105 to 110 Cwith interior of non-corroding material.

4. Mechanical sieve shaker.5. Tray : two or more of size approximately 30 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm.6. Brushes : Wire brushes / sieve brushes.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE1. The weight of field sample should normally be four times approximately weight required for lab test, which is gov-

erned the maximum size of particles present in the material in substantial quantity. Following quantities are re-quired for grain size analysis as per table below.

2. Quantity of soil required for laboratory test

Max. size of material present insubstantial quantities (in mm)

Minimum mass of field sample(in Kg)

Mass to be taken for test(in Kg)

40 75 25

25 50 13

19 25 6.5

12.5 15 3.5

10 10 1.5

6.5 6 0.75

4.75 5 0.4


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3. The representative sample shall be thoroughly mixed and spread on a flat surface. The spread sample shall bedivided into four quadrant and diagonally opposite quadrants are mixed. This process shall be repeated till thedesired quantity of sample is obtained.

4. The big clods if present, may be broken with the help of wooden mallet. Further pulverization if required may bedone in pestle and mortar. Care should be taken not to break-up the individual coarse size particles.

PROCEDURE

1. Dry the test sample to constant weight in thermostatically controlled oven at temperature 105 to 110 C and weighit to the nearest 0.1 % of the weight of the sample. If large quantity of particle size greater than 4.75 mm is pre-sent that may be separated to avoid over loading of individual sieves by sieving during 4.75 mm IS sieve. Re-tained material on 4.75 mm IS sieve is kept separately.

2. After drying and weighting, place the test sample in the container and soak it with water. The soaking of soil con-tinued for 10 -12 hours. No dispersing agent or other substance shall be added to the water.

3. Agitate the sample with sufficient vigour to result in complete separation of all particles finer than the 75 micron ISsieve from the coarser particles, and bring the fine material into suspension.

4. Sample is washed through 4.75 mm IS sieve and 75 micron IS sieve with water till substantially clean watercomes out. The retained sample on sieves shall be oven dried at 105 to 110 C for 24 hours. Soil gleaned aseach sieves is weighed to the nearest 0.1% of the original weight of the sample.

5. Percentage of soil passing on each sieve is worked out and grain size distribution curve is drawn.

CALCULATION

1. Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained or percentages in versus size fraction to the nearest0.1% on the basis of the total weight of the initial dry sample.

2. Calculate the amount of material passing a 75 micron IS sieve by working as follows -

A = [ ( B - C ) / B ] x 100

Where A = percentage of material finer than a 75 micron IS sieve by washing.B = original dry weight of sample g.C = dry weight of sample after washing g.

REPORT

Report the percentage of material finer than the 75 micron IS sieve by washing to the nearest 0.1%.


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An apparatus based on the principle that a gas is released when calcium carbide reacts with soil water fromthe calibrated scale of the pressure gauge. The percentage of the water on total (wet) mass of soil is ob-tained and the same is converted to water content on dry mass of soil.

APPARATUS

1. Metallic pressure vessel : with clamp for sealing cup and a gauge calibrated in percentage water con-tent.

2. Counter poised balance : for weighing sample.3. Scoop : for measuring absorbent (Calcium carbide)4. Steel Balls : Three steel balls of about 12.5 mm dia and one steel ball of 25 mm diameter.5. One bottle of the absorbent (Calcium carbide)


Sand : No special preparation.Coarse : It may be ground and pulverized.Cohesive and Plastic soil : Material are tested with addition of steel ball in the pressure vessels.This test requires about 6 gm of soil sample.

PROCEDURE

1. Set up the balance, place the sample in the pan till the mark on the balance arm mass lines up withthe index mark.

2. Check that cup and body are clean.3. Hold the body horizontal and gently deposit are leveled scoop full of absorbent (Calcium carbide) in-

side the chamber.4. Transfer the soil weighed out from the pan to the cup.5. Holding cup and chamber horizontal, bring them together without disturbing sample & absorbent.6. U - clamp sound & clamp the cup tightly into place, if the sample is bulky, reverse the above place-

ment that is, put the sample in the chamber and the absorbent in the cup.7. In case of clayey soils place the 3 smaller and one bigger steel balls in the body along with the absor-

bent.8. Shake the unit up and down vigorously in this position for about 15 seconds.9. Holding the unit horizontal, rotate it for ten second so that the balls rolled round the in side circumfer-

ence of the body.10. Rest for 20 seconds.11. Repeat the above cycle until the gauge reading is constant & note the reading. (Usually the take 4 to 8

min.)12. Finally release the pressure slowly by opening the clamp screw and taking the cup out, empty the con-

tents and clean the instrument with brush.

CALCULATION

From the water content (m) obtained the wet mass basis.The reading on the rapid moisture meter.The water content (w) on the dry mass basis shall be calculated as follows:-

W = [ m / ( 100 - m ) ] x 100 Percent

PRECAUTION

The absorbent shall not be exposed to atmosphere.

WATER CONTENTBY CALCIUM CARBIDE METHOD

[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 2) - 1973 ]

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The method is widely used for the determination of the field density of fine-grained natural or compacted soilfree from aggregates. By measuring unit weight and moisture content andusing empirical relations, various strength, deformation, permeability and

consolidation parameters can be estimated. This also entails knowing thecomposition of soil.

APPARATUS

1. Cylindrical core cutter2. Steel rammer3. Balance : with an accuracy of 1 g4. Straight edge5. Square metal tray 300 mm x 300 mm x 40 mm6. Trowel

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the inner dimension of the cutter and calculate its volume.2. Clean and level the ground where field density of soil is required.3. Put the cylindrical cutter into the soil its full depth by gently ram-

ming it.4. Lift the cutter up carefully with the help of trowel and trim the top

and bottom surface of soil in cutter carefully.5. Determine the weight of cutter with soil and then without soil.6. Take a small specimen from the centre portion of the soil and de-

termine its water content.


1. Weight of cutter + soil = W1 g2. Weight of cutter = W2 g3. Weight of soil = (W1 W2) g4. Volume of soil / volume of cutter = V cm5. Bulk density of soil b= ( W1 W2)/ V g / cm6. Moisture content = 7. Dry density of soil d = 100 b g / cm

100+

DRY DENSITY BY CORE CUTTER METHED[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 29) 1975 ]

S.No.

Observation Determination No.

I II III

1 Internal diameter mm 100

2 Internal height mm 129.75

3 Weight of cutter g 1130

4 Weight of cutter + soil g 3120

5 Weight of soil g 1990

6 Volume of soil / volume of cutter cm 1019.05

7 Moisture content % 17.75

8 Dry density g / cm 1.66

Unit

RESULT

Average value of I, II, & III = %.

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IN-SITU DRY DENSITY BYSAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

[ As per IS: 2720 (Part 28) - 1974 ]

A hole of specified dimension is excavated in the ground. The mass of the excavated soil is determined. Thevolume of the hole is determined by filling it with clean, uniform sand whose dry density ( s) is determinedseparately by calibration. The volume of the hole is equal to themass of the sand filled in the hole divided by its dry density.

The dry density of the excavated soil is determined as

s = M / V1+

where M = mass of the excavated soil; V = volume of the hole and= water content.

APPARATUS

1. Sand pouring cylinder2. Calibrating container, 100 mm dia and 150 mm height3. Soil cutting and excavating tools such as a scraper tool, bent spoon

4. Glass plate 450 mm square and 9 mm thick5. Metal container to collect excavated soil6. Metal tray, 300 mm square and 40 mm deep with a hole of 100 mm

dia at the center7. Weighing balance8. Moisture content cans9. Oven10. Desiccator.11. Clean, uniform sand passing 1 mm IS sieve and retained on 600 mi-

cron IS sieve in sufficient quantity

PROCEDURE

PART- I CALIBRATION

1. Determine the internal volume of the calibrating container by filling itwith water and determining the mass of water required. The mass ofwater in gram is approximately equal to the volume in ml. The volume may also be determined from the meas-ured dimension of the container.

2. Fill the sand pouring cylinder with sand within about 10 mm of its top. Determine the mass of the cylinder ( M1 ) tothe nearest gram.

3. Place the sand pouring cylinder vertically on the calibrating container. Open the shutter to allow the sand to runout from the cylinder into the calibrating container till it fills the cone of the cylinder and the calibrating containerwhen there is no further movement of the sand in the cylinder, close the shutter.

4. Lift the pouring cylinder from the calibrating container and weigh it to the nearest gram ( M3 ).5. Again fill the pouring cylinder with sand within 10 mm of its top.6. Open the shutter and allow the sand run out of the cylinder. When the volume of the sand let out is equal to the

volume of the calibrating container, close the shutter.7. Place the cylinder over a plane surface such as a glass plate. Open the shutter, the sand fills the cone of the cyl-

inder. Close the shutter when no further movement of sand takes place.

8. Remove the cylinder. Collect the sand left on the glass plate. Determine the mass of the sand ( M2 ) that had filledthe cone by weighing the collected sand.

9. Determine the density of sand, as shown in the data sheet part-1

PART-II DRY DENSITY

1. Expose an area of about 450 mm2on the surface of the soil mass. Trim the surface down to a level surface, using

a scraper tool.2. Place the metal tray on the levelled surface .3. Excavate the soil through the central hole of the tray, using the hole in the tray as a pattern. The depth of exca-

vated hole should be about 150 mm.4. Collect all the excavated soil in a metal container and determine the mass of soil ( M ).5. Remove the metal tray from the excavated hole.6. Fill the sand pouring cylinder within 10 mm of its top. Determine its mass ( M1 ).

7. Place the cylinder directly over the excavated hole. Allow the sand to run out of the cylinder by opening the shut-ter. Close the shutter when the hole is completely filled and no further movement of the sand is observed.

8. Remove the cylinder from the filled hole. Determine the mass of the cylinder ( M4 ).9. Take a representative sample of the excavated soil. Determine its water content.10. Determine the dry density of soil, as shown in the data sheet part-2.

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Part- II Dry density of soil

S. No. Observation and calculation Unit Determination No.

I II III

1. Mass of excavated soil ( M ) g 2310

2. Mass of pouring cylinder ( M1) filled with sand g 11040

3. Mass of pouring cylinder after pouring into the hole and cone ( M4 ) g 8840

4. Mass of sand in the hole Ms = M1 -M4 -M2 g 1750

5. Volume of sand in the hole V = Ms / s g 1166.67

6. Bulk density = M / V g/ml 1.98

7. Water content ( ) % 15

8.Dry density = / 1+= M / V

1+g/ml 1.72

Average Dry density =

Data sheet for sand replacement method

Part-I Calibration for dry density of sand

Observation and calculations Unit Determination No.

I II III

1. Volume of calibrating cone ( Vc ) ml 980

2. Mass of pouring cylinder ( M1 ) filled with sand g 11040

3.Mass of pouring cylinder after pouring sand into the vibrating containerand cone ( M3 )

g 9120

4. Mass of sand in the cone ( M2 ) g 450

5. Mass of sand in the calibrating container Mc = (2) - (3) - (4) g 1470

6. Dry density of sand (s) = Mc / Vc g/ml 1.5

S. No.

RESULT

Average of three determinations shall be taken.

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Nuclear moisture density gauge is a non-destructive testing apparatus which gives values of moisture content, densityand degree of compaction very quickly (1 to 2 minutes) and accurately. It is a simple equipment with computer backup toassess moisture content, density and degree of compaction in the field. Large number of tests with data acquisition andstorage facilities can be done in short time with lesser manpower as compare to the conventional method. Conventionalmethod is very cumbersome and output is not commensurate with the progress of earthwork. It is an excellent equip-ment to conduct quality check of railway formation including bituminous layers onhighway projects.

APPARATUS

Model : TROXLER 3440Case : Polycarbonate top shell with alu-minium cast baseWeight : 13.2 kg. [Shipping weight 40.8 kg.]

MAIN PARTS1. Source Rod2. Index Rod3. Index trigger4. Handle5. Display screen

ACCESSORIES1. Reference block2. Scrapper plate3. Drill rod4. Drill rod extraction tool5. Transportation case

FEATURES1. Memory and storage facility upto 300 locations2. Results are faster and better quality controlled3. 200 locations can be tested in a day

STANDARD ACCURACY1. For moisture 0.20 %2. For density 0.20 %

PROCEDURE

SITE PREPARATION

1. Place the scraper plate on the surface to be tested. The surface should be plane free fromall vegetation.

2. Put the drill rod through the extraction tool and then through one of the guide holes on theplate.

3. Hammer the drill rod upto the desired depth, say 200 mm.4. Remove the drill rod by pulling & rotating up straight.5. Mark the outline around the scraper plate.6. Pickup the scraper plate.

7. Put up the gauge on marked area.8. Lower the source rod into the hole.

For selecting a Project Number, Press SHIFTand PROJECTfor the display.

PressYESto enter new project number, Display shows

Input the new project number with the numeric keys and press ENTER.

1. Press ON the gauge2. Let for self-test for 300 seconds.3. Standardized the gauge before go for testing.4. Feed MDD value of the embankment soil.5. Put gauge exactly on the hole and press the source rod into the hole upto desired depth.

6. Note the Degree of compaction, Dry density and Moisture content.7. Shift the gauge to next location for further testing.

Press START / ENTER.Display shows after 60 seconds the result .

NUCLEAR MOISTURE DENSITY GAUGE

DepthPRTime xxx sec.

Current Proj. No.xxxDate : mm/dd/yyNew Project No. ?

Project Number

Input Number andPress ENTER

% PR xxxDD xxx

WD xxxM = xxx % M =

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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING DIRECTORATERDSO, LUCKNOW - 226011

Geotechnical Engineering DirectorateResearch Designs & Standards Organisation

Manak Nagar, Lucknow - 226011Uttar Pradesh (INDIA)

Phone: 0522-2450395

Fax: 0522-2450395

Email: [email protected]

[email protected]

THISBOOKLETISPREPARED

UNDERGUIDANCEOFSHRIS. K. RAINA, EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR

PREPAREDBY: KAUSHALKISHORE DIRECTOR

CHECKEDBY: S. K. AWASTHI ARE

CONTRIBUTIONSBY: SHIVKUMAR CRA / GE LAB

DRAWINGSBY: Y. R. TIRPUDE CDA

GEOTECHNICALENGINEERINGDIRECTORATERDSO, LUCKNOW- 226011


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Documents

Soil Test1