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SOIL MAPPING AND LAND DEGRADATION STUDIES
Dr. K. Sreenivas Head
Soil & Land Resources Assessment division
National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad
SOIL RESOURCES MAPPING
Understanding the principles of spectral reflectance of soils is fundamental to
many applications of remote sensing in soils
Spectral Reflectance of Soils
Spectral reflectance of soil is a cumulative effect of various soil physical
and chemical properties such as:
Soil colour, Texture, Organic matter content,
Iron oxide content, Soil Mineralogy,
Salt content, Soil moisture content etc.
Soil Mapping Methodology
Step 1: Delineation of Physiography Step 2: Delineation of Soil-landscape units
Step 3: Field survey, Soil morphological examinations, Profile observations, Soil sampling
Step 4: Soil Correlation and preparation of field legend
Soil Auger Profile digging Soil Profile Soil examination
Physiography map overlaid on image Soil-landscape map overlaid on image
Sample Strip
Random
sampling
Grid sampling
Survey techniques
Step 5: Laboratory analysis of soil samples: Physical & Chemical properties
Step 6: Finalization of Soil Legend, Soil Classification and refining soil mapping boundaries
Step 7: Preparation of digital soil resource database using GIS for generating derivative maps
pH EC Sand % Silt % Clay%
OC % CaCo3 % ESP CEC Ex bases.
Others ….
Map
ping
unit
Soil-
landscape
Series /
Association
Classification
Pediment
Slightly
eroded
Nernamula-1
Nernamula -2
Coarse Loamy
Typic Haplustalfs
Loamy Typic
Haplustepts
Pediplain
Severely
eroded
Nernamula-3 Fine Loamy Typic
Haplustalfs
Derivative maps Land Capability Land irrigability Crop Suitability
Soil Map and Reports
Soil Mapping Methodology
Resourcesat LISS-IV MX and Cartosat 1 merged data Improves interpretability Ancillary data SOI toposheets 56 K/16 56 K/16 NW Climatic data, Geological data Village / Cadastral map Ground data
SATELLITE DATA Village Mohammadabad
Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh
Satellite data with interpretation
Blck soil
Red soil
Hill
LISS-4 FCC + Carto data with Pre-field interpretation
Delineation of Pre-field soil boundaries on image
Sample points
Strip sampling
DIFFERENT SOILS AS VIEWED BY SATELLITE DATA
Blacksoils
Desert soils with playas
Red soils
Alluvial / Delta soils
Alfisol
Andisol Aridisol Entisol Gelisol Histisol
Inceptisol Mollisol Oxisol Spodosol Ultisol Vertisol
SOIL PROFILES OF DIFFERENT SOIL ORDERS
Characterization of soils
Site conditions Physiography Geology Parent material Slope Erosion Runoff Soil drainage Ground water depth Flooding Stoniness Present land use Crops grown Natural vegetation
Physical Properties Coarse fragments Texture – Sand, Silt, Clay content
Available water capacity
Chemical Properties
Soil pH
EC
Organic Carbon
Exchangeable bases – Ca, Mg, Na, K
CaCO3
CEC
Available N, P, K
Micronutients
Morphological (3D) Soil depth Soil texture (Field) Soil horizons Colour Structure Consistence Porosity Cutans Nodules Roots Effervescence
Soil Classification – Series level
Soil Phases / Association of soil phases
Depth Slope
%
Erosion Surface
Texture
Stoniness
%
Deep,
Mod deep
Shallow
0-1 %
1-3%
3-5 %
Severe
Moderate
slight
Clay
Loam
Silty
Slightly
Mod
Severely
SOIL MAP
Description:
Series: Channagiri- CHN, Kottaguda- KOT, Pipalpahad-
PIP, Puttapaka-1-PUT1, Puttapaka-2- PUT2, Rajkonda-
RJK, Sarvel-1- SAR1, Sarvel-2- SAR2, Yenagandi-YNG.;
Surface Texture: r- gravelly sandy loam, r- sandy loam,
m- sandy clay loam,s- loamy sand, y- Silty clay loam, e-
clay loam, e- gravelly clay loam;
Slope%: A-0-1, B-1-3, C-3-5, D-5-10, E-10-15, F-15-35;
Erosion: 1-e1, 2-e2, 3-e3, 4-e4, 5- e5 ;
Surface Stoniness%: st1 < 15, st2 15-40, st3-40-75
Soil
unit
Soil-
landscape
unit
Soil
Series
Soil
depth
Classification Soil Phase
1 Hill YNG Shallow Loamy Skeletal
Typic Ustorthents YNGrF4st3
2 Undulating
plains CHN Shallow
Loamy Skeletal
Typic Haplustalfs CHN rD3st2
3
Slightly
eroded
plains
PUT1 Mod
deep
Fine Loamy Typic
Haplustalfs PUT1mA1st1
4
Moderately
eroded
plains
KOT Mod
deep
Coarse Loamy
Typic Haplustepts KOTrB2st2
5
Severely
eroded
plains
SAR1 Mod
deep
Loamy skeletal
Typic Haplustepts SAR1sC3st3
6 Burried
pediplain PUT2 Deep
Fine Vertic
Haplustepts PUT2yA1st1
7 Burried
pediplain PIP
Mod
deep
Fine loamy Typic
Haplustepts PIPeB2st1
8 Valley SAR2 Mod
deep
Fine loamy
Fluventic
Haplustepts
SAR2mA1st1
9 Dyke RJK Very
shallow
Loamy skeletal
Lithic Ustorthents RJKeD1st3
10 Rock out
crop
11 Water body
12 Settlement
13 Quarry
Legend
Nationwide Land degradation mapping
Natural Resources Census: Land Degradation Mapping (1:50K)
SALIENT FEATURES ….
• Mapping and monitoring land degradation (1:50 K) of entire country.
• Use of multi-temporal IRS LISSS- III satellite data.
• Geodatabase as per NNRMS standards.
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Land degradation processes (8)
Water erosion, Wind erosion, Waterlogging, Salinisation / alkalization, Acidification, Glacial,
Anthropogenic and Others.
Land degradation type (18)
Sheet erosion, Rills, Gullies, Ravines, Stabilized/partially stabilized dunes, Un-stabilized
dunes, Surface ponding, Saline soils, Sodic soils, Saline-sodic soils, Acidic soils, Frost
heaving, Frost shattering, Mining, Brick kiln areas, Industrial effluent affected areas, Mass
movement / mass wastage, Barren rocky/stony waste and Miscellaneous.
Severity classes (5): Slight, Moderate, Severe, Very severe & Extreme.
Landform classes (4): Hills, Undulating plains, Plains & Valley.
Land use classes (4): Agriculture, Forest, Plantation, Open scrub
PARTICIPATING ORGANISATIONS : 33
State Remote Sensing Centres: 19
ICAR institutions : 2
Agricultural Universities : 2
ISRO / DOS Centres : 7
Other Institutes : 3
Land degradation
process
Land degradation type Degree of
problem
Land form Land use
Water erosion (W)
Sheet erosion (sh) Slight (1)
Hill and
mountainous
(>15%
slope)
Undulating
(5-15%
slope)
Plain
(0-5%
slope)
Valley
Agriculture
Forest
Plantation
Open scrub
Rills (ri) Moderate (2)
Gullies (gu) Severe (3)
Ravines - Shallow (rs) Very severe (4)
Ravines - Mod. deep to deep (rm) Extreme (5)
Wind erosion (E)
Sheet erosion (sh) Slight (1)
Stabilized dunes (ds) Slight (1)
Partially-stabilized dunes (dp) Moderate (2)
Un-stabilized dunes (du) Severe (3)
Water logging (L)*
Surface ponding (sp) Seasonal (1)
Permanent (2)
Subsurface waterlogged (sw)
Salinisation /
Alkalisation (S)
Saline (sa) Slight (1)
Moderate (2)
Severe (3)
Sodic (so) Slight (1)
Moderate (2)
Severe (3)
Saline – Sodic (ss) Slight (1)
Moderate (2)
Severe (3)
Acidification (A) Acidic (ac) Moderate (2)
Severe (3)
Glacial (G) Frost heaving (fh)
Anthropogenic (H)
Industrial –effluent affected areas (ie)
Mining and dump areas (md)
Brick kiln (bk)
Others (T)
Mass movement / mass wastage (mm)
Barren rocky / Stony waste (bs)
Snow covered areas (sc)
Miscellaneous (Riverine sands / Sea
ingress areas, (ms)
CLA
SSIF
ICA
TIO
N S
CH
EME
Sheet erosion.
IRS Resourcesat LISS III data - Temporal variations
Rill erosion
Land degradation processes and types: LAND DEGRADTION
Gully erosion. Ravines
IRS Resourcesat LISS III data - Temporal variations
Land degradation processes and types: LAND DEGRADTION
RAVINES ALONG YAMUNA RIVER, NEAR AGRA, U.P.
DEEP RAVINES
Moderately Deep
SHALLOW
Mod. Deep ravines
Sheet erosion by wind Rill erosion Partially stabilized dunes
IRS Resourcesat LISS III data - Temporal variations
Land degradation processes and types: LAND DEGRADTION
Surface ponding Salt affected soils
IRS Resourcesat LISS III data - Temporal variations
Land degradation processes and types: LAND DEGRADTION
Mass movement / wastage as seen in part of Sikkim
Frost heaving
Mass movement
Barren rocks
Feb’06
Oct’06
Apr’06
Hemnur
Saline-sodic
Sheet erosion - water Barren rocky/ stony waste
Rill erosion
Land degradation map
Land degradation classes as viewed in 3 seasons IRS-P6 LISS 3 satellite data
Land degradation in Devadurga Taluk, Raichur Dt., Karnataka
Karnataka: Land Degradation Map and Database
Legend
Land degradation map database
Bidar district, KN
Attributes of one mapping unit
Land Degradation map of Karnataka
Hmd
Nml
Tbs
Wri2
Wsh1
Field photos
Action plan map for land degradation neutrality of Orissa. INPUTS: SOIL RESOURCES LAND DEGRADATION LULC DEM SLOPE
2005
1995
1975
1985
WATERLOGGING
Part of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area
(Badopal, Gaganagar, Rajasthan)
Watershed Development
RESOURCES CHARACTERIZATION IN NIPANA MICRO WATERSHED AKOLA DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA
Satellite data
Hydrogeomorphology Land Use / Land Cover
Critical areas Soils
Satellite data
Action Plan
ACTION PLAN FOR RAINFED COTTON PRODUCTION SYSTEM NIPANA MICROWATERSHED, AKOLA Dt, MAHARASHTRA
Legend
Improved hybrid cotton and intercropping with G.gram, B. Gram + Pigeon pea;CPGB, diversion ditches
ICT + Teak/Bambaoo:Diversion Ditches
ICT +Plantations – Dryland fruit crops
Silvipastoral system of Ailanthes excelsa + Dinanath grass ; ICT
Brush wood gully plugs:Gap Plantation with Hardy species
Maintenance of Existing land use
Broad bed and furrow; CPGB; Cotton(PKV-2) and intercropping with G.gram, B. Gram + Pigeon pea
CPGB +Stone filter ; Improved Desi Cotton intercropping with pearl millet
Cotton (Nanded 44)+Green gram (1:1)/Maize + Pigeon Pea (3:3/4:2) CPGB :Diversion ditches
Farm ponds
Nala bund
Gully plug
Recharged well with high water level
Conservation pit graded bund
Intermittent contour trenches
NIPANA MICRO WATERSHED AKOLA DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA
Satellite data
Action plan
Cement gully plug
Good crop of cotton beside recharged well
Cotton varietal trials
ICT’s as viewed by PAN Quickbird satellite
BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION
Quickbird MSS data
Farm pond
ICT’s as viewed by Multispectral Quickbird satellite
INTERMITTENT CONTOUR TRENCHES (ICT)
MONITORING OF IMPLEMENTATION IN MICRO WATERSHED
PAN + LISS III
AFTER IMPLEMENTATION
Quickbird MSS data after implementation Quickbird PAN data after implementation
INTERMITTENT CONTOUR TRENCHES - VIEWED BY HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE NIPANA MICRO WATERSHED, AKOLA DT. , MAHARASHTRA
Intermittent contour trenches Farm pond
Methods for Land suitability assessment Average Weighing method Critical limiting criteria method Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method Artificial Knowledge based methods – ALES Simulated modeling Regression Process-based Physical
INFORMATION REQUIRED
• Thematic / natural resource information • Climate data • Topography information • Suitability criteria matrix / Domain Experts /Knowledge base / Models …
Land suitability assessment
Land Suitability - fitness of a given type of land for a specific use
Climatic and soil-site characteristics
of land units
Soil Resources Information Wasteland information
Climatic information
Climatic and soil-site requirements of Jatropha
Rainfall map Wasteland map
- Physiography map - Soil Depth map - Soil Texture map - Soil Drainage map - Soil Erosion map - Available Water capacity map
Integration and analysis of layers using GIS techniques
Development of criteria and assigning of ratings
Matching plant requirements with land characteristics
Preparation suitability map of Jatropha cultivation
Evaluation of wastelands for Jatropha Plantation, AP
Average Weighing method
Sl No. Climatic and Soil–Site parameter
Classes
1 Rainfall > 1000 mm 750 – 1000 mm 500 – 750 mm < 500 mm
2 Soil Depth classes Very Shallow (10-25 cm) Shallow (25-50) Mod shallow (50-75) Mod deep (75-100) Deep (100-150) Very Deep (150+)
3 Soil Drainage Classes Poor Imperfect Moderate Well Excessive
4 Available Water Capacity
Very low (< 50 mm/ m)
Low (50 –100 mm/ m) Medium (100 –150 mm/ m) High (150 –200 mm/ m) Very high (> 200 mm/ m)
Climatic and Soil-site parameters and their class definition / ranges
Sl No. Climatic and Soil–Site parameter
Classes
5 Soil Erosion Classes Nil Slight Moderate Severe Very severe
6 Soil Texture Classes Clayey Gravelly clay Gravelly loam Loamy Sandy Silty
7 Physiography classes Flat lands / Nearly level (0-1 %) Very gently slopping (1-3 %) Gently slopping (3-8 %) Undulating land (8-15 %) Moderately slopping (8-15 %) Rolling lands (15-30 %) Steep slopping (30-50 %) Hills and ridges
Sl No Parameters No / slight limitation
S1
Moderate limitation
S2
Severe limitation
S3
Very Severe limitation
N
Classes Rating Classes Rating Classes Rating Classes Rating
1 Rainfall (RF)
mm
> 1000 10 750 - 1000 8 500 -750 6 < 500 4
2 Physiography
(PH)
Nearly level, Very
gently sloping
10 Gently slopping,
Undulating land
8 Moderately
sloping
6 Rolling lands 4
- - - - - - Steeply
sloping,
Hills & ridges
1
3 Erosion (ER) Nil, Slight 10 Moderate 8 Severe, Very
Severe
6 - 4
4 Drainage (DR) Well, Mod. well 10 Imperfect 8 Poor,
Excessive
6 - 4
5 Texture (TX) Loamy, clayey 10 Silty, Gravelly clay
Gravelly loam
8 Sandy 6 Rock out
crop
4
6 Soil depth (SD) Very deep, Deep
Mod. Deep
10 Mod shallow, Shallow 8 Very shallow 6 - -
7 Available water
Capacity (AWC)
Very high, High,
Moderate
10 Low 8 Very low 6 - -
8 Wastelands
(WL)
Gullied and / or
ravinous - shallow
10 Gullied and / or
ravinous - Medium
8 Gullied and /
or ravinous -
Deep
6 Steep
slopping area
1
Land with scrub, Land
without scrub
10 Saline / Alkaline –
Moderate
8 Saline /
Alkaline -
Strong
6 - -
Shifting cultivation-
Abandoned
10 - - Barren rocky /
stonny
wasteland
6 - -
Shifting cultivation-
Current, Degraded
pasture/ grazing land,
Degraded forest
10 - - - - - -
Suitability criteria for Jatropha cultivation
Suitability Index (SI) = RF + PH+ ER+ DR+TX+SD+AW+WL Where, RF = Rating for Rainfall PH = Rating for Physiography ER = Rating for Erosion DR = Rating for Drainage SD = Rating for Soil depth TX = Rating for Texture AW = Rating for Available Water Capacity WL = Rating for Wastelands Categorization of Suitability Index (SI):
Category SI range
Highly suitable (S1) 80-65
Moderately suitable (S2) 64-37
Marginally suitable (S3) 36-25
Not suitable (N) < 25
Evaluation of wastelands for Jatropha Plantation, AP
Highly suitable : 1.62 Mha for Jatropha
LAND EVALUATION
SUITABILITY MATRIX
ANALYSIS UNITS
LAND UNITS CHARACTERISTICS
CLASSIFICATION (QUALITATIVE)
LAND UTILIZATION TYPE REQUIREMENTS
LAND UTILIZATION TYPES
MATCHING CHARACTERISTICS / REQUIEREMENTS
LUT matrix – mutiple alternatives
A1 A2 A3 A2 A1
A2 A1 N A3 N
A1 N N A3 A3
A3 N A1 A2 A2
N A1 A2 A1 A2
Land Use Types
1
2
3
4
5
A B C D E
Soil
unit
Land
Capability
Soil Suitability for major crops
Cotton Paddy Castor Chillies Jowar Groun
dnut
Red
gram Maize Jatropha
1 VIIes - - - - - - - - S3
2 IVes N1 N1 S3sf N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 S2
3 IIs S2sf S2sf S1 S1 S1 S1 S2 S1 -
4 IIIes S3 S3sf S2 S2 S2 S1 S3 S2 -
5 IVe N1 N1 S3ts S3ts S3ts S3ts S3ts S3ts S2
6 IIs S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 -
7 IIes S2s S2 S1 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 -
8 IIw S3s S1 S2 S1 S1 S1 S2s S2 -
9 VIes - - - - - - - - -
Land capability and crop suitability to major crops
Land Capability / Irrigability Map
INTERPRETATIONS OF SOIL MAPS
Crop Suitability Map
Factors : Soil Capability
Severity of climate
Depth of Soil
Stoniness
Texture, Structure
Permeability
Relief / Slope
Erosion
Flooding / Overflow
Unfavourable conditions:
Toxic salts, Salinity, alkali, pH
Factors: Soil Irrigability
Water holding capacity
Texture
Depth of Soil
Permeability
Relief / Slope
Salinity
Flooding / Overflow
Drainability of land
Effect of irrigation water on
salinity / alkalinity
Cost of land development
Climate Topography Drainage / Flooding Texture Water holding capacity Gravel / Stoniness Depth
CaCO3
Gypsum Organic Matter CEC Base saturation Nutrient availability Salinity / alkalinity Ground water depth
Factors: Soil Suitability for growing crops
Land capability and crop suitability maps
THANKS