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Soil management requirementsSoil management requirementsKSLA November 22, 2011KSLA November 22, 2011
byMats Olsson
Department of Soil and Environment, SLUt l @ [email protected]
Land use and land management must be sustainable
That means e.g. g• All ecosystem services have to be considered
in a long term perspectiveg p p
Land use and land management must be sustainable
That means e.g. g• All ecosystem services has to be considered
in a long term perspectiveg p p• Use and management must be site adapted
Soil is a diverse concept– and so is soil management
CryosolsLeptosols
Properties are set by:
pCambisolsArenosols Acrisols CalcisolsFerralsolsGl l
p y
1. Topography2 Cli
GleysolsLuvisolsPodzolsKastanozemsLixisolsFluvisols 2. Climate
3. Geology4 Biota and land use
FluvisolsHistosolsVertisolsAlbeluvisolsRegosolsSolonchaks 4. Biota and land use
5. TimeChernozemsAlisolsNitisolsPhaeozemsStagnosolsSolonetzSolonetzPlanosolsAndosolsGypsisolsUmbrisolsPlinthosols
Global: 15 300 MhaDurisolsTechnosolsAnthrosols From: World Reference Base for
Soil Resources, 2006
Land use and land management must be sustainable
That means e.g. g• All ecosystem services has to be considered
in a long term perspectiveg p p• Use and management must be site adapted• A system analyses perspective should be appliedy y p p pp
Wheat production at different N fertilizing rates,S d k /h *Sweden, kg/ha*yr
From Lennart Mattsson, 2004
Wheat production at different N fertilizing rates,S d k /h *Sweden, kg/ha*yr
L i l i• Low marginal impacton production
• High negative environmental• High negative environmentalconsequences
From Lennart Mattsson, 2004
NetherlandsFertilizer use, kg perha*yr
NetherlandsVietnam
JapanUK
ChinaChinaFrance
BrazilUSAIndiaIndia
South AfricaCubaBenin
M l iMalawiEthiopia
MaliBurkina Faso
Ni iNigeriaTanzania
Mozambique GuineaGhana
UgandaKg/ha0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Source: FAOSTAT, July 2003; Norman Borlaug, 2004
M t t iManagment categories
Soils not suitable for production; cold climate, erosion potential and/or should be protected for other reasons (provision of other ecosystem services)
17 %should be protected for other reasons (provision of other ecosystem services)
Soils with too much water; high groundwater table,poor drainage and/or too much precipitationp g p p
Soils with too low water availability; drought, low water retention capacity, thinsoils
Fertile soils with good nutrient availablity, good structure and good waterretentionPoor soils with low nutrient availabilty; caused by climate, mineralogy and/or age
Soils not suitable for production
% areaCryosols 11.8 Too cold (with permafrost) – extensive grazingLeptosols 10.8 Too thin, and erosion sensitive – extensive forestry,
agroforestryPli th l 0 4 T i l il ith h d b il t i iPlinthosols 0.4 Tropical soils with hard subsoil – extensive grazing or
forestrySUM > 23
Data from World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006
Too much water drainage neededToo much water – drainage needed
% areaFluvisols 2.3 Flooded soils. Good natural fertilityGleysols 4.7 High groundwater tableStagnosols 1.1 (Pseudogley) Dense subsoil prevents drainage. Rather
fertile. Drainage/deep ploughing needed.Planosols 0 9 Dense subsoil prevents natural drainage Drainage andPlanosols 0.9 Dense subsoil prevents natural drainage. Drainage and
fertilisation neededHistosols 2.3 Peat soils (bogs and fens). Fertilisation needed.SUM 11.3
Data from World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006
Too low moisture availabilityy– irrigation needed
%% areaChernozem 1.5 Fertile. P fertilization recommendedKastanozem 3 0 FertileKastanozem 3.0 FertileCalcisols 6.0 Fertilization neededSolonetz 0 9 Fertilization and liming neededSolonetz 0.9 Fertilization and liming neededSolonchak 1.7 Strong irrigation and fertilization neededDurisols 0.3 Strong irrigation – otherwise grazing
Gypsisol 0.7Arenosols 8.5 Strong fertilization – otherwise forestry
SUM 22.6
Water availabilityUnmanaged Grazed Cultivated
Water availability
Naturally fertile agricultural soilsNaturally fertile agricultural soils,inherited high nutrient contents
% areaCambisols 9.8Vertisols 2.2Phaeozem 1.2Luvisols 3.6Andosols 0.7 P fertilization may be neededNitisols 1.3 P fertilization may be needed
SUM 19.5
Data from World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006
Nutrient poor soils, inherited or highlyth d S i bl f f d if i dweathered. Suitable for forestry and, if improved,
agriculture% area Needed for agricultural use
Ferralsols 4.9 weathered tropical soils – P and fertilizers needed, OMA i l 6 6 th d t i l il P d f tili d d OMAcrisols 6.6 weathered tropical soils – P and fertilizers needed, OMAlisols 1.3 Tropical soil - Al-toxicity – liming and fertilizationLixisols 2 8 Tropical soil fertilization OMLixisols 2.8 Tropical soil – fertilization, OMAlbeluvisols 2.1 Liming and fertilizersPodzols 3.2 Liming and fertilizersPodzols 3.2 g
Umbrisols 0.7 Liming and fertilizers
Regosol 1.7 Diverse group – needs fertilizers, OM, irregationgSUM 23.3
Nutrient availability
Farm landForestry
Nutrient availability
Spring wheat production data for two regions i Ethi i k /h *
3000
in Ethiopia, kg/ha*yr
2500
1500
2000 North Shewa Zone
1000
1500
South Wollo Zone
500
01995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
From Gizaw Mengistu, data from Central Statistic Agency, Ethiopia
200 Experiments with fertilization on an
trol
)Andosol in south-central Ethiopia
e to
con
t
150
% re
lativ
e
100
grai
n (% B A B C
Mai
ze g 50
0Compost Compost/ Fertilizer Controlp p
fertilizer
From: Workneh Bedada, Mulugeta Leminih, Motuma Tolera & Erik Karltun
THE TIGRAY PROJECT: A Success Story in THE TIGRAY PROJECT: A Success Story in Sustainable AgricultureFrom: Hailu Araya & Sue EdwardsFrom: Hailu Araya & Sue Edwards
The main aim of the project is to find out if aThe main aim of the project is to find out if a community-based approach to rehabilitating the land and improving crop production based on ecological principles can improve the livelihoods of poor smallholder farmers.
Managed by the Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (BoANR) ofManaged by the Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources (BoANR) ofTigray Regional State and the Institute for Sustainable Development(ISD) in collaboration with the woreda administrations and
d h i l l i iexperts, and their local communities.
The Tigray project:Relative production rate; controll = 100
200
250
150 ControllCompost
50
100p
FertilizerManure
0Barley Maize Teff Wheaty
From: Hailu Araya & Sue Edwards
Variation between villages wheat kg/ha*yrVariation between villages, wheat kg/ha yr
From: Hailu Araya & Sue Edwards
Ex. on soils that may best be used for forestry:forestry:
LeptosolsPlinthosols
AcrisolsAlisolsAlisolsLixisols
AlbeluvisolsPodzolsRegosolsArenosols
The annual increment of stem volume in stands of young Norway spruce ( Flakaliden N Sweden)young Norway spruce ( Flakaliden, N. Sweden).
From Bergh et al1999
Control (open circle)Irrigation (open triangle)Irrigation (open triangle)Solid fertilisation (filled circle)Combined irrigation and fertilisation (filled triangle).
Eucalyptus plantation in Brazil: 50 m3/ha*yryp p m y(Acrisols)
Soil: Alisols
Site preparation
NPK added200-600 kg N/ha per200-600 kg N/ha per rotation (5 years)
Lime
Herbicides
Insecticides
CONCLUSIONS
Soils are different – different management
All ecosystem services has to be consideredAll ecosystem services has to be consideredin a long-term perspective
Use and management must be site adaptedUse and management must be site adapted
A system analyses perspective should be applied
Agricultural yields on many soils in developingcountries may get doubled or tripled production rates
id d i d ilprovided improved soil management
Higher effiency in using fertilizers in developingcountries than in developed countries