Soil Erosin

8/2/2019 Soil Erosin

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Surface Erosion and ControlSurface Erosion and Control

Ali Fares, PhD

Watershed Hydrology, NREM662

UHM-CTAHR-NREM


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Ia is all losses before

runoff begins it

includes: water retained in

surface depressions,

Water interception by

vegetation Evaporation and

infiltration.

Ia was found to follow:

Ia = 0.2*S

S)(PS)(PQ

2

*8.0

*2.0

+

=


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Potential Maximum RetentionPotential Maximum Retention

S is related to the soil

cover conditions of the

watershed through theCN.

CN has a range of 0 to

100

10

CN

1000S


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Soil ErosionSoil Erosion


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Whats soil erosion?Whats soil erosion?

Erosion is the process of detachment and

transport of soil particles by erosive agents

(Ellison, 1944)Erosion is a natural geologic process

t WATER EROSIONt WIND EROSION

t TILLAGE TRANSLOCATION


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SOIL EROSION IS GLOBALSOIL EROSION IS GLOBAL

PROBLEMPROBLEM

u 1/3 WORLDS ARABLE LAND LOST SINCE1950

u

MOST IN ASIA, AFRICA, S. AMERICAu 13-18 t/a/yr

u 30% OF US FARMLAND ABANDONED

uEROSION

u SALINIZATIONuWATER-LOGGING

u 90% OF US CROPLAND LOSING SOILFASTER THAN IT IS REPLACED

u >1 t/a/yrPIMENTEL ET AL., 1995


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SIGNIFICANT SOIL LOSS IN THE USA

WATER3.5 X 109 T/yr

WIND

1.5 X 109 T/yr


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WIND EROSIONWIND EROSION

WIND

CREEP

SUSPENSION

SALTATION

uSALTATION DETACHES PARTICLES

u SMALLER PARTICLES SUSPENDEDu LARGER PARTICLES CREEP

u SANDY AND SILTY SOILS MOST SUSCEPTIBLE

u SOIL ACCUMULATION IN DITCHES AND FENCE ROWS


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WIND EROSION CAN BE SIGNIFICANT

Near Mitchell, SD


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Dust bowlDust bowl 1931-1939 there was a

drought called the

dust bowl. It causedhuge dust storms to

erupt that destructed

billions of acres of

farm land.


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stormsstorms

In the first year of

the drought there

were 14 stormsreported and the

second year there

were 38 storms. Itwas getting worse.


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Ruined landRuined landTons of damage

was done to every

ones land and itcosts billions of

dollars to repair the

damages.


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Black SundayBlack SundayApril 14th,1934

black Sunday was

the worst blizzardof the dustbowl

which caused the

most extensivedamage.


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REDUCING WIND EROSIONREDUCING WIND EROSION

u MAINTAIN SURFACE COVERu CROP RESIDUE

u COVER CROPS

u INCREASE STUBBLE HEIGHT

u INSTALL WINDBREAKSu EFFECTIVE 15x HEIGHT

u IRRIGATEu STRIP CROPS PERPENDICULAR TO

PREVAILING WIND
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ustbowl.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.nelson.com/nelson/school/discovery/images/evenimag/19011938/even1901.htm&h=382&w=589&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddustbowl%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.nelson.com/nelson/school/discovery/images/evenimag/19011938/dustbowl.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.nelson.com/nelson/school/discovery/images/evenimag/19011938/even1901.htm&h=382&w=589&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddustbowl%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den


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The Shelterbelt ProgramThe Shelterbelt Program
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WATER EROSIONWATER EROSION

PROCESSPROCESSBEGINS WITH RAINDROPS STRIKING

BARE SOIL DISLODGING PARTICLES

INTENSE RAINS SEAL SURFACEWHEN RAINFALL EXCEEDS

INFILTRATION WATER IS STORED IN

SMALL DEPRESSIONS

ONCE DEPRESSIONS ARE FILLED,

RUNOFF BEGINS
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WATER EROSIONWATER EROSION

PROCESSPROCESSInitially water flows in a discontinuoussheet

Eventually it concentrates into small

channels or rills. The runoff now hasenergy to break off particles and cutdeeper

The amount of erosion caused by sheet and

rill erosion increases with slope anddistanceRills may eventually form gullies
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ustbowl.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.nelson.com/nelson/school/discovery/images/evenimag/19011938/even1901.htm&h=382&w=589&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddustbowl%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.nelson.com/nelson/school/discovery/images/evenimag/19011938/dustbowl.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.nelson.com/nelson/school/discovery/images/evenimag/19011938/even1901.htm&h=382&w=589&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddustbowl%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den


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THE SOIL WATER EROSIONTHE SOIL WATER EROSION

PROCESSPROCESS
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EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL

QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITYQUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITYLOSS OF OM, CLAY, AND NUTRIENTS

REDUCES PRODUCTIVITY

DAMAGE TO PLANTS

FORMATION OF RILLS AND GULLIESAFFECTS MANAGEMENT

SEDIMENTATION IN WATERWAYS,DIVERSIONS, TERRACES, DITCHES

DELIVERY OF NUTRIENTS TO SURFACEWATER
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Soil Erosin