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Soil
Clay:
• poor drainage, soil is waterlogged
• heavy cultivation
• cold, late soil
• nutrients not leached
Loam:
• drains well but water remains in soil
• easy cultivation
• warms up quite quickly
• nutrients remain in the soil
Sand:
• drains quickly so the soil is dry
• easy cultivation
• warms up quickly
• nutrients leached from the soil
Testing soil pH
• Add distilled water to soil and mix
• Add barium sulphate to allow soil to settle
• Add universal indicator solution
• Check against a pH chart
Effect of soil pH
• Acid soils can be neutralised using lime
• Alkaline soils can be neutralised using FYM
• pH affects the ability of plants to absorb nutrients
Food Chains and Webs
Producer
Herbivore/
Primary Consumer
Carnivore/ Secondary Consumer
At each stage in the food chain energy is lost because:
• organisms respire
• some of the organism is inedible eg. bones and roots
• some of the organism is indigestible and is excreted in the faeces
Weeds
These are plants growing where we do not want them to.
They compete with crops for light, water and nutrients
Types of Weed Control
Chemical:• Herbicides
Cultural:• Mulching – covering the soil with bark, FYM or
grass cuttings• Polythene – black plastic prevents light reaching
the weed seeds• Hoeing – removing the weeds with a hoe
Monoculture
• Removal of Hedgerows leading to soil erosion
• Loss of Habitats
• Increased Pests
• Increased use of Fertilisers
Organic Food
• No artificial fertilisers used, only organic ones like FYM
• No chemical pesticides used, only biological control of pests
• Organic food is healthier for you but does not necessarily taste any better
Use of Large Machinery
• Improves efficiency of farming
• Compacts the soil leading to poor drainage and lack of oxygen for respiration
Keeping Animals
Intensive Farming:• High inputs of labour,
feed, chemicals• Large profits• Animals are at high
stocking densities• Animals are not able
to show normal behaviour
Extensive Farming:• Low inputs and lower
profits• Animals at low
stocking densities• Animals are able to
behave naturally.
Ancient Monuments
Farmers must
• protect any ancient monuments on their land from damage by the public
• protect the public from any damage due to the ancient monument
Countryside Right of Way Act
Farmers must ensure that any public footpaths on their land are accessible and stiles are maintained.
Public footpaths cannot go through back or front gardens, military land, quarries, airfields etc. Access can be restricted for example during lambing, nesting or shooting
Renewable and Non Renewable energy