Smoking in Pakistan

FINAL PROJECTENGLISH

“SOCIAL ISSUES IN PAKISTAN”SMOKING

Submitted to:

Sir

Submitted by:

Syed Muhammad Hilal

ID: Fa09-BBA-090

BBA-I

Comsats University Islamabad

Smoking in Pakistan

Table of contents

I. What is social issue………………………………….3

II. Introduction social issue (smoking)…………………4

III. Smoking in Pakistan…………………………………5

IV. Effects of smoking…………………………………..6

V. Causes of smoking…………………………………..7

VI. Benefits of Quitting Smoking………………………8

VII. Recommendations…………………………………..9

Smoking in Pakistan

VIII. Conclusions…………………………………………9

What is social issue?

Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect many or all members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values, or both.

Social Problems and sociological problems within society are difficult to define and the differences between them are part of an ongoing controversial issue. There seems to be no right or wrong answer and different people have varied views.

A sociologist uses objectivity when studying problems within the whole of society. If sociologists see that there is a problem, for example a social problem becoming a bigger issue they will research it further and create arguments and it will become what is known as a sociological problem, they explain why it happened. It is the wider perspective of problems that occur within entire societies, not small groups within society. ‘Social problems are those aspects of social life that cause private unhappiness or public friction and are identified by those in power as needing some kind of social policy to deal with them.

There are two aspects of a social problem being objective and subjective. The objective is the actual social condition and the subjective is the perception of a social condition as a social problem.

Not all social conditions become elevated to the status of “social problem”, the objective condition must be perceived to be a social problem publicly.

Smoking in Pakistan

At the beginning of the 20th century alcohol abuse was perceived to be a very serious social problem, responsible for family breakdown, abandonment of children, accidental death at work and violence in society.

Social Problems and sociological problems within society are difficult to define and the differences between them are part of an ongoing controversial issue. There seems to be no right or wrong answer and different people have varied views.

A sociologist uses objectivity when studying problems within the whole of society. If sociologists see that there is a problem, for example a social problem becoming a bigger issue they will research it further and create arguments and it will become what is known as a sociological problem, they explain why it happened. It is the wider perspective of problems that occur within entire societies, not small groups within society. ‘Social problems are those aspects of social life that cause private unhappiness or public friction and are identified by those in power as needing some kind of social policy to deal with them.

There are two aspects of a social problem being objective and subjective. The objective is the actual social condition and the subjective is the perception of a social condition as a social problem.

According to most definitions, a social problem is a harmful social condition, according to the beliefs and values of some influential or dominant group in the society. A harmful social condition becomes a social problem when it persists over time and is not solved because there are a number

Smoking in Pakistan

of competing proposed solutions on which people do not agree. Thus social problems involve social issues.

What is smoking?

Tobacco smoking is the practice where tobacco is burned and the vapors either tasted or inhaled. The practice dates to 5000 BC in shamanistic rituals. Many civilizations burnt incense during religious rituals, which was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool Tobacco was introduced to the

old world in the late 1500s where it followed common trade routes. The substance was met with frequent criticism, but became popular nonetheless. The industrialization of production and increased life expectancies in the late 1920s prompted anti-smoking groups to advocate against its

Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with other additives and then paralyzed. The resulting vapors are then inhaled and the active substances absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs. The active substances trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings which heighten heart rate, memory, alertness, and reaction time. Dopamine and later endorphins are released, which are often associated with reward and pleasure. As of 2000, smoking is practiced by some 1.22 billion people, and men are more likely to smoke than women, however the gender gap declines with age, poor more likely than wealthy, and people of developing countries than those of developed countries usage.

Smoking in Pakistan

This movement was in Nazi Germany, however following the Second World War health research in Germany was described as "muted”. It was not until the late 1950s before health authorities began suggest the relationship between smoking and cancer. These suggestions were confirmed in the 1980s, which prompted political action against the practice. Rates of consumption from 1965 onward in the developed world have either peaked or declined. They however continue to climb in the developing world.

Social network theory and methods were used to study the relationship between peer groups social structure and adolescent cigarette smoking. In many consideration of adolescent cigarette smoking, special importance is attached to peer group.

It is very compelling to consider peer groups or friendships groups as the principle causal factors in (teenage) smoking behavior.

Other Harmful Forms of Tobacco

1. Spit (smokeless) tobacco2. snuff3. chewing tobacco4. Cigars and pipes5. Hookahs6. Clove cigarettes and bides (from India,

Indonesia, and Pakistan)

Smoking in Pakistan

Smoking in Pakistan

54 percent men and 20 percent women in Pakistan are regular smokers. Pakistani people consume more than 65 billion every year on smoking; this figure however does not reflect the consumption of imported or smuggled cigarettes.

More than 19 brands of cigarettes are available in the market every tenth rupee that the government of Pakistan spends comes from tobacco revenues. Promotion of smoking and tobacco products is not illegal in Pakistan.

Educating the public on tobacco and its hazards is the first step for tobacco control in any country but unfortunately marketing and advertising budget of tobacco companies in Pakistan is far greater than the total budget on health promotion by the Government of Pakistan.

Dr Muhammad Irfan, Consultant Paleontologist, AKU said that tobacco advertising has been shown to have strong influence on children and teenagers. Most countries have completely banned tobacco advertising in order to discourage the youth from taking up smoking. He said that tobacco dependence

Smoking in Pakistan

is generally under treated. People trying to quit should use medications in conjunction with as much counseling as possible.

In Sindh, The highest prevalence of cigarettes smoking among males (48.6%) was seen in those aged 25-44 years. After this age, there was a decline in smoking among males in Punjab and North Western Frontier Province, whereas the other two provinces, Sindh and Balochistan, did not show on.

The overall prevalence of cigarette smoking was 14.2% (95% CI: 13.6-14.8) in individuals aged ≥ 8 years and 19.4% (95% CI: 19.08-19.72) among those aged ≥ 15 years. The highest prevalence was seen in the province of Sindh (16.1%) and the lowest in North Western Frontier Province (7.1%).

Nearly a quarter of males (25.4%) were smokers while only 3.5% of females smoked (p < 0.001). The smoking was slightly more prevalent in urban areas (15.2%) compared to rural areas (13.7%). y such trend.

Smoking is common in Pakistan. There is no clear policy on tobacco

Effects of smoking

Diseases Related to Smoking Cigarettes Percent of All Smokers Dying from Disease in Any Given Year Lung Cancer (0.28%) Chronic Lung Disease (0.21%) Coronary Heart Dis. (0.20%) As the number of smoking years increase, the risk increases substantial.

Smoking in Pakistan

Dizziness, faintness, rapid pulse, cold and clammy skin, N/V, diarrhea either excite or tranquilize stimulates cerebral cortex and adrenal glands (epinephrine release) increase blood pressure, constricted blood vessels.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) and other cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, aortic aneurysm, and pulmonary heart disease Lung cancer and other cancers Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) including emphysema and chronic bronchitis Additional health, cosmetic, & economic concerns such as ulcers, impotence, reproductive health problems, dental diseases, diminished physical senses, injuries, cosmetic concerns (wrinkles and more), & economic costs Cumulative effects on reduced life expectancy and reduced quality of life.

Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

ETS is also known as secondhand smoke Mainstream smoke is exhaled by tobacco addicts Side stream smoke comes off the burning end of the tobacco product Nonsmokers are subjected to health hazards Children have increased health problems Smoking and ETS present dangers for both a pregnant woman and the fetus Try avoiding ETS.

Estimated 100,000 people die every year from Tobacco.

Causes of smoking

Smoking in Pakistan

Nicotine addiction: Addiction can start a few days after have a few cigarettes. Half of teenage progress to daily smoking, and become addicted Social and psychological factors- physical addiction, and habits (using tobacco in social situations), character

Why start in the first place?Appear older, mature; cool, manly, parents smoke do not discourage smoking.

Who uses tobacco?90% of new smokers are children and teens, average age is 13.

Loss of Control:75% of tobacco addicts say want to quit 60-80% of addicts quit at stop-smoking clinics, but nearly all relapse tobacco addicts have dysfunctional need- gratification cycle average 40 minutes between nicotine fix (get edgy, irritable, trouble concentrating if no drug.

Tolerance and Withdrawal:Need to smoke more to have same effect withdrawal symptoms- cravings, insomnia, confusion, tremors, nausea, irritability, anger, depression most symptoms gone in 2-3 days many have cravings for several years after stop smoking.

Smoking in Pakistan

Tobacco use primarily begins in early adolescence, reportedly before the time of high school graduation. Smoking among family members, peers, teachers, psychological relaxation, pleasure, and economic factors.

Benefits of Quitting Smoking

Improved appetite, sense of taste and smell improved

Cardiopulmonary functions increased energy and alertness

Decreased need for sleep fewer headaches improved respiratory status

Reduced risk of lung, oral, and other cancers.

Reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Behavior Change and Tobacco Addiction (Social Learning Theory)

Tobacco addicts can quit if they value the health behavior (VALUE).

Tobacco addicts must believe they are in control their own behaviors

Tobacco addicts must feel confident that they can stop abusing drugs

Tobacco addicts must set realistic and specific goals, both short term and long term.

Tobacco addicts must have social support to maintain a tobacco-free life.

Alternative Products to Help With the Nicotine Addiction Withdrawal

Smoking in Pakistan

Patches Gum

Bottled water (4mg nicotine per bottle).

Reduced risk of lung, oral, and other cancer

Recommendations

Tax on tobacco should be increased Import of cigarette should be banned

Anti smoking laws should be strictly implemented

People smoking in educational institution should be expelled at the spot

Seminars, creating awareness among the masses about the side effects of smoking, should be conducted off and on

Banned the smoking advertisements on print and electronic media

Stop to import cigarettes and tobacco

Shop keepers would not allowed to sell under 18 age

Guide ness from parents and teachers to young generation "NO SMOKING"

Conclusion

Smoking is not good for human in any way, elders should play their role to stop their children's away from smoking, government have to play a vital role to control on smoking

Smoking in Pakistan

by taking steps against tobacco companies and have to banned the import in this industry. Government should implement the laws about smoking.