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PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST OF SUGAR CANE STALK
(Saccharum officinarum l)
ORGANIC 2 PRACTICUM REPORT
Asked to fulfill the task of Practical Organic Chemistry 2
the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Padjadjaran University
Compiled by:
SOFYA ANDARINA
140210080038
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY PADJADJARAN
Jatinangor
2011
ABSTRACT
Photochemical or Photonutrient is all of chemical compound or nutrient which derived
from plant source, including vegetables and fruits. Secondary metabolite is a natural
material in which the various products (chemicals) from the metabolism is not essential
for normal growth, development, or reproduction of plants or organisms. Sugar cane is a
plant produce sugar. The purpose of this experiment was to test the content of alkaloids
from sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) with test Hager, Wagner, Mayer, and
Dragendorf, examine the content of triterpenoids, steroids, and saponin in the leaves of
sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) with Libermann-Burchard test , and test the
content of flavonoids in the leaves of sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) The
experiment was performed with test reagent-test procedure Hager, Wagner, Mayer, and
Dregendorf to test alkaloid. To test was used to test falovonoid flavonoids, and to test
the steroid, saponin, and terpenoid test was used to Liebermann-Burchard reagent. From
the results of this experiment showed that the sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum
L) Gave positive results for the test saponins and triterpenoid
ABSTRAK
Fitokimia atau kadang disebut fitonutrient adalah segala jenis zat kimia atau nutrien
yang diturunkan dari sumber tumbuhan, termasuk sayuran dan buah-buahan. Metabolit
sekunder merupakan suatu bahan alam dimana berbagai produknya (senyawa kimia)
dari suatu metabolisme tidak esensial untuk pertumbuhan normal, perkembangan, atau
reproduksi dari tanaman atau organisme. Tebu merupakan tanaman yang digunakan
untuk penghasil gula. Tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah Mengetahui kandungan alkaloid
dari batang tebu (Saccharum Officinarum L) dengan uji Hager, Wagner, Mayer, &
Dregendorf, menguji keberadaan Triterpena, Steroid, dan Saponin dalam batang tebu
(Saccharum Officinarum L) dengan uji Liebermann Burchard dan mengetahui
keberadaan flavonoid dari batang tebu (Saccharum Officinarum L)Metode yang
digunakan adalah Uji alkaloid dengan tes Hager, Wagner, Mayer, dan dregendorff dan
untuk uji Flavonoid, steroid, Triterpenoid, dan Saponin dengan Uji Liebermann
Burchard. Dari hasil percobaan ini didapatkan bahwa batang tebu (Saccharum
Officinarum L) memberikan hasil yang positif untuk uji flavonoid, saponin dan
triterpenoid.
Phytochemical test of Sugar Cane Stalk
( Saccharum officinarum L )
I. Purposes
1. Testing the content of alkaloids from the leaves of with test Hager, Wagner,
Mayer, and Dragendorf.
2. Testing the content of triterpenoids, steroids, and saponin in the leaves of sugar
cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) with Libermann-Burchard test.
3. Testing the content of flavonoids in the leaves of sugar cane stalk (Saccharum
Officinarum L)
II. PRINSIP
1. Ekstraction
a. Nernst Distribution law
If a compound is added to a system consist of to insoluble compound, so
that this compound will be distributed in to two compouds with a
constant ratio at one temperature.
Where : Kd = Distribution constant
Co = konsentration in organic solvent
Ca = konsentration in water solvent
b. Like dissolve like
The polar substance soluble in polar solvent, non polar substance in non polar solvents
or organic solvents.
2. Alkaloid test
Alkaloid complex precipitation reaction is insoluble in heavy metal
reagent
3. Lieberman-Burchard test
Reaction of forming colour because there is cromofor substances in the
compound.
4 Saphonin test
Reaction of forming base because shaking with water.
5.Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that uses water to break down the compound.
6.Sublimation
A phase transition from the solid to gas phase with no intermediate stage
that occour at temperature and pressure below the triple point.
III. MECHANISME OF REACTION
1. Liebermann-Burchard`s test
2. Saponin`s test
(Miroslav, 1971)
IV. THEORY
O
O
O
H2SO4+
HO
O
OH-O
O
+
O
O
-H+
+ CH3COOH + H2SO4 + CH3COOH
Most of the naturally occurring compounds on the formation and structure
characteristics of secondary metabolism. Actually there is no significant difference
between primary and secondary metabolic. Common sugars such as glucose, fructose
and mannose are the function and structure have been studied biochemistry is the
primary metabolite, whereas the sugar compounds, such as kalkusa, streptosa and
mikaminosa known as constituents of antibiotics classified as secondary metabolic
(Sastrohamidjojo, 1996).
Secondary metabolites is one class of organic compounds of natural ingredients that
have a certain content. Secondary metabolite is a metabolite derived from primary to
secondary metabolite products have this kind of a more diverse and more complex
structure than the primary metabolite products. Secondary metabolites have certain
characteristics, including:
a. The distribution is not uniform in all organisms plants
b. Ecological functions as an insect collector, patron self, competitive tool, or as
hormones
c. It has a chemical structure that berbeada different and related to physiological
activity.
Secondary metabolites has several major classes of metabolites derived from a different
base. Compound group alkaloids, flavonoids, and a phenylpropanoid secondary
metabolites derived amino acid, polyketide class of compounds derived from acetic
acid, and terpenoid compound group and the steroid is a derivative of the acid
mevalonat (Cordell, 1981).
Based on the biosynthesis, secondary metabolites can be likened to the pre substance to be
better products faster by cell suspension cultures. pre substances can stimulate the activity of
certain enzymes in the biosynthesis route, so as to increase the production of secondary
metabolites. but it also compounds that can be improved by manipulation of the media or by the
addition of compounds pekusor. stimulates the activity of certain enzymes involved in the
biosynthesis route, so as to increase the production of secondary metabolites. obtain a form
differesiasi metabolism of plant cells (Muslim, 2010)
Secondary Metabolites of compounds (Fessenden & Fessenden, 1986) :
1.Alkaloid
In general, the class of alkaloid compounds are usually not colored crystal, is alkaline, can form
a precipitate with acid solution fosfowolframat, acid phosphomolybdate, pikrat acid, potassium
merkuriiodida and so forth.
2.Flavonoid
Flavonoids are a group that included into the wild most phenolic compounds, flavonoid
compounds are responsible for the purple dye, red, blue and some yellow pigment in plants.
Flavonoids in plants has four functions:
a) As a color pigment
b) The function of pathology and cytology
c) pharmacological activity
d) Flavonoids in food
3.Triterpenoid
Many plants (flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds or roots) that smells good. The smell was coming
from a compound consisting of 10 and 15 carbon-called Terpen. Based on the number of
isoprene units they contain, terpenoid compounds consisting of:
a. Monoterpena (two isoprene units)
b. Seskuiterpena (three isoprene units)
c. Diterpena (four isoprene units)
d. Triterpena (six isoprene units)
e. Tetraterpena (eight isoprene units)
4.Steroid
Simply put steroids can dioartkan as class of organic compounds of natural materials which
frame structure consisting of androstan (siklopentanofenantren), has four integrated ring. These
compounds have certain physiological effects.
5.Saponin
Saponin glycosides are the type commonly found in plants. Saponins have the characteristics of
the fruit, so that when direksikan with water and whipped foam will be formed that can last a
long time. Saponins are classified into two steroid saponins and triterpenoid saponins. Steroid
saponin is hydrolyzed to produce an aglycone
Alkaloid was first disclosed by Meisner in 1818 to refer to compounds that have
properties similar to alkali, in other words the alkaloid is a base compound. In another
sense alkaloid derivative is defined as a compound containing atoms ntirogen contained
in the plant (Raphael, 1991).
At the end of the definition that states an alkaloid compound found only in plants,
irrefutable. This happened after the alkaloids can be isolated from other living things,
such as marine organisms, insects and microorganisms. Then suggested that any
nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites can be referred to as alkaloids (Leonard,
1994).
Alkaloids are widely distributed in the plant world. Most of the source of alkaloids in
plants are flowering, angiospermae. In general, alkaloids are not found or rarely found
in gymnosperms, ferns, lichens and lower plants (Robinson, 1995).
Alkaloids is a class of secondary metabolites in plants substance of the largest
(Harborne, 1973). Alkaloids are found in the roots, seeds, and bark of plants that can be
extracted by diiosolasi with the addition of acid (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or
acetic acid) or alcohol. The presence of alkaloids can be detected, either by precipitation
or by using a color reagent. For how to deposition, the reactants important commonly
used are: Mayer's reagent, Wagner's reagent, and reagent Dragendorf. While the color
reagent usually contains elements of oxidizing or pendehidrasi or a combination of both.
(Raphael, 1991).
The function of alkaloids in plants is still a mystery. Alkaloid said to be a product of
plant metabolism, as raw material for the synthesis of proteins, as compounds that can
protect plants from animal or insect attack, as a stimulant or regulator compounds in
plants such as hormones, or simply as a product that is toxic. In addition, the alkaloid
could also replace the alkaline minerals in ionic equilibrium in the body memperthankan
plants (Raphael, 1991). Alkaloids are often toxic to humans but besides that alkaloids
have physiological functions are quite large, so are used widely in medicine (Harborne,
1973).
Steroids is one group of natural compounds found in plants and animals. The basic
structure of this compound is a series of carbon tetrasiklik as in Fig
Gambar Kerangka dasar steroid (1,2-siklopentenoperhidrofenantren)
(Harbone, 1973).
Steroid group is distinguished from the type of substituents R1, R2, and R3, and the
number of oxygen functional groups, double bonds and the configuration of asymmetric
centers on the basic framework of carbon. Typically R1 and R2 is a methyl group, while
R3 may be a carbon chain with carbon atom number two, four, five, ten or more
(Harbone, 1973).
Steroids can be classified based on physiological properties are as follows:
1. Sterol
2. Bile acids
3. Sex hormones
4. Hormone adrenokortikoid
5. Cardiac aglycone
6. Sapogenin
(Robinson, 1995).
Most of the various classes of organic compounds and natural ingredients contained in
the secondary metabolite is a terpene which includes mono, sesqui, di-, tri-and poly-
terpenoid compounds. Terpen name given to compounds that have the molecular
formula C10H16 is etymologically derived from the terebinth tree, Pistacia terebinthus.
Volatility terpenoid compounds easily recognized in plants that smell nice and Midah
once isolated by distillation from the leaves, stems and flowers that became known as
oil "essential" or also called essential oils (Sastrohamidjojo, 1996).
Most are free terpenoid compounds in plant tissue, not bound with other compounds,
but many also found as glycosides, esters of organic acids and in some ways bound to
proteins. Members of the low (compounds C10 and C15) can be obtained by steam
distillation of fresh or dried plants, whereas the higher members (C20 or more) are
usually isolated by solvent extraction and then separated and purified by kristalisasai,
distillation and chromatography (Geissman, 1963).
The composition of terpenoid compounds (C10, C15, C20, C30, etc.) is a multiple unit
of five carbon atoms and the unit has the carbon skeleton isopentyl. Based on terpene
hydrocarbon isoprene research is the result of pyrolytic decomposition, it is considered
to be composed of terpene "isoprene units."
Gambar 2.6 Unit isoprena (C5)
(Geissman, 1963).
A number of specific plants contain compounds that can be used as a cleanser, this
compound is saponin. Saponin at first so named because it is like a soap (Sapo Latin,
meaning soap). Saponin is a strong surface-active compounds that cause the foam when
shaken in water and at low concentrations often cause hemolysis of red blood cells. In
very dilute solution, saponin is very toxic to Okan, and plants containing saponins have
been used as fish poison for hundreds of years. Some saponins also worked as an
antimicrobial. Among the many effects that were reported, the effects of well-supported
by evidence is the inhibition of steroid-child path to the kidneys, but these compounds
also inhibit prostaglandin dehydrogenase line. In recent years become important
because certain saponins can be obtained from several plants with good results and are
used as raw material for the synthesis of steroid hormones used in the health field
(Robinson, 1995).
Sugarcane crop in the taxonomy of plants classified as follows:
Kingdom : plantae
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Kelas : Liliopsida
Ordo : Poales
Family : Poaceae
Genus : saccharum
Species : Saccharum offinarum L
morphological characteristics of sugarcane diantranya batamg Konis, inter-segment
composition jointed, with a rather flat cross section, stem yellowish green color, the stem has
a thin wax coating, the form book upside down with the root segment 3-4. Sugarcane is one of
the plants native to tropical wet ( Pahlevi , 2011)
V. ALAT DAN BAHAN
5.1 Apparatus :
1. Beaker glass
2. Drop pipette
3. Erlenmeyer flask
4. Heating mantle
5. Test tube
5.2 Materials :
1. Cloroform amoniacal
2. Cucumber
3. Ethanol
4. Hydrochloric acid
5. Methanol
6. Reagent Dragondorff
7. Reagent Hager
8. Reagent Mayer
9. Reagent Wagner
10. Sulfuric acid
VI. PROCEDURES
1. Alkaloids
Material is extracted with chloroform. The extract is placed in test tube. After that,
the top layer is taken and put in test tube. The extrac is separation be two solution. One
solution is added with Hayer reagent and two solution is added of 2 N sulfuric acid,and
than,
- The first filtrate is added few drops of Wagner’s reagent. The existence of
alkaloids is indicated by brown precipitates.
- The second filtrate is added few drops of Mayer’s reagent. The existence of
alkaloids is indicated by red precipitates.
- The third filtrate is added a few drops of Dragendorff’s reagent. The existence of
alkaloids is indicated by reddish-brown precipitates.
2. Flavonoids
Sample extraction with methanol and than placed in test tube. After that, the
top layer is taken and put in test tube. The extrac is added with hydrochloric acid 2N
and magnesium powder. The existence of flavonoids is indicated by orange solution.
3. Triterpenoids and Steroids
Material is extracted with ethanol. The filtered ether extract is evaporated to dryness.
The residue is added with a few drops of Liebermann-Bouchard’s reagent (anhydrous
acetate acid: sulfuric acid = 2 : 1). Triterpenoids give purple color and steroids give
blue-green color.
4. Saponins
Material is mixed by hot water. After that, test tube is shaken for 30 seconds. The
forming of foam at least 1 cm high and persistent for several minutes and also
permanent when the foam is added by 1 drop of liquid HCl, it means positive reaction
for saponins.
VII. TABLE AND EXPERIMENT
a. Physical and chemical properties
Substances Physical properties Chemical properties
Ethanol 1. Mp : -117,3 °C 1. Volatile
(CH3CH2OH)
2. Bp : 78,3 °C 2. Flamable
3. Mr : 46 g/mol
Hydrochloric acid
(HCl) 1. Mr : 36,5 g/mole 1.Soluble in water
2. Strong acid
Sulphuric acic
(H2SO4) 1. Mr :99,08 g/mole 1. Strong acid
2. Mp : 10,36°C 2. Soluble in water
3. Bp : 338°C 3. Corosive
b. Results of experiment
Secondary
metabolite
Procedure Results
Alkaloids 3 parts of acid layer
I part + Dragendorf’s
II part + Mayer’s
III part + wagner’s
(-)
(-)
(-)
Flavonoid - Filtrate + ethanol + HCl+ Mg powder → orange (-)
Triterpenoids
and Steroids
- Residue + LB’s reagent → no changes (+)
Saponin Filtrate + water , shaked → foam
Foam + HCl → foam disappear
(+)
VIII. DISCUSSION
This experiment aims to test the content of alkaloids from the leaves of sugar
cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) with test Hager, Wagner, Mayer, and
Dragendorf, examine the content of triterpenoids, steroids, and saponin in the leaves
sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L)with Libermann-Burchard test , and test the
content of flavonoids in the leaves of sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L)
The presence of secondary metabolites as a compound of natural ingredients has
been used extensively because it is considered good for humans and the environment,
and it is easily biodegradable. Currently, the use of compounds of natural ingredients
gradually to replace the synthetic compounds that can cause negative impacts if the user
does not control.
Determination / content testing of chemical compounds in plants can be made
through phytochemical screening (screening phytochemicals). The first step in this
phytochemical screening is the collection of plant parts, both to test phytochemical or
making herbarium. Herbarium is the documentation of a plant that can provide
information about these plant species. Completeness part of a herbarium of plants is
needed to facilitate the determination of these plants.
To know the content of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoid and
saponins), the leaves of the sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) crushed using a
mortar and pestle. This milling function to open a plant cell walls so that secondary
metabolites more easily get out and extracted.
In the test alkaloids, the addition of chloroform amoniakal function to free the alkaloid
from the form of salts. In general, the alkaloid compounds in plants are not in a free
state, but bonded complex partial ionic bond with an organic acid. With the addition of
chloroform-amoniakal which aims to extract alkaline alkaloid found in plants that were
tested with how to break the bond that formed between the alkaloid with acid alkaloids
tannins that will be in its free state in which the ammonia serves to break this bond
because it is alkaline, while chloroform has a polarity relatively similar to the alkaloids
in the free state. The use of chloroform-amoniakal based on principles like dissolve like
because chloroform-amoniakal have the same polarity so as to dissolve the alkaloid
alkaloids. Chloroform used must amoniakal or contain ammonia because of the plant
alkaloid which is alkaline in nature are usually in the form of salt. Bound with organic
acids called tannin acid. Ammonia is alkaline which will decide ties with the alkaloid
tannin acid, tannin acid became so attached to the ammonia and the alkaloids are in a
free state. In the free state of the alkaloids tend to be nonpolar so it will be immediately
extracted by chloroform which also tend to be nonpolar.
Once added chloroform is agitation-amoniakal which aims to expand contacts between
the solvent with the pulp plant. Then the more broken bond between alkaloids with
tannin acid yangn alkaloid extracted so much. Amoniakal chloroform extract of the
leaves are separated by the pulp by filtration using a cotton swab and the extract is
divided into two.
Chloroform extract amoniakal the first tube tested with a reagent in the form Hager
pikrat acid solution saturated. A plant contains alkaloids tested positive for if you
develop a yellowish white precipitate because of the precipitation reaction between
alkaloids with reagents that contain heavy metals. Alkaloids contain nitrogen atoms that
have a lonely electron pair that can bind with metal ions that will form covalent bonds
where the coordination of alkaloids as ligands and metal ions as central atoms. The
complex formed will settle if the product of the solubility of alkaloids and metal ions is
greater than the product of complex solubility. This can be obtained by making a large
concentration of one species forming a complex, but the concentration of alkaloids is
not known with certainty so that the reagent is made of heavy metals due to the small
solubility product. In this test, the extract showed a positive result is the formation of
yellow precipitate.
For amoniakal chloroform extract in the second tube coupled with 2N sulfuric acid. The
addition of sulfuric acid was intended to bind the alkaloid and form a salt, in order to
react with the reactants form a complex heavy metals and inorganic salts are not
soluble, and restore an alkaloid extracted into the form of salts by binding to acid, so the
alkaloids will separate the components Other components of plant cells that take part
extracted by dispersing the acid phase. This aims to prevent other components besides
participate mengendapnya alkaloids that would produce a less accurate test. Because the
polarity and density differences between amoniakal chloroform and sulfuric acid will be
formed in two phases.
In the test with the reagent used by Hager was not added because the reagent Hager acid
itself has the form of acid. On the addition of 2N sulfuric acid will occur in two phases
which disebabkna because different degrees of polarity between the acid (water phase)
and chloroform (organic phase). Aqueous phase will be at the top because its density is
smaller than the organic phase. The top layer and then placed on the plate drops and
tested with Mayer's reagent, Wagner's and Dragendorff.
Testing positive alkaloid characterized by the deposition. This happens because the
alkaloid compounds containing nitrogen atoms having lone pair. These free electrons
will be donated to the heavy metal atoms to form complex compounds with groups
containing nitrogen atoms as ligannya. This complex compound is insoluble
(precipitate) and provide color in accordance with the reagent used.
Positive results on tests Mayer alkaloids characterized by the formation of white
precipitate. It is estimated that the sediment is a complex potassium-alkaloidal. In the
manufacture of reagents Mayer, merkurium solution (II) chloride plus potassium iodide
will react to form a red precipitate merkurium (II) iodide. If potassium iodide is added
excess potassium will be formed tetraiodomerkurat (II). Alkaloids contain nitrogen
atoms that have lone pairs that can be used to form coordinate covalent bonds with
metal ions. In the test alkaloids with Mayer reagent, estimated nitrogen on alkaloid will
react with metal ions K + from potassium tetraiodomerkurat (II) complex form of
potassium-alkaloid buildup. Estimated test happens to Mayer are:
Reaksi yang terjadi:
Pereaksi Mayers
Alkaloid + H2SO4 + pereaksi Endapan kompleks
R3N + H2SO4 R3NH+ + H+ + SO42-
Pereaksi Wagner
e
negative results. This is because the plant is used as a sample plant shrubs, while
alkaloids are secondary metabolites results from a complex metabolism and is generally
produced by higher plants.
In the test of flavonoids from leaves of plants tembelekan, first extract stem
tembelekanditambahkan concentrated hydrochloric acid. Then add powdered Mg. The
addition of reagents is due to chemically flavonoid containing aromatic ring composed
of 15 carbon atoms with basic core arranged in conjugate C6-C3-C6 (two aromatic core
to connect to 3 carbon atoms) (10, 11), so as to form a solution of orange if samples
contain flavonoid compounds.
On testing steroids, triterpenoid and saponins, after the plants are crushed, added hot
ethanol. Ethanol solvent used because ethanol has two clusters, namely polar group on
the alcohol and nonpolar groups in the hydrocarbon.
Steroids and triterpenoids are relatively non-polar while the saponins
tend bersifar polar. By using ethanol, all these compounds can be extracted. The use of
hot ethanol will increase the solubility of compounds Suatau so hopefully all the
steroids, triterpenoid and saponins contained in the plants will be extracted into ethanol.
Concentrated ethanol extract was dissolved with diethyl ether to attract nonpolar
components in the dried extract in accordance with the principle of like dissolve like. To
test and streoid triterpenoid content in the sample (leaf), diethyl ether extract is added
reagent-Buchard Lieberman (LB), which is a mixture of acetic acid Anhydride with
concentrated sulfuric acid (2:1).
On a positive indication of steroids are marked with a color change to blue, green. Blue,
green color that is not absorbed but complementary color. The color is orange so
absorbed steroid is known to absorb at a wavelength of 585-647 nm. While on
triterpenoid positive indications marked with a color change to red, purple or brown.
Colors are absorbed by the triterpenoid is green with a wavelength of 491-570 nm. -OH
group in the triterpenoid will experience a shift in wavelength that is absorbed so that
the resulting color is different. So red, purple or brown are complementary colors. This
color formation reaction can occur because of the chromophore group (unsaturated
group) caused by the absorption of certain wavelengths by organic compounds. Organic
compounds with extensive conjugation absorb certain wavelengths because of the π
electron transition into πΔ and n to πΔ so that the color that is absorbed is not a color
that looked but complementary colors. If the sample contains triterpenoids and steroids
as well as the first color that arises is then followed by the color of the color triterpenoid
steroids. This is because the wavelength is absorbed by the triterpenoid longer means
lower energy so that it will appear first.
Reaksi Lieberman-Buchard
In the experiment, can product steroid test solution became brown color,
indicating that the stem tembelekan (tembelekanus amarylifolius) contains terpenoids.
But the Liebermann-Burchard test can not be used for specific terpenoids such as
monoterpenoids, seskiterpenoid, and politerpenoid. Liebermann-Burchard test more
specific for steroid compounds.
Residues that do not dissolve when the addition of diethyl ether is added with hot
distilled water to test for saponins. The presence of saponin is characterized by the onset
of foam after shaking with distilled water and foam constant heat for 30 minutes.
Saponin is a component of polar lipids that are ampifilik (a cluster of hydrophilic and
hydrophobic groups). In liquid systems, liquid lipids spontaneously form micelles
dispersed with tail alteration found is phyllic that intersect with the liquid medium.
Micelles may contain thousands of lipid molecules. Liquid lipids form a layer with a
thickness of one molecule of a single layer. In that system, open hydrocarbon tail
keudara so avoid the water and extends lapiasn hydrophilic polar water, the system is
called premises foam. In the experiment, positive saponin test results (produce foam)
VIII. CONCLUSSION
1. sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L)does not contain alkaloid compounds.
2. sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L)does not contain flavonoids.
3. sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) contains triterpenoid and saponin
compounds.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Cordell, G.A. 1981. Introduction to Alkaloid A Biogenetic Approach. John Willey and
Sons., Inc. New York.
Fessenden, R.J & J. S. Fessenden. 1986. Kimia Organik, diterjemahkan oleh A.H.
Pudjaatmaka. Erlangga. Jakarta.
Harbone, J.B. 1973. Phytochemical Method. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant
Analysis. Chapman and Hall. London.
Miroslav, V. 1971. Detection and Identification of OrganicCompound. Planum
Publishing Corporation and SNTC Publishers of Technical Literatur. New York.
Muslim,A.2010.Produksi Metabolit sekunder dengan kultur jaringan tanaman melalui
jalur Biosintesis. http://abangtamiang.blogspot.com/2010/10/produksi-metabolit-
sekunder-9800.html
Pahlevi,W.R. 2011. Tanaman Tebu. http://budakponti-fahlevi.blogspot.com/ 2011/ 02/
proposal-pki-p3gi-pasuruan.jawa.html
Raphael, I. 1991. Natural Products A Laboratory Guide. Second edition. Academic
Press. San Diego.
Sastriohamidjojo, H. 1996. Sintesis Bahan Alam. Edisi pertama. Gajah Mada University
Press. Yogyakarta.