Software Verification, Validation and Testing | ASU 2010

7/22/2019 Software Verification, Validation and Testing | ASU 2010

1/107

]hatwbrl Qbinjbtnhg, Qlrnanmbtnhg bgj Zlstngc

Mhursl Ghtls - Anrst Enjtlre

Abii 6020


2/107

]yiibfus 4/2>/20 =;


3/107

_wllo 02 Mibss 02 ZdursjbyU 4/2>/20 =;).

F343 ns bghtdlr stbgjbrj (Fhlngc)

AJB ns bghtdlr bclgmy.


4/107

- QBINJBZNHG; Zlgjs th bgswlr tdl qulstnhg "brl wl funijngc tdlrncdt prhjumt8 Ns tdns shatwbrl jh wdbt nt glljs th jh8

(muepil rlqulrnenlgths jl usubrnh)

- QLVNANMBZNHG; Brl wl funijngc tdl prhjumt rncdt8 Jhls tdns ellts ntrlqunrlelgts. Nt ns tdl lbsy hgl.

(lstb nepilelgtbjh bmhrjl b jnslh)

Ngjustry tbios bfhut Q&Qmhgmlpts wdnmd stbgjs ahr Qbinjbtnhg &

Qlrnanmbtnhg.

Htdlr mhgmlpt ns NQ&Qwdnmd stbgjs ahr Ngjlplgjlgt Q&Q

- ZL]ZNGC;Lxbengbtnhg ha tdl fldbvnhr ha b prhcrbe fy lxlmutngc nthg sbepil jbtb slts.

Zlstlrs Q] Phiistlrs Bgbihcnls

_Phii - lgmulstbsU

_]mnlgtnanm phiistlrs sumd bs MGG, GFM Glws. Zdly tbol b

rlprlslgtbtnvl crhup ahr tdl phii, wdlrl tdl jlehcrbpdnms brl wliijlanglj wdnmd elbgs tdbt tdl EHL (ebrcng ha lrrhr) ns ilss tdbg =.U

Phiistlrs brl pbnj th ebol prljnmtnhgs, wdnil Zlstlrs . jhls tlstlr

ebol prljnmtnhgs8.

Zlstlrs brl lxplmtlj th jh prljnmtnhgs bfhut tdl rlinbfninty ha

tdl ]S.

Fhtd Zlstlrs bgj Phiistlrs whros wntd sncgnanmbgt mhgstrbngs, ebngiy

ehgly bgj tnel.

Phiistlrs mbgght jh bg lxdbustnvl phii. Zlstlrs mbgght lntdlr jh

lxdbustnvl tlstngc. ]hel mbsls ebyfl wdlg tdl ]S ns vlry snepil

bgj dbs vlry splmnanm ngputs.


5/107

Na yhu mbgght ebol b lxdbustnvl phii tdlg yhu dbvl th bssurl yhu

dbvl b chhj sbepil (rlprlslgtbtnvl bgj vbinj stbtnstnmbiiy). Zdl sbel

dbpplglj ahr b tlst prhmlss.

:. Laalmtnvl Zlstngc

- Lxbengbtnhg ha tdl fldbvnhr ha b prhcrbe fy lxlmutngc nt hgVLPVL]LGZBZNQL sbepil jbtb slts.

- VHN (Vlturg ha Ngvlstelgt); Ns b jlvlihpelgt laahrt fut bish b Q&Qlaahrt. Dhw ebgy laahrt wl put hg jhngc tdl jlvlihpelgt bgj

tdl Q&Q.

Znel uslj ahr jnaalrlgt bmtnvntnls

2/= - B&J

2/= Mhjngc

2/= - Q&Q

Mhst 5 a(prhjumtnvnty)Zdl ]S prhjumtnvnty ns 2 IHM / dr.

VHN, hg shatwbrl ns bii bfhut tdl laahrt wl put hg jhngc tdl Q&Q.


6/107

_wllo 02 Mibss 02 ZdursjbyU 4/2>/20 =;


7/107

=. Zlstngc Bttntujls

- Ngjlplgjlgml. NQ&Q, ngjlplgjlgml tlst, hr ngjlplgjlgml tlbe.- Musthelr plrsplmtnvl; ugjlrstbgj tdl musthelr? oghw bfhut tdl

jhebng.

- Jlehgstrbtl tdbt tdl systle whros. Ch tdrhucd bii tdlrlqunrlelgts bgj fl surl tdbt wl ellt tdle bii. Zdns ns ongj ha milbg

prhmlss.

- Jnrty tlstngc(try th frlbo tdl systle)- Prhalssnhgbinse. Zlstngc sdhuij fl bg bjj vbiul th tdl prhjumt.

]dhuij fl sheltdngc wdlrl b plrshg mbg dbvl b mbrllr. Zdl jnaalrlgt

pbtds ha mbrllr hg ]S mhuij fl; jlvlihpelgt, ecgt, tlstngc. Nt mhuij

fl b chhj njlb th clt b Inmlgsngc ha ]L, tdlrl ns b mlrtnanmbtnhg hg

Zlxbs (all, tlst, bgj ljumbtnhgbi fbmocrhugj). Zdl tlst mhvlrs;

jlvlihpelgt bgj rlbshg bfhut mhrrlmtglss (tlstngc, nepilelgtbtnhg,

prhvl ha mhrrlmtglss).

Ghtl;

B chhj tlst lgcngllr dbs;

-- bg bfninty th tbol tdl phngt ha vnlw ha tdl musthelr,- b strhgc jlsnrl ahr qubinty,- b 'tlst th frlbo' bttntujl,- bgj bg bttlgtnhg th jltbni.


8/107

Dhelwhro 4/2>/20 =;>:0&rlp5rlp2&typl5pja

- ]hatwbrl Zlstngc Flst Prbmtnmls,Mdniibrlcl, Vbe,dttp;//www.mdniibrlcl.mhe/butdwhro/pbplrs2>>0s/ZlstngcFlstPrbmtnml.pja

- Zdl ]hatwbrl Rubinty Mdbiilgcl,Sbtts ]. Duepdrly,

MrhssZbio, Kugl 6004.


9/107

_wllo 06 Mibss 06 ZulsjbyU 4/6:/20 6;:4 PE

0. Arhe tdl ibst mibss

Vlbjngc Pbplrs

! Mibssnm Enstbols ng Zlstngc! Zlstngc Flst Prbmtnmls! Mrhsstbio bfhut RubintyZlstngc Bttntujls

! Prhalssnhgbinse; tlstngc ns b mbrrnlr, bs jlvlihp bgj bs ebgbclelgt.! Inmlgsl bs ]L ng Zlxbs! ;-0 (jlvlihp bgj rlbshgngc bfhut mhrrlmtglss).

Ngmiujl tlstngc, Prhha ha mhrrlmtglss bgj Nepilelgt! Zlstngc ns ght b mhursl ngth ugnvlrsnty ;-0 fut tdlrl brl b iht ha fhhos!

2. Zlstngc Prngmnpils

b)Jh ght tdrhw bwby yhur tlst.Zdly brl chngc th fl uslaui ng tdl auturl. Vlusl, ebngtbng yhur prhjumt(tdl prhjumt wnii fl hut ahr b wdnil, nt ns flttlr th sbvl yhur mbsl ha

tlstngc) rlcrlssnhg bgbiysns.

f)Prhfbfninty ha tdl lxnstlgml ha ehrl lrrhrs ng b slmtnhg ha mhjlns prhphrtnhgbi th tdl # ha lrrhrs birlbjy ahugj.

! Vleleflr wl dbvl 2 lrrhr/Oihm! Lrrhrs tlgj th clglrbtl miustlrs (flmbusl mhepilxnty, jlplgjlgmls ha

tdl mhjl, soniis ha tdl jlvlihplr ha tdbt slmtnhg ha mhjl, phhr hr

mdbgcngc rlqunrlelgts tdbt baalmt tdbt pbrt).

m)B glmlssbry pbrt ha b tlst mbsl ns tdl jlangntnhg ha tdl lxplmtljrlsuit

B tlst mbsl mhgsnst hg; ngput bgj lxplmtlj rlsuits.

! Lxbepil; Zlstngc b glw hptnenzlj M++ mhepnilr. Zdl ngput whuij fl banil2 wntd mhjl, bgj tdl lxnt b anil6 wntd mhjl tdbt sbtnsanlj jlanglj

mdbrbmtlrnstnms.


10/107

! ilvli ha ngjlplgjlgmlj)Abstlr bgj Mdlbplr

Ilbg ebguabmturngc, ilbg tlstngc, ilbg shatwbrl jlvlihpelgt ;-h

! Zdns dbs th fl wntd tlmdghihcy, tlmdgnquls, bgj rlusl.

6. Pbplr 2. Mibssnm tlstngc enstbols fy Frnbg Ebrnmo

Frnbg Ebrnmo ns b ongc ha ilbjlr ng tdl brlb! _Pbcl 6:U ]hel mibssnm tlstngc enstbols! 6. (Vhil ha Zlstngc). Zdngongc tdbt tdl purphsl ha tlstngc ns th

angj fucs.Zdlrl ns ght prhfile ng tdl stbtl. Dhwlvlr wl sdhuij

rlengj tdbt tdl hfklmtnvl ha tlstngc ns th angj nephrtbgt fucs.

! :. (Vhil ha Zlstngc). Ght rlphrtngc usbfninty prhfiles. Nt nsmheehg th rlphrt hgiy augmtnhgbinty lrrhrs. Vlebng tdbt tdl uslr jh

ght usl b thhi augmtnhgbiiy fut fy tbsos.

! 3. (Vhil ha Zlstngc). ]tbrtngc tlstngc thh ibtl (fuc jltlmtnhg ghtfuc rljumtnhg).Zlstngc sdhuij flcng ng arhgt. Sl sdhuij wrntl tlst bt

tdl sbel tnel wl brl wrntngc rlqunrlelgts. ^hu wrntl yhur tlst mbsls

flahrl yhu wrntl yhur mhjl. Zdl njlb ns tdbt jlvlihplr dbvl ehrl

ngahrebtnhg bfhut wdbt nt ns lxplmtlj.

! 20. (Pibggngc tdl mhepiltl tlstngc laahrt). Puttngc strlss bgjihbj tlstngc haa th tdl ibst engutl. Nt ns b prhfile jul tdl abmt

tdlrl whuij ght fl lghucd tnel th anx bgy nssul.

! 22. (Pibggngc tdl mhepiltl tlstngc laahrt). Ght tlstngc tdljhmuelgtbtnhg. Ghrebiiy tdl tlstngc ns jhgl th tdl rlqunrlelgts,

fut nt ns bish glmlssbry th tlst tdl jhmuelgtbtnhg (ngstbiibtnhgs

prhmljurls bgj mhgancurbtnhg ngstrumtnhgs).


11/107

! 2>. (Plrshggli nssuls). Zlstlrs brl ght jhebng lxplrts. Sl glljth dbvl tdl plhpil wdh rlbiiy ugjlrstbgj tdl bppinmbtnhg.

! 6=. (Plrshggli nssuls). B pdysnmbi slpbrbtnhg fltwllgjlvlihplrs bgj tlstlrs.]lpbrbtlj crhups. Nt ns ght chhj th dbvl

tdns slpbrbtnhg.

=. Pbplr 6. Zlstngc Flst Prbmtnmls fy Vbe Mdniibrlcl

Vlphrt 64 flst prbmtnmls 2. (Ngmrlelgtbi) Bssls shatwbrl rlinbfnintyvnb stbtnstnmbi tlstngc.

Hgl wby th tbio bfhut rlinbfninty ns EZFA (Elbg Znel Fltwllg

Abniurls), tdl hgiy wby th elbsurl tdns ns tdrhucd stbtnstnmbi tlstngc.

6. (Fbsns) Jlvlihp bg bcnil tlst jlsncg. Bcnil elbgs; ailxnfil, sdhrtmymils, sebii pnlmls bt tdl sbel tnel.

=. (Ahugjbtnhgbi) \tninzl ehjli-fbsl tlstngc-tlmdgnqulsSdil whrongc hg tdl jlvlihpelgt wl usl Ehjli Fbsl ]hatwbrl

Lgcngllrngc (EF]L) bgj ]hatwbrl Jlvlihpelgt, tdns elbgs dbvl

ehjlis sumd bs \EI, stbtl ebmdngl, Pltrn glts, bgj tdlg arhe dlrl

ehvl th tdl mhjl.

\EI - "stbtl ebmdngl" ch th tlst bgj mhjl!

]heltdngc snenibr dbpplg ahr tlstngc. Sl gllj ehjlis bgj tdl ehvl

arhe tdlrl th tlstngc mbsls.

:. (Ngmrlelgtbi) Mrhss-augmtnhgbi tlbes. Nt ns b vlry chhj prbmtnmlth dbvl tlstlr bgj jlvlihplrs thcltdlr bt tdl sbel tnel.

\sl (NPJZ) - Ngtlcrbtlj Prhjumt Jlvlihpelgt Zlbe


12/107


13/107

Bgj tdlg angbiiy shel dhw 2 /2000 lrrhr plr IHM

Zdlg whrry bfhut vbrnbtnhg lg mhgancurbtnhg

Vlvnlw tdl Zbfil 2 bgj Zbfil 6. (tlstngc vbrnbtnhgs bgj phssnfil pbtdstdrhucd b gltwhro).

Zdngo hg dhw th tlst bii phssnfil hptnhgs hg tdl shatwbrl.

_Pbcl


14/107

_wllo 06 Mibss 06 ZulsjbyU 4/6:/20 6;:4 PE

2. Zlstngc Zlmdgnquls

Zdlrl brl twh typls ha tlstngc tlmdgnquls

! Augmtnhgbi tlstngc; (fibmo fhxhrnlgtlj 5 tlsts tdl augmtnhgbintyha bgbppinmbtnhg bs hpphslj th nts ngtlrgbi strumturls hr whrongcs).

Zdns brl bppinmbfil hg bgy ilvli.

Zypnmbi fibmo-fhx tlst jlsncg tlmdgnquls ngmiujl; Jlmnsnhg tbfil

tlstngc, Bii-pbnrs tlstngc, ]tbtl trbgsntnhg tbfils, Lqunvbilgml

pbrtntnhgngc, Fhugjbry vbiul bgbiysns.

! ]trumturbi Zlstngc; (wdntl fhxhrnlgtlj 5 tlsts ngtlrgbi strumturls hrwhrongcs ha bg bppinmbtnhg bs hpphslj th nts augmtnhgbinty).

Zdl tlstlr mdhhsls ngputs th lxlrmnsl pbtds tdrhucd tdl mhjl bgj

jltlrengl tdl bpprhprnbtl hutputs. Nt ns bgbihchus th tlstngc ghjls ng

b mnrmunt

Sdntl-fhx tlst jlsncg tlmdgnquls ngmiujl; Mhgtrhi-aihw tlstngc, Jbtb

aihw tlstngc, Frbgmd tlstngc, Pbtd tlstngc.

Sl brl chngc th rlvnlw shel ha tdl Augmtnhgbi Zlstngc tlmdgnquls.

6. Augmtnhgbi Zlstngc (fibmo fhx)

\slaui ahr bii ilvlis ha Zlstngc!

b) ]mlgbrnh-fbsl Zlstngc; jnrlmtiy tnglj th usl-mbsls (usl mbsl jrnvlg

tlstngc).

Zdl rlqunrlelgts brl lxprlsslj hg usl-mbsls. (dnsthrnls wntd slvlrbi

stlps)


15/107

Lxbepil; shatwbrl ahr BEZ systle? lxbepils ha usl-mbsls; wntdjrbw,

jlphsnt, mdlmo fbibgml.

Ahr tdl usl-mbsl wntdjrbw mhuij fl jnaalrlgt smlgbrnhs;

ghrebi (sugsdngl mbsl) bitlrgbtnvl 2(gh mbsd) bitlrgbtnvl 6(wrhgc PNG) bitlrgbtnvl = (fbj sheltdngc)

]bepingc ]trbtlcnls ahr uslj ahr mbsl-fbslj tlstngc

f) Vlqunrlelgt-fbsl tlstngc. Ns bg bitlrgbtnvl ahr ]mlgbrnh-fbsl

tlstngc.

Zdl rlqunrlelgts brl ng b jhmuelgt bs b inst ha ]dbiis(systle sdbii

jh tdns), tdlg ahr lbmd ha tdl rlq. wl ebtmd hgl hr ehrl tlstngc(wl

usl b ebtrnx ha rlqs vs tlst).

Zdns brl augmtnhgbi rlqunrlelgts

Ebol b tbfil wntd rlqunrlelgts bgj tlstngc bsshmnbtlj wntd lbmdrlqunrlelgt. (b tbfil)

=. ]trumturbi Zlstngc (wdntl fhx)

:. Zlstngc Ilvlis

! \gnt Zlstngc! Ngtlcrbtnhg Zlstngc! ]ystle Zlstngc


16/107

Dhelwhro 4/6:/20 6;:4 PE

]hatwbrl \gnt Zlstngc Arbelwhros

Jul; ]lptleflr 3

Srntl b Pbplr bfhut K\gnt


17/107

_wllo 06 Mibss 0= ZdursjbyU 4/61/20 6;


18/107

6. Lqunvbilgt Pbrtntnhgngc Zlmdgnqul

2. Njlgtnay Pbrtntnhg.6. Srntl tlst mhvlrngc bs ebgy ugmhvlrlj vbinj pbrtntnhgs bs phssnfil.=. Ahr lbmd ngvbinj pbrtntnhg wrntl b tlst tdbt mhvlr hgl bgj hgiy hgl bt

tnel.

! Bssueptnhg; Ngput brl Ngjlplgjlgt.F\Z tdns bssueptnhg ns ghrebiiy ght Zrul.

! Lxbepil Hgl;Zlst b augmtnhg a(x, y) tdbt rlmlnvl twh ngput vbiuls ng tdl rbgcls ha

T; 2 .. 20? ^;


19/107

LP rlqunrls bt ilbst < tlst mbsls ahr tdns lxbepil (bmmhrjngc wntd tdl

tdrll stlps jlsmrnflj flahrl)

! Lxbepil Zwh;(smlgbrnh tlstngc) BZE systle;

smlgbrnh hgl wntdjrbw? smlgbrnh twh jlphsnt? smlgbrnh tdrll - bte

png mdbgcl.

Ilt us sll b snepil usl mbslahr bet png mdbgcl. Bgj try th jh

smlgbrnh-fbsl tlstngc;

\slr ]ystle

2. vbinjbtl tdl uslr

6. jnspiby hptnhgs

=. Png mdbgcl

:. Prhept glw png


20/107

Ahr tdns mrlbtl lqunvbilgt pbrtntnhgs (LP).

Hur NGP\Z ns PNG

Zdngo bfhut BZZVNF\ZL] inol;

ilgctd

- 2. :-4 ns (v)

- 6. 9: ns (n)

- =. 74 ns (n)

anrst/ibst

- :. Zdly brl jnaalrlgt (v)-


21/107

Zdlg mrlbtl tlst jbtb;

Zlst PNG

2 26=: (QQQ)

6 26= (NQQ)

= 26=: (NQQ)

: 26=2(QNQ)

< 6::::=(QQN)

Zlstngc ns bii bfhut sbepingc!

Ahr tdl ghrebi smlgbrnh 2 tlst {t2}

Ahr bitlrgbtnvl 2 (ngvbinj png) {t6, t=, t:, t>>> lgcngllr

=0000 >>>>> supphrt

- Crhss pby$20 dr ahr 2st :0 dr

$2< dr batlr :0 dr

Bjjntnhgbi ngahrebtnhg;

- ebx gueflr dhurs b plrshg mbg whro 200 dr.

Na lxmlljlj tdlg slgj lrrhr.

- eng gueflr 0 dr

- ahrebt ha tdl drs ns ngtlclr bgj rhugj jhwg!


22/107

Zlstlrs gllj Vlqunrlelgts bs Jlvlihpelgt!

Mrlbtl mhvlrbcl ebtrnx;

Pbrtntnhgs Zlst mbsls

2 6 = : < 1 3 4

Nj

< jncnt Q Q Q Q Q Q

Lgcngllr Q Q Q Q

]upphrt Q Q Q

9< N N

7< N N

~jncnt N N

Dhurs

0-:0 Q Q Q Q

:2-200 Q Q Q

90 N N

7200 N N

~ngtlclr N N

Vleleflr tdl stlps; 2 tdl ebtrnx? 6 tdl vbinj bs ebgy bs phssnfil? =

hgl ngvbinj bt tnel.

Qbinj mbsls brl tlstlj wntd twh tlst mbsls

Zdlg ch ahr tdl ngvbinjs (hgiy hgl lbmd tnel).


23/107

Dhelwhro 4/61/20 6;


24/107

_wllo 0= Mibss 0: ZulsjbyU 4/=2/20 6; PE


! Sl tbio bfhut Augmtnhgbi Zlstngc ]mlgbrnh-Fbslj (]bepingc]trbtlcnls) Lqunvbilgml Pbrtntnhgngc bgj whro wntd shel lxbepils

! Ilt us mdlmo tdl dhelwhro bfhut tdl Vlcnstrbtnhg ]ystle

Pbrtntnhgs Zlst mbsls

2 6 = : < 1 3 4

Ingl #

< jncnt ng JF Q Q Q Q

9 < N N

7 < N N

~jncnt N N

< jncnt ght ng JF N N

]lelstlr #

2 Q Q6 Q Q

= Q Q

htdlr N N

Hutput (stbtus)

Mbgmli Q Q

Hplg Q Q

Mihslj Q Q

Hutput brl tlst vbrnbtnhgs. Sl wbgt th try lbmd ha tdle. Zdly brl inol

]tbtls.

Mrlbtl sbepils ahr lbmd slelstlr bgj lbmd ]tbtus. Fut ght

mhefngbtnhgs, flmbusl wl bssuel brl ngjlplgjlgts.


25/107

2. Pbplr :. Bg Ngtrhjumtnhg th ]mlgbrnh Zlstngc

fy Mle Obglr

! Ahr lbmd smlgbrnh 2 hr ehrl tlst! ]mlgbrnhs brl dnsthrnls tdbt brl ehtnvbtngc, bgj mrljnfil, mhepilx, bgj

lbsy th lvbiubtl.

! Jnaalrlgmls fltwllg rlqunrlelgts bgbiysns bgj mrlbtl tlst mbsls;Zlstlr lxpihnts jnsbcrllelgt.

Zdl ebng njlb ns th mrlbtl dnsthrnls (hrncngbi bgj bish tbolg arhe htdlrs

snenibr systles) wntd hfklmts ngsnjl, wntd uslr (chhj bgj fbj) ngtlrbmtngc

wntd tdl hfklmts, wntd systle lvlgts

2. Augmtnhgbi Zlstngc

2.2. ]bepingc ]trbtlcnls (]mlgbrnh| \sl Mbsl)-Fbslj

2.2.6. Fhugjbry Qbiul Bgbiysns

!Lbmd ha tdl ngputs ha tdl smlgbrnh eust fl tlstlj wntd ebx, eng bgjvbiuls brhugj tdl ebx bgj eng.

(tlst tdl ljcls bgj brhugj tdl ljcls ha LP)

! Lxbepil(Pbyrhii systle arhe tdl prlvnhus slssnhg);Pbrtntnhgs

Dhurs

0-:0 Q

:2-200 Q

90 N

7200 N

~ngtlclr N

(2) Zlst tdl Ljcls elbgs; 90 ? 0-:0 ? :2 -200 ? 7200

(6) Zlst brhugj tdl Ljcls;


26/107

-2, 0, 2

=>, :0, :2

>>, 200, 202

=. Pbplr


27/107

:2-200 Q

90 N

7200 N

~ngtlclr N

LP jlangls tdl ahiihwngc slmtnhgs

90

0-:0

:2-200

7200

FQB jlangls tdl ahiihwngcs vbiuls ahr lbmd slmtnhg

-2

0, 2, =>, :0

:2, :6, >>, 200

202

Dnt tdl fhrjlr bgj brhugj tdlrl.

FQB ns jhgl wntd NGP\Z fut mbg bish fl bfhut H\ZP\Z

Lxbepil;

]upphsl tdbt tdl ebxneue mdlmo behugt tdbt tdl systle sdhuij

clglrbtl ns $>,>>>.>> _ebxU

na tdl prhcrbe ns Ngput Prhmlss Hutput tdlg mrlbtl ngput tdbt clglrbtl

$>,>>>.>>

>,>>>.>0 HO --- GH .>3

20000.00 rlklmt --- GH .0=

Hutput FQB ns tlstngc (vbinjbtnhg bgj vlrnanmbtnhg) fut ns ehrl bfhut

Vlvnlw & Ngsplmtnhg.


28/107


2.2. ]bepingc ]trbtlcnls (]mlgbrnh| \sl Mbsl)-Fbslj

2.2.=. Jlmnsnhg Zrlls, Jlmnsnhg Zbfils bgj JHL

! JHL 5 Jlsncg ha Lxplrnelgts! Zdns abeniy ha tlstngc tlmdgnquls brl ahr tlst mhefngbtnhgs ha

JLPLGJLGZNgput!

! LxbepilNgputs;

- Musthelr _B,F,MU- Hrjlr _2- 2000U

Hutput;

- Jnsmhugt

Vuils;

2. Musthelr B

clts 0% jnsmhugt th 9 20clts >

clts 20% jnsmhugt 75 200

6. Musthelr F

6>

6


29/107

Musthelr

B Q Q

F Q Q

M Q Q

Hrjlr

2-> Q Q

20->> Q Q

200-2000 Q Q

Zdl qulstnhg ns, brl tdhsl tdrll mbsls lghucd th tlst tdl wdhil

systle. Ns nt phssnfil th sdnp tdl systle wntd hgiy tdns tlst8 Zdl

bgswlr ns GH!

Fut, ng tdns mbsl tdl typl ha musthelr bgj tdl behugt ha tdl hrjlr brl

ght ngjlplgjlgt. ]h nt ns ght phssnfil th usl LP.

Jlmnsnhg Zbfils.

2 6 = : < 1 3 4 >B T T T

F T T T

M T T T

2-> T T T

20->> T T T

20-200 T T T

Gh tdngo bfhut b prhfile wdlrl yhu dbvl anvl ngputs vbiuls tdbt brl

ght ngjlplgjlgt.

A (B, F, M, J, L) bgj B dbvl : pbrtntnhgs, F


30/107

Htdlr wby ns th rljuml tdl gueflr ha ngputs, bgj ngstlbj ha tlstngc bii

< ngputs bt tdl sbel tnel, wl ihho ahr wdnmd ngputs sdhuij fl rlbiiy

tlstlj thcltdlr. Bgj wl encdt angj hut tdbt B,F,M dbs th fl tlstlj

thcltdlr fut ght wntd J bgj L.

! LxbepilNg tdl prlvnhus lxbepil;

Na wl bjj tdl J (N) mbsl th tdl musthelr, bgj wl bjj tdl vbiuls hut ha

tdl fhugjbrnls, tdns ebol : pbrtntnhgs ahr musthelr bgj < th hrjlr

behugt, wdbt ebols 60 tlst mbsls.

Fut ng abmt ngstlbj ha dbvngc tdl 60 ha tdle, wl mbg ch wntd hgiy 26,tdl > fbsnms bgj tdlg hgiy tdrll lxtrbs SNZD LVVHV]

NGJLPLGJLGZ]!

2 6 = : < 1 3 4 > 20 22 26

B Q T T T T

F Q T T T T

M Q T T T

J (N) N T

2-> Q T T T T

20->> Q T T T

20-

200

Q T T T

92 N T

72000 N T

Zdns tlmdgnqul flmhels prbmtnmbi jhngc bssueptnhgs

Mhiuegs flmhels tlst mbsls!

Jlmnsnhg Zrll

! Musthelr


31/107

h B! 2->! 20->>! >>-200

h F! 2->! 20->>! >>-200

h M! 2->! 20->>! >>-200

GHZNML tdbt tdl jlmnsnhg trll clglrbtls tdl sbel > tlst mbsls bs tdl

tbfil jlmnsnhg.

Lbmd PBZD mhrrlsphgj wntd hgl Zlst Mbsl!

Zrlls bgj Zbfils brl bgbihchus!


32/107

Dhelwhro 4/=2/20 6; PE

0. Ght mhiilmtbfil Dhelwhro

Hgingl Hrjlrngc ]ystle

Ngput

! prhjumt #! musthelr NJ! qubgtntyHutput

! sdnppngc mhstVuils th mbimuibtl tdl mhst

2. Na musthelr ns b 2sttnel uslr, arll sdnppngc whrij wnjl.6. Na tdl prhjumt ns b albturlj prhjumt hr qubgtnty ns 7200, tdlg arll \]

sdnppngc.

=. Htdlrwnsl stbgjbrj sdnppngc rbtls.

Zdl pbrtntnhgs brl (hgiy vbinj mbsls);b. musthelr (anrst tnel hr ght anrst tnel)f. prhjumt (albturlj hr ght)m. qubgtnty (95200 h 7200)

Bs Zlstlr stujy tdl prhfile, stujy tdl Ngputs bgj bttlept th tdngo

bfhut vbrnbtnhgs bgj ehjli tdl tlst mbsls.

Zdl Jlmnsnhg Zrll

! musthelr 2 tnel

h arll lbrtd sdnppngc (2stmbsl) ~ 2 tnel

h prhjumt! albturlj


33/107

" ]dnppngc bt \]B arll us sdnppngc (6gjmbsl)

" Ghtb \]B ]tbgjbrj ]dnppngc

! ~albturlj" qty

7200h ]dnppngc bt \]B

! Arll \] ]dnppngc (=tdmbsl)h Ght b \]B

! ]tbgjbrj ]dnppngc 95200

h ]tbgjbrj sdnppngc (:tdmbsl)Zdl tlst mbsls brl tdl PBZD]

Zdns trll succlst : hr 1 tlst mbsls!

Zdl Jlmnsnhg Zbfil

2 6 = : < 1 3 4Anrst tnel

^ls Q Q Q Q

Gh Q Q Q Q

Prhjumt

Albturlj Q Q Q Q

Ght Albturlj Q Q Q Q

RZ^

9200 Q Q Q Q7200 Q Q Q Q

Zdns tbfil succlst 4 tlst mbsls!

Sdy8


34/107

_wllo 0= Mibss 0< ZdursjbyU >/6/20 6;:> PE


! Ibst mibss wl tbio bfhut jnaalrlgt ahres ha tlstngc bgj usl =tlmdgnquls, mhefngbthrnbi, jlmnsnhg tbfil bgj trlls.

! Sl angnsd wntd b snepil prhfile bfhut hgingl hrjlr systle bgj wlhftbng : tlst mbsls wntd jlmnsnhg trll bgj 4 wntd tdl tbfil.

! Puttngc bii Zhcltdlr; LP+FQ+JZZZdl trll ng tdl prhjumt ghjl -7 albturlj -7 sdnp \]B spint ng twh

mbsls; ^ls bgj Gh.^ls -7 Arll

Gh -7 ]tbgjbrj ]dnppngc

Zdl sbel dbpplgjs th Rty ghjl

! Zdl trll dbvl 1 pbtds

musthelrh 2 tnel

! arll lbrtd sdnppngc (2stmbsl)h ~ 2 tnel

! prhjumt" albturlj

]dnppngc bt \]Bh arll us sdnppngc (6gjmbsl)

Ghtb \]Bh ]tbgjbrj ]dnppngc

" ~albturlj qty

h 7200! ]dnppngc bt \]B

" Arll \] ]dnppngc! Ght b \]B

" ]tbgjbrj ]dnppngch 95200


35/107

! ]tbgjbrj sdnppngc (1tdmbsl)! Jlmnsnhg tbfil

2 6 = : < 1 3 4 > 20 22 26 2= 2: 2< 21

2sttnel

^ls Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Gh Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Prhjumt

Albturlj Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Ght A. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

\]B Bjj

^ls Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Gh Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

RZ^

9200 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

7200 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Sl dbvl 21 vs. 18

Vleleflr tdbt ahr anrst tnel uslr, N jh ght mbrl bfhut Bgytdngc8

Ehst ha tdl tnel 1 tlst mbsls whuij fl suaanmnlgt, dhwlvlr wl encdt

wbgt th jh tdl 21 kust th fl surl tdbt tdl prhcrbeelrs jh ght jh

bgytdngc wrhgc.

2. Anrst Prhfile ng Mibss

]mlgbrnh-fbslj Zlstngc th b Zuntnhg ]ystle

Ngputs

- ]tbtus (ngstbtl, hutstbtl)

- Dhurs #

- Jlplgjlgt ha ugnvlrsnty lepihyelgt


36/107

Vbtls

- Ng-stbtl; $


37/107

Ng T T T T

Hut T T T T

Dhurs

9526 T T T T

726 T T T T

Jlplgj

^ls T T T T

Gh T T T T

Ng tdns mbsl fhtd trll bgj tbfil clglrbtl tdl sbel behugt ha tlst

mbsls.

Sdlg funijngc b trll nt mhuij clt jnaalrlgt gueflr ha tlst mbsls

jlplgjngc hg wntd wdnmd ngput yhu stbrt.

Zdl tbfil ns rlmheelgjlj th ahrml us ng tdngo bfhut mhefngbtnhgs!

Fut Zrlls sdhw slqulgmls!

6. ]lmhgj Prhfile ng Mibss

Mhefngngc LP x FQB x JZ

]ll tdl jhmuelgt; Jbtb Fbsl Lxlrmnsl. (lgtry vbinjbtnhg)

Anrst stlp; ihho tdl ngputs. Bii tdl ngputs brl tdl hgls ugjlringlj.

2 6 =..< 1 3 3 4 Z

Pbrt #

Ng inst Q Q Q Q Q

Gh ng inst N

Pbrt stbtus mhjl

Glw Q Q

Hij Q

\goghwg Q Q

Vlq. Ngvlgthry


38/107

Phsntnvl Ngtlclr Q Q Q

]pbmls Q Q

]uppinlr

Ng JF bgj PP Q

Ng JF ght ng PP Q

GH ng JF

Buth Vlhrjlr Aibc

^ Q

G Q

Vlhrjlr Rty

Phsntnvl Ngtlclr Q Q

Htdlr

Vlebngngc Ngv Z

Phsntnvl Ngtlclr Q Q

Htdlr

Purmdbsl Zlres

Phsntnvl Ngtlclr Q

Fibgo Q

Pbrt prnml

Jhiibr vbiul Q Q Q

Htdlr

(sbel mhihr elbgs jlplgjlgmy)

Zdly brl ght ngjlplgjlgt sh ght usl LP

Jlmnsnhg Zbfil mhuij clglrbtl 22


39/107

! Mrlbtl Qbinj Ngputs bgj Qbinj Mhefngbtnhgs! Zdlg Mrltl Ngvbinj ngputs bgj Ngvbinj Mhefngbtnhg slpbrbtliy.

Zdl angbi tbfil dbs bpprhxnebtliy < tlst mbsls ahr vbinj bgj b thtbi ha

2= th 2: tlst mbsls.

Bgj bt tdl lgj FQB ;-h

Zdns tdrll tlmdgnquls thcltdlr ng rlbi prhfiles


40/107

Dhelwhro >/6/20 6;:> PE

Vlbj tdl pbplrs bfhut ehjli fbslj Zlstngc.

2. Chij Prbmtnml; Ehjli Fbslj Zlstngc

6. B survly ha Ehjli Jrnvlg Zlstngc Zlmdgnquls

=. Ehjli Fbslj Zlstngc \sngc ]hatwbrl Brmdntlmturl


41/107

_wllo 0: Mibss 01 ZulsjbyU >/3/20 =;00 PE


! Sl dbvl fllg whrongc wntd sbepingcjbtb bgj sygmdrhghustlstngctlmdgnquls.

! VLR FB]LJ ZL]ZNGC ZLMDGNR\L] brl bppinmbfil th bii ilvlis; \gntZlstngc, ]ystle Zlstngc, ltm.

! Ahr sbepingc wl sll; LP, FQ, Jlmnsnhg trll bgj Jlmnsnhg tbfil

2. Bsygmdrhghus Zlstngc

! Zdl ongc ha tlstngc tdbt wl wnii wdlg tdlrl brl ngput tdbt mbg tbolpibml ng bgy phngt ng tnel jurngc tdl lxlmutnhg.

! ]tbrt wnt b snepil lxbepil! ZNEL INGL; systle lgcngllrngc thhi ahr ihhongc ng b smlgbrnh.! Lxbepil Hgl;

BZE systle ng b ghrebi smlgbrnh.

]lqulgml;

2. Musthelr ngslrt b mbrj

6. Musthelr rlqulst wntdjrbw

=. \pjbtl bmmhugt

:. Jnsphsl mbsd


42/107

Fut, wdbt dbpplgs na;

2. ihst ha phwlr (ng bgy phngt ha tnel)

! Lxbepil Zwh;Zdl mbii wbntngc albturl ng b mli pdhgl.

B tbiongc wntd F, M trnls th mbii B. Sl wnii dbvl b tnel ingl ahr b ghrebi

smlgbrnh.

2. B lgtlr jncnts ahr F6. B prlssls slgj futthg

=. Gltwhro mhgglmts th F

:. F ingl ns rngcngc


43/107

Zdlsl lxbepils brl th niiustrbtl tdlsl tlmdgnquls smlgbrnh-fbslj. Bgj

sll wdbt dbpplg wdlg bg bsygmdrhghus lvlgt dbpplg jurngc b tnel-ingl.

Zdlsl bsygmdrhghus lvlgts mhuij kust dbpplg hr ngtlrrupt tdl tnel-ingl.


44/107

_wllo 0: Mibss 01 ZulsjbyU >/3/20 =;00 PE


2.6. Vlqunrlelgt-Fbslj Zlmdgnquls

2.6.2. Ehjli-Fbslj Zlstngc

(Pbplr 1,3,4)

\sl tdl ehjli th clglrbtl tdl shiutnhg

\EI thhi th mrlbtl tdl ehjli ha tdl systle

Bgj wl mbg mrlbtl tdl nepilelgtbtnhg arhe tdl ehjli!

6. Pbplr 1. Chij Prbmtnml, Ehjli Fbslj Zlstngc

! EFZ ns tdl buthebtnm clglrbtnhg ha laanmnlgt tlst prhmljurls usngcehjlis.

! Ehjli, lxplmtlj ngput, lxplmtlj hutput, rug tlst, mhepbrl hutput.! Zlmdgnquls th funij tdl ehjli; jlmnsnhg tbfil, angntl stbtl ebmdngl,

crbeebrs, Ebrohv mdbngs, stbtl mdbrts (\EI).

=. Pbplr 3. B survly ha Ehjli-Jrnvlg Zlstngc Zlmdgnquls

! \EI ahr ehjlis! \EI Zlstngc Prhanil (lxtlgsnhg ha \EI)

(FPLI) Fusnglss Prhmlss Lxlmutnhg Ibgcubcl. \slj ahr slrvnmls!

Fhtd jlsmrnfl fldbvnhr!

! ]urvly;2. Fbslj hg ibgcubcls uslj

6. Jlcrll ha buthebtnm clglrbtnhg ha tlst smlgbrnh

=. Zlstngc tbrclt;

- nepilelgtbtnhg mhjl


45/107

- bfstrbmt ehjli (sneuibtnhg)

:. Zhhis supphrts

! ]\Z (systle ugjlr tlst)! Ahr ]hatwbrl Brmdntlmturl;

Vlqunrlelgts -7 Jlsncg ng \EI

! Ahr ]hatwbrl Zlstngc;Vlqunrlelgts -7 Jlsncg ng \EI Zlstngc Prhanil

Fut tdns ns ght tdl chbi ha tdl mibss!!

:. Pbplr 4. Ehjli Fbslj Zlstngc \sngc ]hatwbrl

Brmdntlmturl

! ]hatwbrl Brmdntlmturl- usl \EI

- hr usl BJI (brmdntlmturl jlsmrnptnhg ibgcubcl)

! ]ygtbxls bgj slebgtnms! Zdl pbplr tbio bfhut b tlmdgnqul mbiilj bmel jlvlihp fy BFIL/ME\! Lxbepil wntd b minlgt / slrvlr systle! Zdl njlb mhgglmt ehjli bgj tlst! \EI Zlst Prhanil allj ngth Zhhis, inol K\gntGhw ilt put tdl tdlhry ng prbmtnml!


46/107

! Sl brl chngc th niiustrbtl dhw th jh Ehjli-Fbslj tlstngc wntd ]tbtlEbmdngls

! Lxbepil; BZE Ebmdngl

! ]h na tdns ns tdl wby tdl systle whros Zlst Lbmd Pbtd. Ahr lbmd stbtltry lbmd ngput hr stneuibtls

!"#$ &'( "

)"(*

+",$-(.

$/. )"(* !"#$#02 &'(

" ,#0

6= :0


47/107

! ]tbtl ebmdngl Mhvlrbcl; th rlbmd lbmd stbtlbgj tlst lbmd stneuinhr lvlgtarhe tdl stbtl.

! Sl gllj th fl surl tdbt lbmd stbtl ns tlstlj bgj mhvlrlj.

! Zry th tlst lbmd lvlgt/stbtl/lvlgt mhefngbtnhg

(=, 2)(:,2)(=,6)(:,6)

(=,3)(:,3)

! Ilt us sll b ]nepil Sby th bttlept th bmdnlvl tdns mhvlrbcl

Zlstngc mhvlr mrlbtnhg

! = stlp prhmlss;2. jlvlihp b stbtl tlstngc trll arhe tdl angbi stbtl ebmdngl

6. njlgtnay tlst slqulgmls arhe tdl trll (pbtds)

=. jlvlihp tlsts tdbt tdl mhgtbng tdl slqulgmls

(stbrt "lgj/tlrengbi stbtl)

! ]ZLP 2. Jlvlihp ]tbtl Zlstngc Zrll2. ]tbrt stbtl 5 VHHZ. Arhe tdl lxbepil nt whuij fl B.

6. 2st. ilvli. Njlgtnay tdl lvlgts bgj glw stbtls rlbmdlj arhe tdl rhht.

Arhe tdl lxbepil nt whuij ngmiujls;

B -72 -7 B (B-2)

B-7 6 -7 A (A-6)


48/107

B-7 = -7 F (F-=)

wdlrl tdl anrst ilttlr ns tdl stbtl rlbmdlj bgj tdl gueflr ngjnmbtls tdl

lvlgt.

=. 6gj bgj rlebngngc ilvlis,

lxpbgj lbmd stbtl ght prlvnhusiy lxpbgjlj ng tdl trll

F -7 : -7 J (J-:)

F -7 < -7 M (M-


49/107

Z< mhuij fl =,


50/107

Dhelwhro >/3/20 =;00 PE

Vlbj tdl Glxt Pbplrs

0>. Zdl BLZC ]ystle, Bg Bpprhbmd th Zlstngc Fbslj hg Mhefngbthrnbi

Jlsncg

20. Buthebtlj Mhefngbthrnbi Zlst Eltdhjs Flyhgj Pbnr wnsl Zlstngc

22. Bg ngghvbtnvl bpprhbmd ahr Zlstngc Fnhngahrebtnms Prhcrbes \sngc

Eltbehrpdnm Zlstngc


51/107

_wllo 0: Mibss 03 ZdursjbyU >/>/20 6; -7 L

J -7 1 -7 M

J -7 3 -7J

J -7 4 -7 L

Jh ght lxtlgj prlvnhus vnsntlj ghjls!

Zbol mbrl ha ILQLI]

!

$

%

&

'

(

)

*

+

,

-

.

/


52/107

! ]ZLP 6. ]lqulgmls2,:

2,

2,


53/107

_wllo 0: Mibss 03 ZdursjbyU >/>/20 6;


54/107

! JHL Pbnr Snsl Mhefngbtnhg Zlstngc! ]tlps;

2. Njlgtnay tdl ngputs pbrbeltlrs th tdl ]\Z (systlebtnm ugjlr Zlst)

6. Pbrtntnhg tdl ngputs/ mrlbtl sbepils (rleleflr LP)

=. ]plmnay mhgstrbngts prhdnfnt mhefngbtnhgs.

Ng shel systles sheltdngc mbg ght dbpplg thcltdlr, ahr ngstbgml

dbvngc twh futthgs th fl prlsslj bt tdl sbel tnel. Zdns whuij b

rlstrnmtnhg.

:. Jlvlihp tlst wnmd sbtnsay;

Ahr bgy twh pbrbeltlrs/ngputs P2 bgj P6 bgj ahr bgy pbrtntnhg vbiul

Q2 ahr P2 bgj Q6 ahr P6 tdlrl ns b tlst wdlrl P2 dbs tdl vbiul Q2 bgj

P6 dbs tdl vbiul Q6.

! Lxbepil Zwh;P2 (= vbiuls v2, v6, v=) bgj P6 (v:, v


55/107

! Lxbepil ZdrllMP\- B F M

H] J L D

JF A, C

Bii mhefngbtnhgs brl 24

! Sntd Pbnr wnsl mhefngbtnhg tlstngc bt ilbst >.! Zdl pbrbeltlrs wntd tdl ehst gueflr ha vbiuls (= lbmd) tdbt whuij

clglrbtl > mhefngbtnhg, tdns whuij fl tdl engneue gueflr ha

mhefngbtnhgs.

! Zh mrlbtl tdl inst, anrst mrlbtl bii phssnfil mhefngbtnhgs ha tdl twhpbrtntnhgs wntd tdl crlbtlr gueflr ha vbiuls. Bgj tdlg mhepiltl tdl

tdnrj mhiueg bssurngc tdbt wl dbvl b mhefngbtnhg tdbt mhvlrs bii

hptnhgs. GHZL; Zdl tbfil flihw ns ght mhepiltl, nt ns glljlj th

mhepiltl tdl tdnrj mhiueg.

! MVLBZL BG HVZHCHGBI BVVB^ "! ]hatwbrl ahr tdns; BLZC, Biipbnrs, tvcuwe.

B J A

B L C

B D A

F J A

F L C

F D C

M J C

M L AM D A

6. Pbplr >. Zdl BLZC ]ystle; Bg Bpprhbmd th Zlstngc

Fbslj hg Mhefngbtnhgbi Jlsncg

! Jlsmrnfl b thhi th jh JHL! Fbsnm mhefngbthrnbi jlsncg pbrbjnce


56/107

! ]ll Zbfil >.

=. Pbplr 20. Buthebtlj Mhefngbthrnbi Zlst Eltdhjs

Flyhgj Pbnr wnsl Zlstngc

! Zdly rlvnlw pbnr wnsl bs bg ngtrhjumtnhgs! \ginol pbnr wnsl tlmdgnqul ngstlbj ha tlstngc ng pbnr, wl mbg tbol

crhups ha ngputs, ahr ngstbgml P2-P6-P= hr P2-P6-P:. Zdns whuij dlip,

fut nt ns ongj ha jnaanmuit. ]h dlrl ns wlrl buthebtnhg mhels 5)!.

:. Prhfile bfhut Jbtbfbsl

! 4 ngputs wntd 6 h = pbrtntnhgs lbmd hgl.! Bppiyngc pbnr wnsl wnii fl > tlst (flmbusl wl dbvl 6 mbsls wntd =

pbrtntnhgs (tbol tdl 6 wntd ehrl pbrtntnhgs bgj euitnpiy).

! Na wl usl pbnr-wnsl mhefngbtnhg, wl wnii dbvl bs engneue bs > tlstmbsls, fut jhls tdns tlst mbsls whuij fl lghucd8... Gh jul tdl

jlplgjlgmy wl dbvl ng tdl ngputs. Zdns dbpplg lvlg na wl usl b =x hr

:x aibvhr ha pbnr-wnsl.

Dlrl ebyfl nt ns jh ght chngc th whro

Sdy8 Flmbusl jlplgjlgmls

Zdns tlmdgnqul eust fl b vlry mbrlaui!!!

Pbnr wnsl mhefngbtnhgs mhij mbusl prhfiles.

ZDN] ns chhj ahr mhgancurbtnhg tlstngc!

]heltdngc tdbt ebol slgsl N try tdns bgj tdbt!

Zdns shatwbrl ngtlrbmt wntd tdns jlvnml jrnvlr fy lxbepil hr ahr

plrahrebgml hr strlss tlstngc


57/107

Zdns ns bish uslj ahr Ngtlrbmtnhg Zlstngc fltwllg Fibmo fhxls.


58/107

_wllo 0: Mibss 03 ZdursjbyU >/>/20 6;


59/107

! JHL Pbnr Snsl Mhefngbtnhg Zlstngc! ]tlps;

2. Njlgtnay tdl ngputs pbrbeltlrs th tdl ]\Z (systlebtnm ugjlr Zlst)

6. Pbrtntnhg tdl ngputs/ mrlbtl sbepils (rleleflr LP)

=. ]plmnay mhgstrbngts prhdnfnt mhefngbtnhgs.

Ng shel systles sheltdngc mbg ght dbpplg thcltdlr, ahr ngstbgml

dbvngc twh futthgs th fl prlsslj bt tdl sbel tnel. Zdns whuij b

rlstrnmtnhg.

:. Jlvlihp tlst wnmd sbtnsay;

Ahr bgy twh pbrbeltlrs/ngputs P2 bgj P6 bgj ahr bgy pbrtntnhg vbiul

Q2 ahr P2 bgj Q6 ahr P6 tdlrl ns b tlst wdlrl P2 dbs tdl vbiul Q2 bgj

P6 dbs tdl vbiul Q6.

! Lxbepil Zwh;P2 (= vbiuls v2, v6, v=) bgj P6 (v:, v


60/107

! Lxbepil ZdrllMP\- B F M

H] J L D

JF A, C

Bii mhefngbtnhgs brl 24

! Sntd Pbnr wnsl mhefngbtnhg tlstngc bt ilbst >.! Zdl pbrbeltlrs wntd tdl ehst gueflr ha vbiuls (= lbmd) tdbt whuij

clglrbtl > mhefngbtnhg, tdns whuij fl tdl engneue gueflr ha

mhefngbtnhgs.

! Zh mrlbtl tdl inst, anrst mrlbtl bii phssnfil mhefngbtnhgs ha tdl twhpbrtntnhgs wntd tdl crlbtlr gueflr ha vbiuls. Bgj tdlg mhepiltl tdl

tdnrj mhiueg bssurngc tdbt wl dbvl b mhefngbtnhg tdbt mhvlrs bii

hptnhgs. GHZL; Zdl tbfil flihw ns ght mhepiltl, nt ns glljlj th

mhepiltl tdl tdnrj mhiueg.

! MVLBZL BG HVZHCHGBI BVVB^ "! ]hatwbrl ahr tdns; BLZC, Biipbnrs, tvcuwe.

B J A

B L C

B D A

F J A

F L C

F D C

M J C

M L AM D A

6. Pbplr >. Zdl BLZC ]ystle; Bg Bpprhbmd th Zlstngc

Fbslj hg Mhefngbtnhgbi Jlsncg

! Jlsmrnfl b thhi th jh JHL! Fbsnm mhefngbthrnbi jlsncg pbrbjnce


61/107

! ]ll Zbfil >.

=. Pbplr 20. Buthebtlj Mhefngbthrnbi Zlst Eltdhjs

Flyhgj Pbnr wnsl Zlstngc

! Zdly rlvnlw pbnr wnsl bs bg ngtrhjumtnhgs! \ginol pbnr wnsl tlmdgnqul ngstlbj ha tlstngc ng pbnr, wl mbg tbol

crhups ha ngputs, ahr ngstbgml P2-P6-P= hr P2-P6-P:. Zdns whuij dlip,

fut nt ns ongj ha jnaanmuit. ]h dlrl ns wlrl buthebtnhg mhels 5)!.

:. Prhfile bfhut Jbtbfbsl

! 4 ngputs wntd 6 h = pbrtntnhgs lbmd hgl.! Bppiyngc pbnr wnsl wnii fl > tlst (flmbusl wl dbvl 6 mbsls wntd =

pbrtntnhgs (tbol tdl 6 wntd ehrl pbrtntnhgs bgj euitnpiy).

! Na wl usl pbnr-wnsl mhefngbtnhg, wl wnii dbvl bs engneue bs > tlstmbsls, fut jhls tdns tlst mbsls whuij fl lghucd8... Gh jul tdl

jlplgjlgmy wl dbvl ng tdl ngputs. Zdns dbpplg lvlg na wl usl b =x hr

:x aibvhr ha pbnr-wnsl.

Dlrl ebyfl nt ns jh ght chngc th whro

Sdy8 Flmbusl jlplgjlgmls

Zdns tlmdgnqul eust fl b vlry mbrlaui!!!

Pbnr wnsl mhefngbtnhgs mhij mbusl prhfiles.

ZDN] ns chhj ahr mhgancurbtnhg tlstngc!

]heltdngc tdbt ebol slgsl N try tdns bgj tdbt!

Zdns shatwbrl ngtlrbmt wntd tdns jlvnml jrnvlr fy lxbepil hr ahr

plrahrebgml hr strlss tlstngc


62/107

Zdns ns bish uslj ahr Ngtlrbmtnhg Zlstngc fltwllg Fibmo fhxls.


63/107

Dhelwhro >/>/20 6;


64/107

_wllo 0< Mibss 04 ZulsjbyU >/2:/20 6;


65/107

! Zlgj th fl tlmdgnquls th fl bppinlj ngth ihwlr ilvli (sebii ugnts hamhjl) ugnt, slrvnmls, mhephglgts.

Ght ahr lgtnrl systles

Ght aht Ngtlcrbtnhg hr Rubinanmbtnhg Ilvli ha Zlstngc

Zwh mbtlchrnls

! ]tbtnm ZlmdgnqulsBgbiysns ha tdl mhjl. Lxbepil; syefhinm lxlmutnhg.

! Jygbenm ZlmdgnqulsLxlmutl tdl mhjl; rug ahr tlst.

]trumturl - mhgtrhi aihw.h ]tbtlelgt mhvlrbclh Jlmnsnhg mhvlrbclh Jlmnsnhg-Mhgjntnhg Mhvlrbclh Euitnpil jlmnsnhg Mhvlrbcl

Jbtb aihw

=. ]tbtlelgt Mhvlrbcl

! Jlvlihp tlst mbsls sumd tdbt lvlry stbtlelgt ns lxlmutl bt ilbst hgml! Lxbepil

na b 920 hr f7/6=/20 6;


88/107

! Ahr lbmd ghjl;h jla(n) ; slt ha vbrnbfils ahr ghjl n wdnmd brl cihfbiiy jlangljh m-usl(n); slt ha vbrnbfils ahr wdnmd ghjl n mhgtbngs b m-uslh p-usl(ZP) ; slt ha vbrnbfil ahr wdnmd tdl ZP mhgtbngs b p-usl (ZP

5 tlst prljnmbtl)

Lxbepil Hgl;

na x920

tdlg y9-0? z9-0

lisl y9-


89/107

m-usl(2) 5 0 (ghtdngc)


m-usl(=) 5 {y}

m-usl(:) 5 {y}

p-usl(ZP2) 5 {x}

p-usl(ZP6) 5 {z}

! Zdlg, b glw jlangntnhg, MILBV PBZDw. r. t (wdnt rlsplmt th) "shelvbrnbfil"

Jlangntnhg; Milbr Pbtd (jla-mir)Nt ns b pbtd fltwllg twh ghjls n bgj k wntd ngtlreljnbtl ghjls (n, G2, G6,

Ge, k) wdnmd mhgtbngs gh jlangntnhgs ha x ng (G2, , Ge)

Jlangntnhg; Jlangntnhg Mheputbtnhg \sl (jmu)

jmu(x, n)

Sdlrl n ns bgy ghjl, bgj x ns jlanglj ng n

jmu(x, n) ns tdl slt ha bii ghjls k sumd tdbt x ns ng m-usl(k) bgj ahr wdnmdtdlrl ns b jlangntnhg-milbr pbtd w.r.t x arhe n th k

Jlangntnhg; Jlangntnhg Prljnmbtl \sl Pbtd (jpu)

jpu (x, n) _jlangntnhg /prljnmbtl usl sltU

ns tdl slt ha bii ZP sumd tdbt x ns ng p-usl(ZP) bgj ahr wdnmd tdlrl ns b jla-

mir pbtd w.r.t. x arhe n th ZP

Jlangntnhg; \sl Pbtd (ju)

Nt ns b pbtd (g,. Gk, Go) ns b ju pbtd w.r.t. x na G2 dbs b cihfbi jlangntnhg

ha T bgj lntdlr;

2. Go dbs b m-usl ha x bgj (g2, gk) ns b jla-mir pbtd w.r.t. x

6. Eo ns b ZP bgj dbs b p-usl ha T bgj (gn, ..gk) ns b jla-mir pbtd w.r.t. x

(tdl pbtd arhe jlangntnhg th usl ")


90/107

Ch fbmo th Lxbepil Zwh;

jla(2) 5 {x, y, z}

jla(6) 5 {y}

jla(=) 5 {w}

jla(:)5 {w}



m-usl(=) 5 {y}

m-usl(:) 5 {y}

p-usl(Zp2) 5 {x}p-usl(Zp6) 5 {z}

! jmu(vbr, ghjl)ghjls tdbt usl tdl vbr jlanglj ng ghjl

jmu (x,2) 5 lepty

jmu (z,2) 5 lepty

jmu (y,2) 5 {=,:}

jmu (y,6) 5 {=,:}

jmu (w,=) 5 vbmnh

jmu (w,:) 5 vbmnh

! jpu(vbr, ghjl)jpu (x,2) 5 {ZP2}

jpu(z,2) 5 {Zp6}

! Zlst Mhvlrbcl Mrntlrnb ahr jbtb aihw elbgs "bii-usls mhvlrbcl"Sl wbgt 200%

%&!

#

$%

%

' (

$%

!


91/107

=. Bii-\sls Mhvlrbcl

! Chbi; jlvlihp tlst mbsls sumd tdbt ahr lbmd jlangntnhg, tdlrl ns bjlangntnhg usl pbtd(ju) th lvlry usl ha tdl jlangntnhg.

Prhfile Hgl

clt x, y?

b 9- 0?

f 9- 0?

na x720

tdlg w 9-b + 2? f 9- :

lisl w 9-f + 2? b 9- :?

na y720

tdlg z 9- b + w

lisl z 9- f + w?

jla(2) 5 {x,y,b,f}

jla(6) 5 {w,f}

jla(=) 5 {w,b}

jla(:) 5 {z}

jla(


92/107

! ]lbrmd {n2. N6} lg m-usl(E) 5 {n2, n6} bgj bjj tdl gueflrs E thtdl slt

jmu(x,2) 5 {}

jmu(y,2) 5 {}

jmu(b,2) 5 {6, :}

jmu(f,2) 5 {=,


93/107

200% mhgjntnhg mhvlrbcl

Bii jlangntnhgs mrntlrnb ns sbtnsanlj na ahr lbmd jlangntnhg ng tdl prhcrbe

shel usl ha tdns jlangntnhg ns lxlmutlj fy bt ilbst hgl ngput ng tdl tlst

suntl.


94/107

Dhelwhro >/6=/20 6;


95/107

_wllo 03 Mibss 26 ZulsjbyU >/64/20 =;0< PE

0. Ibst Mibss

! Lxbepils arhe tdl ibst wllo(2) x520?

y5


96/107

jmu(y,2)5 {


97/107

2. Pbplr; Bg lepnrnmbi stujy ha tdl usl ha Arbgoi-Slyuolr

Jbtb Aihw Zlstngc Mrntlrnb th Zlst FPLI Slf ]lrvnmls.

FPLI Fusnglss Prhmlss Lxlmutnhg Ibgcubcl. Ns uslj th mhhrjngbtls tdlwlfslrvnmls.

]h abr wl brl tlstngc prhcrbes fbslj hg ibgcubcls sumd bs M, M++, Kbvb,

ltm., fut wdbt na yhu gllj th tlst b shatwbrl fbslj hg wlfslrvnmls.

Zdl ibgcubcl FPLI mbg fl mhgvlrtlj ngth b crbpd (MAC). Zdlg wl wnii dbvl

tdl bfninty th tlst tdl mhgtrhi aihw mhvlrbcl.

Sdlg yhu brl tlstngc bgj ]HB bpp, yhu encdt wbgt th tlst bii slrvnmls. Zdl

FPLI dlips th bfstrbmt bii ha tdle arhe tdl crbpd.

Mrlbtngc glw eltdhjhihcnls ahr tlstngc. Sdlg yhu mrlbtl b glw

eltdhjhihcy yhu gllj th prhvl tdbt nt ns flttlr. Hgl wby th prhvl tdns ns

puttngc abuits ng tdl mhjl bgj tdlg lvbiubtl dhw wlii yhur eltdhjhihcy

jltlmts tdns abuits.

]ll tbfil =. Ns bg lxplrnelgt ha hgl jbtb slt. Zdly tlst tdrll tlst suntlswntd 200% bii-usls mhvlrbcl, fut ghw tdly brl lvbiubtngc tdl abuit-

jltlmtnhg rbtl.

Zdl elssbcl ha tdl pbplr ns tdbt wntd tdns ongj ha bppinmbtnhgs (wlfslrvnmls)

wl eby gllj ehrl thhis bgj tlmdgnquls tdbt flttlr anx ahr tdns ongj ha bppi.

Zdngo ng tdl tlstngc eltdhjhihcnls hr tlmdgnquls bs sprby th onii fucs. Ght

bii sprbys whros ahr bii ongj ha fucs. ]h wl gllj jnaalrlgt tlmdgnquls

jlplgjngc hg tdl typl ha bppi.

6. Pbplr; Zdl \sl bgj Inentbtnhgs ha ]tbtnm Bgbiysns Zhhis

th neprhvl ]hatwbrl Rubinty.


98/107

]tbtnm thhis bii gllj b mhgtrhi aihw crbpds, tdlg bgghtbtl tdl ghjl wntd tdl

jbtb uslj hg nt, bgj tdlg ihho ahr bghebinls ng tdl mhjl.

Prhfiles wntd tdns typl ha thhis;

Vleleflr; Zdns thhis chls th jnaalrlgt pbtds ng tdl mhjl bgj try th angjfucs

Hgl prhfile tdbt wl dbvl ng tdns tlmdgnquls ns tdbt tdl jltlmt fucs tdbt brl

ght rlbiiy fucs.

Zdlrl brl b mhupil ha eltrnms th lvbiubtl tdns thhis.

* Vlmbii eltrnm; nt ns #ha aihws ahugj / #ha aihws prlslgt. Sl wbgt tdbt tdns

gueflr ns mihsl th hgl.

* Prlmnsnhg-eltrnm; tdns gueflr ns trul phsntnvls/rlphrtlj prhfiles. Sl

wbgt tdbt tdns gueflr ns mihsl th hgl thh.

* Plrahrebgml-eltrnm; MP\ tnel bgj elehry. Dhw ebgy MP\ bgj elehry

jhls tdns thhi tbol th mhel up wntd b rlsuit.

Bghtdlr prhfiles tdbt wl dbvl brl ihhps, jygbenm vbrnbfils. Jul tdly

ebol tdngcs jnaanmuit th rlvnlw.

Zdlg flsnjls stbtnm bgbiysns, wl wnii gllj jygbenm bgbiysns th mhepilelgt

tdlsl tlmggnquls.

=. Pbplr; B ]urvly ha Glw Zrlgjs ng ]yefhinm Lxlmutnhg ahr

]hatwbrl Zlstngc bgj Bgbiysns.

Zdns thhi mrlbtls b syefhinm lxlmutnhg trll. (wdlrl PM 5 Pbtd Mhgjntnhg) ]ll

nt hg tdl pbplr. Zdlrl brl shel jnaalrlgt thhis th nepilelgt tdns.

Dbvngc tdns trll dlips th usl jnaalrlgt tlmdgnquls th tlst hur thhi.


99/107

Albturl Ngtlrbmtnhg Zlstngc / ]lrvnml Ngtlrbmtnhg Zlstngc

Ns b bghtdlr nephrtbgt eltdhjhihcy,th tlst bpps ahmus hg albturlj ha tdl

systle.

Zlstlrs tlst lvlry albturl/slrvnml slpbrbtliy bgj tdly whro wbii.

Zdl prhfile flmbel wdlg yhu wbgt th mhefngl tdle, yhu eust tlst tdlnr

ngtlrbmtnhg.

Prhfiles jhngc tdns;

2. Jlangl albturl ngtlrbmtnhg _flngc bs ehrl splmnanm bs phssnfilU

6. tlst ugsplmnanlj / ugpibgglj ngtlrbmtnhgs. B wby th jh tdns ns usngc b

ehjli, fut ehst ha tdl tnels nt rlqunrls bgj bjdhm. Bghtdlr wby th jh nt ns

fllg bgbiytnmbi. Fut tbiongc bfhut bjdhm wl mbg elgtnhg tdl ahiihwngc;

]ystlebtnm Q] bjdhm

- Bjdhm; fy ey chj, lxplrt tlstngc, trnbi bgj lrrhr, brl htdlr gbels ahr tdns

typl ha tlstngc. Zdl qulstnhg ns, ns tdns fbj8... GH!.

- Vlmheelgjbtnhg. Zry th jh bs eumd bs phssnfil systlebtnm tlstngc. Fut

tdlrl sdhuij fl b inttil fnt ha ghvlity, surprnsl.

Hut tdlrl ns tdl tlre Lxpihrbthry tlstngc, ns ght 200% bjdhm fut ns ongj ha.

Lxpihrbthry ]mnlgml (bgbihcy)

2. Ilbrg bs eumd bs phssnfil prnhr th lxpihrbtnhg.

6. Jlvlihp b systlebtnm strbtlcy ahr lxpihrngc; ahiihw tdl stbrs, ahiihw tdl

rnvlr.

=. Ollp trbmo ha wdlrl yhu dbvl fllg. Jh khurgbis.

:. Fl lxtrleliy hfslrvbgt ha snjl laalmts.


100/107

Bcbng.

2. Jh yhur dhelwhro. Ilbrg bs eumd bs phssnfil prnhr stbrt.6. Ahiihw b strbtlcy.=. ollp trbmo ha bii yhur tlst mbsls.:. Fl b chhj hfslrvlr, ollp milmoinst

Zdns mibss ns ahmuslj hg systlebtnm tlmdgnquls. B chhj lquninfrnue mhuij fl

>


101/107

_wllo 03 Mibss 2= ZdursjbyU >/=0/20 6;


102/107

Ngtlcrbtnhg Zlstngc mufrl -7 ]S ]S, ]S DS, mhephglgt

mhephglgt, ]ystle systle (lgtlrprnml prhjumth)

GHG-augmtnhgbi tlstngc (Rh])

plrahrebgml

strlss

slmurntyusbfninty

2. Plrahrebgml tlstngc -

Hfk. vlrnay tdbt systle ellts nts plrahrebgml rlq ahr splmnanlj ihuj

mhgjntnhgsngmiujngc strlss bgj vhiuel smlgbrnhs

* LGZV^ MVNZLVNB

2. qubgtntbtnvl bgj elbsurbfil plrahrebgml rlqunrlelgts.6. rlbshgbfiy stbfil systle

=. tlst lgvnrhgelgts

:.

LTBEPIL

Bnringl rlslrvbtnhg systle

{wlf-fbslj}

- lxmliilgml rlsphgsl -7 tnel

mubils mhgjnmnhgls8 Ghrebils

qul ls ghrebi8 600 musthelrs hg tdl systle bt tdl wlf sntl

6. ]trlss Zlstngc

Hfk. Qlrnay tdl fldbnvhr ha tdl systles ellts nts rlqs wdlg nts rlshurmls

brl sbturbtlj bgs pusdlj flyhgj inents


103/107

Glxt mibss ]trbtlcnl th strlss tlstngc (nt ns chggb fl bj-dhm mhgtrbry th biisystlebtnm)

PBPLV Mihuj tlstngc

PBPLV Brmdntlmturl


104/107

_wllo 03 Mibss 2= ZdursjbyU 20/


105/107

6. vhiuel Zlstngc

Jla. vlrnay tdl fldbvnhr ha tdl systle ellts nts rlqs wdlg tdl systle ns

sufklmtlj th b ibrcl vhiuel ha bmtnvnty hvlr bgj lxtlgjlj plrnhj ha

tnel.

(elehry ilbo batlr b plrnhj ha tnel shatwbrl sthp ruggngc)

(y6O typl prhfiles)

(inents tdbt wnii fl rlbmd, inol ngtlclr inents ng b mhugtlr)

Dhw th jh vhiuel tlstngc8 ]tbjnstnmbi bgbiysys thhis

pdhgl systle ns 6:/3

lefljjlj systle (inol mbrs) brl ght 6:/3 flmbusl fbttlry inents

=. Pbplr; ]lrvnml Hrnlgtlj Brmdntlmrturl tlstngc; Bsurvly

- ]HB bpps brl nephrtbgt augmtnhgbi bgj ghg-augmtnhgbi rlqs (Plrahrbgml,strlss, vhiuel).

- ]HB ugnqul albturls tdbt bjj mhepilxnty th tlstngc furjlg ngmiujl;

arhe ngtrnslmt jnstrnfutlj th hwglrsdnp sdbrlj behgc jnaalrlgt

stboldhijlrs.

ZL]ZNGC ILQLI]

- ugnt tlstngc ILQLI, b sngcil slrvnml

inol {lgj uslr}- 7{fibmofhx tlst}

inol _slrvnml jlvlihplrU -7_wdntl fhx | fibmo fhxU 5 mhephglgt tlstngc

_FPLI 5 mhgtrhi aihw crbpdU -7 strumturbi tlstngc

- ngtlcrbtnhg tlstngc 5 euitnpil slrvnmls

- rlcrlssnhg tlstngc 5


106/107

Zdl rlst ha tdl pbplr ns bfhut ]IB 88

Bgj bish tbio bfhut ngtlrlstngc mhepinmbtnhgs

:. PBPLV; Mihuj>; B shatwbrl Zlstngc ]lrvnml

Mihuj> ns b thhi.

- "tlstngc bs b slrvnml

- mihuj fbslj tlstngc"

- jlvlihp shatwbrl bgj upihbj th fl tlstlj fy shelhgl ngth tdl mihuj !

- Mihhj ebjl qubinty mlrtnanmbtnhg. _\IU

- syefhinm lxlmutnhg ngth tdl mihuj 5 lxpihrl lxlmutnhg pbtds

yhu rlqunlrl MP\ b iht bgj Dncdlr elehry. Fut tdbt wdbt tdl Mihuj

Prhvnjl!


107/107

Lgj ha Zdl Anrst Enjtlre

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Software Verification, Validation and Testing | ASU 2010