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Soft Rock Technology:Innovation in Computers and BuildingDalhousie UniversitySchool of ArchitectureARCH 5217.03Summer 2020

Instructor: James Forren

Email: james.forren@dal.ca

Office: HB-15

Office Phone: 902-494-6135

Preferred Contact Method: Outlook email, Teams messenger

Availability: by appointment

Assistants: Alexander Crosby, Alexander.Crosby@dal.ca

Andrew Gilmour, Andrew.Gilmour@dal.ca

Time: Wednesday, 2:30-5:30 AST

Location: Online instruction

Credit Hours: 3

Hrs/Week: 9 hours (including class time)

Format: Seminar supplemented with lectures, tutorials, workshops, reviews

Course Calendar DescriptionThis course surveys and undertakes research in computer-based architectural models and computer-assisted manufacture, logistics, and construction. After an initial survey of the state of the art, students work on a focused design or problem-solving exercise. Where possible, work will contribute to actual building projects, research, competitions, and/or publication.

Additional DescriptionSoft systems use algorithmic logic to organize material flows at the level of the detail, building, site, and territory. This course instructs students to conceptualize, communicate, and build their M1 Design projects at multiple scales using generative algorithms and physical simulations. Some methods which may be explored by individual groups include structural simulation, thermodynamic modeling, parametric modeling, and material inventorying and their incorporation with processes of design and construction through augmented reality. In-class tutorials will cover the logic and methods of computational modeling, design, and simulation. M1 Design groups will work together towards developing computational models of their projects. Individual assignments will develop and explain facets of their M1 Design project through drawings, diagrams, and animations.

Term CoordinationCo-requisite: ARCH 5217   Innovation in Computers and Building, ARCH 5198, section 3: Humanities Seminar, and ARCH 6002: Free Lab (JF option)

This is one of four coordinated courses. Three courses – M1 Design and M1 Technology and M1 Humanities - run concurrently and culminate in the fourth, a Free Lab. In M1 Design students explore the spatial possibilities of soft concrete. In M1 Technology students develop computational simulations, and documentation in support of M1 Design. M1 Humanities positions the work in a social, political,

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and cultural context. Student work in these three courses will contribute to the Free Lab project.

Ethnographic Research StudyIn a separate, but related study to this course work (“Materials and People: Social Characterization of New Materials in Architecture”), Professor Forren along with a Social Anthropologist collaborator is also seeking to gain insights into the social impacts new material and design technologies have: both in how they affect how architects design, and in their effect on people’s reactions to or behavior within spaces made by them. This is to better understand the social effects of new materials so that we can design, build and understand them better in our buildings and cities.

As a student in this course you may participate in this study. In order to provide you with detailed information about the study and answer questions about what participation would entail, a third-party consent administrator will be meeting with the class in the first week. With Prof. Forren absent they will present the study overview to the entire group, answer questions and then ask you to indicate your consent (sign for yes, return blank for no). They will collect all copies of the forms (that way, nobody knows who has or has not given consent). Their contact information is below for follow-up questions.

After the completion of the design research project and after your course enrollment and grading has ended, this data will be analyzed to draw conclusions about how architects design and work with new materials and technolgies. Participation in this separate, but related study (“Materials and People: Social Characterization of New Materials in Architecture”) is not a condition of enrollment or course credit. It will not affect your course evaluation, nor impact your future academic standing in any courses taught by Prof. Forren. Professor Forren will have no knowledge of whether you are participating in the study until after your enrollment and evaluation have ended. Choosing whether or not to take part in this separate, but related study is entirely your choice.

If you have any questions about “Materials and People: Social Characterization of New Materials in Architecture”, please contact Lana Neil, (at 902 293 1212, Skype: Lana_neil, lana_neil@hotmail.com)

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Learning Objectives · Demonstrate abilities in descriptive geometry and generative computational thinking · Demonstrate abilities in parametric design scripting · Demonstrate awareness of digital design and fabrication processes · Demonstrate awareness of off-site construction connections, methods, and detailing

CACB Student Performance CriteriaThe BEDS/MArch program enables students to achieve the accreditation standards set by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board. They are described at https://tinyurl.com/cacb-spc-2017 (pages 14–17). This Dalhousie ARCH course addresses the CACB criteria and standards that are noted on the “Accreditation” page of the School of Architecture website: https://tinyurl.com/dal-arch-spc.

Evaluation Students are evaluated on the following:

Assignment:

T1 Tutorials (Individual) 7 classes 00%*

T2.1 Sky Room Component and Joinery (Group) 3 weeks 20%

T2.2 Sky Room Morphology and Analysis (Group) 4.5 weeks 30%

T3.0. Drawings (Individual) 7 weeks 40%

T4.0. Course Participation (Individual) 7 weeks 10%

Total 100%

* Completion required for course grade

All assignments graded by instructor and assistants. Standards are according to the Dalhousie Faculty of Graduate Studies standards. See assignment descriptions for criteria. Grading responses will be verbal and written.

Late assignments will be deducted one third letter grade 24 hours after the Brightspace deadline and one third letter grade every 72 hour period after that.

Individual and Group WorkThe semester consists of a single design problem broken into stages. Work will be conducted in groups because of the complex nature of computational design. However, over 50% of the semester’s grade is based on individual performance.

Course Grading ScaleGR PERCENT CRITERIA

A+ 90-100 Exemplary. Leads the course and is an example to the rest of the seminar.

A 85-89 Excellent. High level of performance at most or all levels.

A- 80-84 Very good. High level of performance at multiple levels.

B+ 77-79 Good. High level of performance at some levels.

B 73-76 Competent. Standard or above-average performance at some or multiple levels.

B- 70-72 Requires improvement. Sub-standard performance at one or more levels.

F 0 Insufficient basis to evaluate work.

The above scale applies to the overall course grade. Individual assignment standards and criteria are included in the assignment descriptions. Assignments can receive grades in the C or D range. You can find the university’s general C and D standards in the undergraduate calendar, Academic Regulation 17.1.

Desk Critique & Pre-Mid-Term FeedbackDesk critiques are ongoing feedback. Each critique will conclude by students writing out their understanding of the feedback received and what will be expected at the next meeting. This will be refined, if necessary, so there is agreement between the instructor and students as to the feedback received and future expectations.

In addition to feedback on any pre-midterm assignments, desk critiques will provide pre-midterm feedback.

Mid-Term Progress Grade

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Students will receive a mid-term grade during Week 7.

Attendance and participation requirementsStudents are expected to attend each class session for its duration, and participate in group discussion.

Absences and ExtensionsStudents may self-declare illnesses. Please review the school’s policy. Absences/extensions lasting more than 3 days require a doctor’s note.

Assignment SubmissionsUnless otherwise noted final assignment submissions will be digital files uploaded to Assignment Folders on Brightspace. Assignment progress will be reviewed during process, mid-, and final reviews. Printouts and models at reviews should adequately represent work-to-date.

Lecture RecordingLectures may be recorded by students. Lecture slides will be posted to Brightspace.

Required Design SoftwareThis course develops advanced software skills and concepts. Students are expected to utilize the following software for assignments. Prior experience with 3D modeling software and/or scripting is not a prerequisite.

· Rhino 6 for Windows OS · Adobe InDesign, Illustrator, and Photoshop · Select grasshopper plug-ins (provided)

A 90-day fully functional Rhino 6 for Windows OS license is available online (https://www.rhino3d.com/). SOA Lab licenses may be possible upon request. Please notify instructor immediately if you need a license. Rhino6 for Mac may have less functionality and support for Mac will be limited.

Required Communication ApplicationsMicrosoft Office 365 Outlook, Teams, One Drive, and Sharepoint (https://dalu.sharepoint.com/sites/its/SitePages/o365.aspx?_ga=2.78343900.912534271.1586041916-1329664771.1552310293)

Course discussions will be conducted over Zoom using dal.ca accounts. Please see the University’s notes on the Zoom platform and recommendations for security (https://dalu.sharepoint.com/sites/its/SitePages/st-zoom.aspx).

One Drive Working FolderIn order to consolidate work for the term we will be working off of a shared One-Drive folder for both M1 Design and Technology. The link is below:

https://dalu-my.sharepoint.com/:f:/g/personal/jm544275_dal_ca/EpJ0H3U3d_ZGsteFQCxIo-ABecU2FMXxoA8RquVmAFHrLw?e=xWCZvn

Required EquipmentPlease see the following system requirements for Rhino 6 (https://www.rhino3d.com/6/system_requirements). Please notify the instructor if you do not have a laptop or desktop that meets these requirements.

You will also need a scroll-wheel mouse for navigating the Rhino6 model space and Grasshopper canvas.

Required TextbooksNone. Required readings and resources will be provided on Brightspace or Library Reserve.

Additional ExpensesThe course may use Concept Board for presentations and sharing of student work. We are investigating pricing options..

Additional Tutoring or Academic SupportSoftware support is available through Computer Help Desk. Course Instructor and TAs are available for individual consulting.

SRI EvaluationThere will be 15 minutes provided in class for SRI Evaluations during Week 9.

BrightspaceBrightspace will be used to manage: course materials, groups, grading, assignment submissions, and other course related information.

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Link: https://dal.brightspace.com/d2l/home/123893

Time and Credit Hours3 credit hours for 9 hours / week, including class time. This may be staggered through the term.

University Policies and ResourcesThis course is governed by the academic rules and regulations set forth in the University Calendar and the Senate. See the School’s “Academic Regulations” page (tinyurl.com/dal-arch-regulations) for links to university policies and resources:

· Academic integrity · Accessibility · Code of student conduct · Diversity and inclusion; culture of respect · Student declaration of absence · Recognition of Mi’kmaq territory · Work safety · Services available to students, including writing support · Fair dealing guidelines (copyright) · Dalhousie University Library

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Term Schedule

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Design and Technology Weekly ScheduleLectures, Readings, and Assignments:

Week 1 Tuesday Lecture D1.1 Soft Systems, Sky Rooms and Site

What is a “soft system” and how does it apply to architecture?; Feedback between material and site; considering program; our site and program; new and non-traditional knowledge

Assignment D1.1 assigned

Tutorial T1.1 Introduction to Rhino and Grasshopper

Wednesday [Morning before class: Software and hardware preparation} Design Guest Lecture / Discussion: Kim Thompson, Deanery Lecture T1.1 Computational Site Documentation and Analysis

Sourcing data; Generating topography; Generating and reading climate data; Running climate simulations; Concepts for interfacing with architectural spaces and material assemblies

Tutorial T1.2 Climate Simulations and Topography Generation

Friday Desk critique: D1.1progress review / Tutorial 1 & 2 review

Drawings, models, and reports draft review

Assignment D2 assignedWeek 2Tuesday Desk critique: D1.1final feedback

Review drafts of final documentation

Assignment D1.1 due, 11:59 pm

Wednesday [Morning before class: Pick up material kits from School of Architecture] Lecture D1.2 Soft Systems and Material-driven design

Extrinsic and intrinsic material properties; Rule-based morphologies; (Underlying geometry); Paper airplanes and folded plates

Assignment D1.2 assignedIn-class exercise

Assignment D1.2 due

Friday Lecture D1.3 Material Research

Raw materials, building materials, and building components; Building composite properties and applications; Literature sources for building materials; Construction lexicon, component morphology, and joinery; Flow diagrams and flow trees

Review Material Kits. Material making demonstration. Assignment D1.3 assigned Identify materials to study, compile documentation, address questions

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Week 3Tuesday Lecture T1.2 Computer Modeling and Algorithmic Design

Computation as method; Underlying geometry, constants, variables, and rules; Components, units, and aggregation

Tutorial T1.3 Component / Unit Construction

Wednesday

Tutorial 3 Review

Tutorial T1.4. Discrete Aggregation

Week 4Monday (Convocation Make-up Class) Guest lecture. Aaron Outhwaite

Desk critique: D1.3 progress reviewReview initial experiments and documentation. Feedback for wrapping up.

Tuesday Lecture D1.4 Component Morphology and Joinery

The relationship between materials and morphology; Soft systems and emergence; Joinery and degrees of freedom;

Assignment D1.4 assigned

Assignment D1.3 due, 11:59 pm

Assignment D2.1 due, 11:59 pm

Wednesday Lecture T1.3. Representation understood through the state of the art Modes and topics of representation; Representations of space and time; Examples

Tutorial T1.5. Modes of representation and photogrammetry

Assignment T2.0 assigned

Friday Desk critique: D1.4 progress review Morphology and joinery sketches

Tutorials Review

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Week 5Tuesday Lecture T1.4. Component and assembly definitions understood through the state of the art

Strategies for algorithmic logics and definitions; Accounting for material, thickness, and methods of assembly in the simulation of joinery; The role of representation; Abstracting into nodes for the computer

Assignment T1.1assignedBegin component abstraction by hand; Plan out / attempt 3d models and algorithm definitions

Desk critique: D1.4 progress reviewMorphology and joinery prototypes, first draft

Wednesday

Tutorials Review (as required)

Desk critique: D1.4 progress review Morphology and joinery prototypes, second draft

Friday

Desk critiques: Review T1.1graphic algorithm definition first drafts

Week 6Tuesday Desk critique: D1.4 progress review

Final joinery prototypes review

Desk critiques: T1.1 and T2.0 progress reviewgraphic algorithm definition second drafts and representation first drafts

Wednesday

Desk critique: D1.4 progress reviewpresentation draft with drawing placeholders

Friday Desk critiques: T1.1 and T2.0 progress review

graphic algorithm definition final drafts; animation drafts; drawing final drafts

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Week 7Tuesday DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY MID-REVIEW

Assignment D1.4 due, 11:59 pm

Assignment D2.2 due, 11:59 pm

Assignment T1.1 due, 11:59 pm

Wednesday Lecture D1.5 Spatial morphologies and material assemblies

The relationship between intrinsic material properties, physical environment, and program; Centers of gravity, points, vectors, and morphological development; Making meaning

Assignment D1.5 assignedDefine parametric variables and property / environment relationship to analyze

Friday Lecture T1.5 Parametric morphologies and system analysis

Working with points, vectors, and morphological development; Integrating parametric definitions with data; How to analyze data and make decisions; Intrinsic material property and physical environment relationships; Some problems encountered

Tutorial T1.6. Analysis and optimization

Assignment T1.2 assignedDefine parametric variables and property / environment relationship to analyze

Week 8Tuesday Tutorial T1.7. Introduction to Python and Math Based Aggregation

Desk critiques: T1.2 progress reviewparametric morphology drafts

Wednesday Desk critique: T2.0 progress review

Friday Desk critique: D1.5 progress reviewWeek 9Tuesday Group desk critique: D1.5 and D2.3 progress review

Desk critiques: T1.2 and T2.0 progress review

Assignment D2.3 due

Wednesday TBD

Tech SRI evaluation (15 min)

Friday Desk critique: D1.5 progress review

Design SRI evaluation (15 min)

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Week 10Tuesday Desk critique: D1.5, T1.2 and T2.0 progress review

Wednesday TBD

Friday Desk critique: D1.5, T1.2 and T2.0 progress reviewWeek 11Tuesday Assignment D1.5 due, 11:59 pm

Assignment T1.2 due, 11:59 pm

Wednesday FINAL REVIEW

Assignment D2.4 due, 11:59 pm

Assignment T2.0 due, 11:59 pm

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T1.1 Site Documentation and Analysis Tutorial

Format: Studio Individual or Group: Individual Due Date: 11:59 pm, Sun May 10

DescriptionA1.2 introduces you to site documentation and analysis tools for topographic modeling and climate analysis.

These tutorials will cover:

1. Topography data acquisition and topography generation

2. Climate data acquisition, representation, and analysis

Submission Requirements.Record of tutorial completion and additional work via screen shots, animations, notes, etc.

Evaluation.Inclusion of submission requirements in Design Process Portfolio.

Wind rose, from Food4Rhino, Ladybug Tools, by by Mostapha Sadeghipour Roudsari (https://www.food4rhino.com/app/ladybug-tools)

Yearly plot of dry bulb temperature, from Food4Rhino, Ladybug Tools, by by Mostapha Sadeghipour Roudsari (https://www.food4rhino.com/app/ladybug-tools)

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T1.2 Algorithmic Design Tutorial

Format: Studio Individual or Group: Individual Due Date: 11:59 pm, Sun May 10

DescriptionYou will be given a series of tutorials which introduce to three dimensional NURBS modeling in Rhinoceros3d and graphic algorithmic editing in Grasshopper and associated Grasshopper plug-ins. The tutorials will be in a step-by-step format and culminate in a parametric assembly algorithmic definition, three-dimensional model, three-dimensional drawings, and animation.

These tutorials will cover:

1. Rhino/Grasshopper Introduction

2. Component/ Unit Construction

3. Discrete Aggregation

4. Modes of Representation

Submission Requirements.Record of tutorial completion and additional work via screen shots, animations, notes, etc.

Evaluation.Inclusion of submission requirements in Design Process Portfolio.

Quasi-Reciprocal Frame–the three variable design parameters are length, rotation and depth (Pigram 2014) from Pigram, “Fabrication Aware Form-Finding”

The two sides of the Quasi-reciprocal showing contradictory similarities to a standard pin joint (top left) and a classic reciprocal fan (bottom left) (Pigram 2014). from Pigram, “Fabrication Aware Form-Finding”

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T1.3 Advanced Algorithmic Design

Format: Studio Individual or Group: Individual Due Date: 11:59 pm, Sun May 10

DescriptionA1.3 builds on the tutorials in A1.1 and A1.2 to develop skills in simulation, optimization, and mathematical aggregation.

These tutorials will cover:

1. Analysis and Optimization

2. Introduction to Python and Math Based Aggregation

Submission Requirements.Record of tutorial completion and additional work via screen shots, animations, notes, etc.

Evaluation.Inclusion of submission requirements in Design Process Portfolio.

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Format: Studio with research componentIndividual or Group: Group

Description. This assignment will translate your D2.2 Component Morphology and Joinery studies into a computer models and graphic algorithm editor definitions for computational exploration of their possibilities. You will develop a functioning parametric model which defines a pair of components and the joint between them. These models will serve as the source for your D2.2 drawing submission.

Submission Requirements.

1. Assignment narrative · Paragraph description of parametric translation of D2.2

material properties to computational format. Identify key concept translations.

2. Three dimensional model · 3DM model organized by layers into Underlying geometries,

component surface models, and joinery materials if applicable (units = mm)

3. Graphic Algorithm Joint Definition V1 · Narrative of GH definition · Annotated GH defintion · Animation of GH definition

Assignment T2.1. Sky Room Component and Joinery

Left: Waterjet cut sandstone striations and erosion due to water pressure; Right: Misalignment of waterjet cut marble modules. from Weir, “Waterjet and Wire-cutting Workflows in Stereotomic Practice”

A: Complex wave; B: Simplified wave with 60° taper C: Simplified wave extrusion (Image source: Fernando 2016). from Weir, “Waterjet and Wire-cutting Workflows in Stereotomic Practice”

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Evaluation.All group members will receive the same grade. The criteria for evaluation are:

· Logic of organization and explanation · Consideration of material properties and load paths · Consideration of intrinsic material properties · Accuracy of joinery (not floating in space) · Demonstration of iterative process

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Format: Studio with research componentIndividual or Group: Group Due Date: 11:59 pm, Sun May 17

Description. This is a companion assignment to Design Assignment D2.3. Using the logic of underlying geometry and material from your Sky Room proposals evolve your computer models and algorithm definitions from Assignment T2.1 to computationally model and parametrically modify your Sky Room details and morphology. In addition, select an intrinsic material property / environmental engagement (i.e. hygroscopy and humidity, strength and gravity, opacity and daylight, conductivity and temperature) to simulate and analyze.

Submission Requirements.

1. Narrative of simulation and analysis approaches and discussion of outcomes and findings

2. Annotated screen shots of analysis and simulations

3. Three dimensional model · 3DM model organized by layers into Site data, Underlying

geometries, structure surface model (units = mm)

4. Graphic Algorithm Joint Definition V2 · Narrative of GH definition · Annotated GH definition

T2.2 Sky Room Morphology and Analysis

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· Animation of GH definition

5. Graphic Algorithm Assembly/System Definition · Narrative of GH definition · Annotated GH definition · Animation of GH definition ·

Evaluation.All group members will receive the same grade. The criteria for evaluation are:

· Logic of organization and explanation · Consideration of material properties and load paths · Accuracy of joinery (not floating in space) · Demonstration of iterative process · Clarity of analysis

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Format: Digital publication.

Individual or Group: Individual assignment.

Due Date: Digital Submission, 11:59 pm (See Term Schedule for date. Progress submissions through the term.)

DescriptionThis assignment lasts through the term. Develop a drawing or set of drawings of your work in Tech and Design. Determine important views, relationships, unique drawings and details. Coordinate among your group to consider how a reader moves through the drawings from page to page. How notes refer back and forth. The drawings will form the basis for reviews and discussions of your project.

Submission Requirements. PDF. Format as required.

Drawings can cover the following elements. You may add others as appropriate. Underlined items are required. Divide among your group.

1. Detail drawings · Hardline, three dimensional drawing showing two

components and a joint connecting them · Ground connection · Sky and / or view connections

T3.0. Drawings

EHWedge – Generating stretched asymetric vaults with the wedge. (Ericson, 2014)

(right) PLines – Euclidian principles in the service of form generation (Kazmierczak, Woodbury University, 2013)

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2. Underlying geometries and time-based drawings · Project Lexicon. Identifiers for project components and

assembly geometry. · Component morphology diagram. Three dimensional

hardline drawing showing one component, its underlying geometry, morphology variables, and degrees of freedom.

· Overall building underlying geometry showing morphology variables, and degrees of freedom

3. Process and simulation diagrams · Diagram of material properties studied and how the sky

room responds to them · Visual program (project approach to the sky during the day

and night) including visible constellations

4. Overall drawings · Site Plan · Plan · Section · Elevation · Construction Sequence · Overall 3D drawing

5. Analysis images · Site analysis vectors and centers of gravity · Solar shading and insolation · Interior daylighting · Thermal performance · Structural stress / strain and / or deflection

Evaluation. The criteria for evaluation are:

· Technical Insight · Precision · Legibility · Quality of graphic communication · Organization

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Format: Digital publication.

Individual or Group: Individual assignment.

DescriptionThis assignment lasts through the term. Through discussions, develop roles for each group member. Some may be more interested in scripting, some more interested in digital modeling, and others in representation or researching technical data. You may also try different versions of possible solutions.

As a group review the Recommendations for Group Work sheet. Draft your own group contract to observe over the term. Provide an initialed copy of the Group Work Sheet and your Group Contract to your instructor. During the term keep a running log of tasks each group member will perform as well as notes from group meetings. Be sure to establish clear communication protocols and meeting time availabilities.

Submission Requirements. 1. Group Work Sheet, initialed and signed

2. Group Contract, initialed and signed

3. Meetings log, initialed and signed

4. Work assignments log, initialed and signed

Evaluation.Ability to fulfill tasks and follow the terms of group agreement

T4.0. Course Participation

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ReferencesThe following texts are available for reference through the library. These are for general reference, reading discussion, technical reference, and lecture sources. Items in bold are central to course content and both/either reading discussion or frequent lecture sources.

Off-site Concrete Construction TechnologyAllen, Edward, and Iano, Joseph. Fundamentals of Building Construction : Materials and Methods. Sixth ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2014.

Brookes, Alan, and Meijs, Maarten. Cladding of Buildings. 4th ed. Abingdon ; New York: Taylor & Francis, 2008.

Ching, Frank, and Ebooks Corporation. Building Construction Illustrated. Fifth ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2014.

Deplazes, Andrea (Ed.). Constructing Architecture: Materials Processes Structures. Basel: Birkhauser, 2009.

Kind-Barkauskas, Friedbert. Concrete Construction Manual. Berlin: Birkhäuser, 2002.

Peck, Martin. Modern Concrete Construction Manual: Structural Design, Material Properties, Sustainability. Munich: Institut Für Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation, 2014. Edition Detail.

Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute. Architectural Precast Concrete. 2nd ed. Chicago, Ill.: Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1989.

Watts, Andrew, and Ebooks Corporation. Modern Construction Envelopes. Second ed. Vienna: Ambra|V, 2014. Print. Modern Construction Ser.

Bruce King

ComputationAranda, Benjamin and Chris Lasch. Pamphlet Architecture 27: Tooling. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005.

Davis, Daniel. “A History of Parametric.” Accessed June 9, 2015. http://www.danieldavis.com/a-history-of-parametric/

Hollister, Stephen M. “The Dirty Little Secrets of Hull Design by Computer.” Accessed June 9, 2015. http://www.newavesys.com/secrets.htm

Computational Design Thinking; Ed. by Achim Menges. Chichester: Chichester : John Wiley, 2011.

Reiser, Jesse. Atlas of Novel Tectonics. Eds. Nanako Umemoto and Reiser +Umemoto. 1st ed.. ed. New York: New York : Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.

Townsend, Alastair. “On the Spline: A Brief History of the Computational Curve.” Accessed June 9, 2015. http://www.alatown.com/spline-history-architecture/

Digital FabricationBell, Brad; Read, T. Cord; Ede, Austin; Barnes, Nathan, “Casting non-repetitive Geometries with Digitally Reconfigurable Surfaces,”

In ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA): Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014, pp. 453-462

Beorkrem, Christopher. Material Strategies in Digital Fabrication. London: Routledge, 2013.

Corser, Robert. Fabricating Architecture: Selected Readings in Digital Design and Manufacturing. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012.

Dunn, Nick. Digital Fabrication in Architecture. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2012.Gerber, David Jason and Mariana Ibanez (Ed.). Paradigms in Computing: Making, Machines, and Models for Design Agency in Architecture. New York: eVolo,

2014.

Gerber, David (Ed.). ACADIA 2014 Design Agency: Projects of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture. London: ACADIA/Riverside Architectural Press, 2014.

Gerber, David (Ed.). ACADIA 2014 Design Agency: Projects of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture. London: ACADIA/Riverside Architectural Press, 2015.

Hauschild, Moritz and Rudiger Karzel. Detail Practice, Digital Processes: Planning, Design, Production. Basel: Birkhauser, 2011.

Kolarevic, Branko. Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing. London: Taylor and Francis, 2005.

Kolarevic, Branko and Kevin Klinger. Manufacturing Material Effects: Rethinking Design and Making in Architecture. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008.

Larsen, N; Pedersen, O; Pigram, D. 2012. A Method for the Realization of Complex Concrete Gridshell Structures in Pre-Cast Concrete, ACADIA 12: Synthetic Digital Ecologies [Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture San Francisco 18-21 October, 2012, 209-216.

Leach, Neil, David Turnbull, and Chris (Chris J. K. ). Williams. Digital Tectonics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. : Wiley-Academy, 2004.

Nicholas, Paul. Designing Material / Materialising Design. London: Riverside Architectural Press, 2013.

Sheil, Bob, and Ebooks Corporation. Manufacturing the Bespoke Making and Prototyping Architecture. Chichester, U.K.: Chichester, U.K. : John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2012.

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