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Chapter 12 Soft Materials in Technology and Biology – Characteristics, Properties, and Parameter Identication M. Staat, G. Baroud , M. Topcu, S. Sponagel Institute of Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Campus Jülich, Ginsterweg 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany, [email protected] Laboratoire de biomécanique de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Canada Abstract The growing interest in exible structures has also brought biomechan- ics into the focus of engineers. Elastomers and soft tissues consist of similar net- works of macromolecules. After a brief introduction to the concepts of continuum mechanics, typical isotropic models of soft materials in technology and biology are presented. Similarities and differences of the thermo-mechanical behavior are discussed. For rubber-like materials a modication of the Kilian network is sug- gested which greatly simplies the identication of material parameters. Finally the dynamical loading of biopolymers and volume changes with phase transitions are considered. 12.1 Introduction Ri gid ma ter ials ha ve shaped and cha racterized the te chn ical wo rld to a str ong extent. Bridges, skyscrapers or the Eiffel tower are not allowed to deform noticeably if forces are acting. Therewith a conception of engineering and technical mechanics has arisen t hat turns the at tention to rigid constructions. Engineers think of techni cal mechanics as soon as they hear the word mechanics. Technical mechanics is the mechanics of the civil engineer as it has been created by August Föppel and the mathematician Felix Klein. The necessity to look at rigid constructions also led to materials and construc- tions that conform to these requirements. Further ndings were always connected to this in mechanics (st atics). The world of engineers is the world of rigid construc- tions made of metal, concrete or masonry. Only the industrial mobility, i. e. automo- tive engineering allowed reconsidering these classical views. One recognized that soft materials and constructions are necessary in order to reduce impact forces and to design them bearable. Therewith, bearing and vibration engineering as well as safety constructions ha ve originated. In the case of safety constructi ons, one thinks Gerhard M. Artmann, Shu Chien (Eds.), Bioengineering in Cell and Tissue Research 253 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75409-1, © Springer 2008

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