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“Soft” Approaches to Regional Species Pools for Plots
Tom Wentworth, Jason Fridley, Joel Gramling, Todd Jobe
Ecoinformatics Working GroupNovember 25, 2002
What is a regional species pool?
Bob Ricklefs (TEON, 5e, 2001): “The species that occur within a region are referred to as its species pool. All the members of the regional species pool are potential members of each local community.”
Local communities are subsets of the regional species pool.
More from Bob Ricklefs (TEON, 5e, 2001): “A central concept of ecology is that membership in local communities is restricted to the species that can coexist together in the same habitat. Thus, each local community is a subset of the regional species pool.”
Work of Weiher and Keddy…
Species sorting: experimental study of 20 wetland species seeded into 120 wetland microcosms representing varied environments
Bob Ricklefs (TEON, 5e, 2001): “Interactions of species within local habitats make up only half of the diversity equation.”
So what? The relationship between the regional
species pool and local community is mediated by important processes fundamental to our understanding of how local communities are organized: dispersal habitat selection predatory and competitive exclusion chance extinction
Our Challenge: Building Species Pools We don’t know
the species pools contributing to our plots: we could accept
arbitrary definitions, but…
objective approaches are preferable: is there a bottom-up approach?
“Hard” vs. “Soft” Approaches (sensu Fridley) Hard: species are associated with one
another through co-occurrence in plots: species pools are built through “chains” of co-
occurrence among species Soft: species pools are constructed as
plots/species are accumulated by “proximity”: geographic (limited utility, but traditional) environmental (attractive as we gather data) compositional (most accessible)
Soft Pools: Geographic Basis
Place plots in a geographic space (x, y, maybe z): select a plot accumulate species in the regional
pool from nearest neighbor plots add species until…when???
Soft Pools: Geographic Basis
We don’t think this is necessarily the best idea: no well-defined stopping point accumulating species through geographic
proximity builds pools with “strange bedfellows” (consider the longleaf savannah adjacent to a pocosin)…
but perhaps this is consistent with Ricklefs’ definition of regional species pools?
Soft Pools: Environmental Basis
Place plots in an environmental space select a plot accumulate species in the regional pool
from nearest neighbor plots add species until you…
reach a plot that shares no species with starting plot
reach some arbitrarily determined distance
Soft Pools: Environmental Basis
We like this idea: support from work by Taylor, Aarssen
et al. builds pools using plots that are
initially similar from an environmental perspective
NCVS data base is richly endowed with environmental data
Soft Pools: Compositional Basis
Place plots in an compositional space select a plot accumulate species in the regional pool
from nearest neighbor plots add species until you…
reach a plot that shares no species with starting plot
reach some arbitrarily determined distance
Soft Pools: Compositional Basis
We like this idea: builds pools using plots that are
initially similar from a compositional perspective
not restricted by limited availability of environmental data
Soft Pools: Alternatives Plot-based environmental and
compositional spaces can also be populated with species: why not build pools based on
species’ centers and accumulate these in a nearest-neighbor approach?
a nice start, but ignores differential niche breadths of species…
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Soft Pools: Alternatives
Plot-based environmental and compositional spaces can also be populated with species: why not build pools based on
distributions of species overlapping a particular plot?
environmental or compositional gradient
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ACRU
ACSA
AMAR
BENI
CACA
CAGL
CATO
CECA
COFL
DIVI
FAGRFRAM
FRPE
ILOP
J UVI
LIST
LITU
MATR
MAVI
MORU
NYSY
OSVI
OXAR
PIEC
PITA
PRSE
QUAL QUCO
QUFAQUMA
QUMI
QUNI
QUPH
QURU
QUST
QUVE
SAAL
ULAL
ULAM
ULRU
CACO
Class data
Axis 1
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s 2
Problems… How many axes for environmental
or compositional space? as number of axes increases, species
pool collapses to the species present in the plot
could limit analysis to n compositional or complex environmental axes (from PCA), but how many?
Edge effects limit detectability of species pools for marginal plots