Sociology of Crime and Deviance (2)

7/24/2019 Sociology of Crime and Deviance (2)

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Sociology of Crime and Deviance 1/30/06- I missed first lecture, and since then have

taken hand ritten notes! "irst, on a sheet of #a#er in the red s#iral note$ook, then on the

#rinted out version of the %oer%oint!

&e as riting on the $oard something like'

%sych

-#ersonality

-I(-Develo#ment/Cognition )ie! %oor im#ulse control, etc!*

+iol

-enes )ie! ene for risk taking, diso$eying authority, etc!*

-&ormones )testosterone, etc! reason for more $oys*-Socio-$iology )innate #ro#erties of the human s#ecies that favor crime and

deviance, for eam#le agression*

Soc

-%ositivism )takes mechanistic vie, there are hiddden las, .uantitativemeasures such as survery research*

-learn-strain

-control

-Inter#retationmeaning, motivation!

ainstream heories of Crime

hese theories'2 re dominant in contem#orary criminology

2 re often amena$le to #ositivism2 end to focus on e#laining the deviant individual- hat is it a$out ##l ho $reakthe la com#ared to those ho don4t5

2 "all into three cam#s7

Social 8earning %ers#ectives

2 9ey :ame' ;din Sutherland-

2 9ey et' %rinci#les of Criminology7 12 rgument' differential association theory7- it4s all a$out ho you hang out ith!Differential association ith diff ty#es of #eo#le! y#ically small grou# setting,

delin.uent youth focus, assoc! in small grou#s critical and had num$er of small

im#lications' learning the method of crime, >ationali?atons and motivations forcrime, a small grou# reinforces a #articular orldvie u#on you! akes you think

crime is fair or fun! )ie! eenage kids skate$oarding on free?ing cold day5*

2 8earn' echni.ues! otivations! )ost crimes can $e seen as risky or $oring, $utsmall grou# can change these inter#retations*

2 Influences' Chicago School, arde )1@A3-0A*!- ost influential sociolgy school,

street corner gangs, ho$os, and so on! %olish immigrant #easant! >D;-

DBD;- &;> " III:! here is a trickle don effect from high


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status grou#s to lo status grou#s! 8ike fashion! here are other things that aref

forms of imitation- languages! If someone enters small grou# setting, they ill

immitate the other #eo#le!2 odification' Daniel laser Differential Identification theory7- Said Sutherland

as a $it mechanistic, $ut he says hat is more im#ortant is the #erson

su$Eectively identifying ith the role model! Shifting aay from Sutherland4s#ositivism to a situation looking at ho #eo#le look u# to, o#ens us u# eventually

to thinking a$out the role of the media )he didn4t talk a$out that*! >ole odels

oreF2 >ecent ela$oration' >onald kers!- &e had #sychology training, s#ruced u# the

theory $y looking at reinforcement! Ghat ha##ens immediately after! Com$ining

Skinner ith Sutherland!

2 social learning theory7- do they get #ositive or neg stimulus after! eenagedelin.uency- those ho received immediate #ositive #eer feed$ack!

2 >einforcement, feed$ack and #eer grou#s- these small grou#s give #ositive

feed$ack to criminal acts, not like if co#s came first!

2 ore recent $ook Social 8earning and Social Structure7 1


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2 l$ert Cohen! 1

2 Attachment.)social tie to valued individual such as #arent of teacher, if you looku# to them then you4ll take them seriously hen they say you4ve done $ad*

Commitment! )ties to institutions like school* Involvement.)routine activities,

time use, ho mcuh of your time is soaked u# in legitimate activities!

;tracurriculars, etc! Strong correlation $eteen the time right after school endsand crime and deviance! Belief.- (a$out your connection toa$stract social values,

do you $elieve in o$eying the la, right and rong, hardork, etc*! If you score

high on these you ill $e less likely to $e deviant!2 ;la$oration' &irschi and ottfredson! 1)9ee# seeing original theory and then #eo#le going on ith minor ela$orationsL*

rying to connect control theory ith $iological stuff! "ocused to much onimmediate socail ties and not develo#ment of the self! his is a $it too

mechanistic! Ghat is im#ortant is early sociali?ation! If have $efore the age of 1A,

your self ill $e made so that deviance seems unnatractive to you- even in the


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absence of strong ties! What ere the ties beteen the age of and "# $ot

ties hen youre %. ou internali?e this method of social control!

2 ;la$oration' Sam#son and 8au$! lifecourse criminology7- here e4re at at themoment, he likes this- as e gro older, enter and eit la$or market, married and

divorced, traces movement through the life course and rates of offending! he

amt! of social ties e have varies during life and there4s correlation ith deviance!any #eo#le give u# deviance around their early K0s! >eason- they develo#

certain kinds of social ties- first orthile Eo$ ith some kind of career track!

Commitment- institution em#loeyer! r married, long-term relationshi#s! Sim#lyliving ith a oman! angs of guys don4t get let in at the clu$s, $ut guys ith a

oman do get let in! Indicator of sanity! hose ho don4t give u# deviance never

develo# social control! eenage delin.uents tend to encourage each other and egg

each other on!2 ;la$oration! &agan #oer control theory7- 1


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K/1/06 = uesday as ainstream %ositivist, #eo#le trying to $ehave like scientists,

e#erimental or statistical methods! :et eek ues, more of a humanistsic #oint of

vie!Sociology of Crime and Deviance

Interactionist ##roaches-

%ro$lems ith mainstream

+ackground not meaning- )>eferring to #ositivist that focus on social traits that

might #redis#ose them to crime, i!e! lo I(, contets that #ro#el them to crime,$ut not looking at the meanings of crime for the criminal! &umainist #oint of

vieH it makes sense to them, makes them feel good, etc!* echanistic )ravis &ershey' Choir #ractice, counts hours, likelihood of

$ecoming of deviant! :o room here for volunteerism or choice*

Bnrefleive )$out some core assum#tions! Crime is not really .iestioned, Eust

take the state definition! %ositivists don4t undersatdnd that crime and deviance aresocially constructed! $ortion, mariEuana, etc! ;ngages in stat ork unrefleive

a$out ho is the criminal! %erson ith criminal record! 8eaves out undetecteddeviance in general #o#ulation ho got aay ith it! nly dealt ith criminals

,la$eled as such $y society*

Sym$olic Interactionism' Core Ideas- 1! e from $A! &er$ert +lumer )%hiloso#her of Sim$olic Interactionism- act in$asis of meanings

%eo#le act on $asis of meanings- )Cars that get keyed! Ghat kinds of cars get

keyed, very nice ones, ercedes overre#resented com#ared to Corvettes5 Ghy do#eo#le do this5 Sym$olic- &omeone should rite a 'a'er about 'eo'le ho

drive e'ensive automobiles, stealing american )obs by driving *ercedes#

Why do 'eo'le +ey, etc. eanings arise from interaction, inter#retation- )+lumer gets this from

Sutherland! ainstream #ositivist! %eo#le talking a$out things in small grou#s led

to #articular #ers#ectives on the orld! = )Socially not individually* ction not $ehavior )In case of humans, need to think a$out action- motivated

$ehavior ith a certain amount of free ill and inter#retation! +acku# from

neuroscience! Inter#retation and emotion is kind of short cut that hel#s you move

on in life, these a$normal #eo#le are #araly?ied $y indecision hen no emotions!

Im#lications for criminology eanings for #er#etrators- )"undamentally different from looking at race,

neigh$orhood, etc! this is su$Eective orld and su$culture! eanings for society- )Involves thinking a$out hat crime and criminality mean

for the ider #o#ulation! he nature of la, media framing, etc! Social construction of deviance- )8ook at ho some events are framed u# as

deviant or acce#ta$le! ;#lore the asy #eo#le talk a$out it and ays #articular

forms of deviance are invented! >ace, #olitics, etc! Gouldn4t get at this ith

sim#ly a #ositivist a##roach!*


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(ualitative and inter#retative methods- )Content analysis of the media! >eading a

$unch of nes#a#er stories, intervies ith #eo#le )his tai drivers*, focusgrou#s, #artici#ant o$servation, etc! >esearcher trying to undersatnd from ithin

the grou# $y hanging out ith the grou#! hat4s the ethnogra#hic method! "ocus can $e on #ersonal e#eriences or #u$lic meanings = )It4s a scale, some

ork is more a$out meaning of crime from society at large! Ge can look ate#erience of crime, the end to the right is the ay #eo#le talk a$out things! he

left is involved5

Study 1

&oard +ecker!)Starting from the #u$lic meaning end, going the other ay, this

guy is #u$lic meaning! "amous for 8a$eling theory7* 8a$eling theory7

9ey $ook' utsiders7! 1


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#icked on $y #eo#le around sho##ing malls, $ut other social grou#s $end the la

to their $enefit! Skate$oarding harmless! aster status! Sno$all effect! )In our lives e4ll have a num$er of statuses-

social roles, descri#tions #eo#le might use to say ho e are! Someone might $e

a mother, accountant, a good cook, and a ale grad! "our different statuses! Ghat

ha##ens if oman commits a crime5 he status as criminal takes over as a masterstatus! Gashes out all the other statuses e might have! +ecker argues this I think!

thers $ecome uninteresting, don4t care a$out latest accounting #rocedures, once

she tells you she4s a criminal, only care a$out hat you did, etc!&igh status #erson is a drug dealer, that takes over! he statuses that can $ridge us are

forgotten like they atch $asket$all, listen to same music, $ut once you kno they4re a

drug dealer, other #oints of human connection dro# out- Criminal is master status!Se#aration out as deviant vs! not! he result of this se#aration is a sno$all effect,

deviants hang out ith each other as outsiders, in a search for identity, form Deviant

su$cultures, like Coen4s argument! nce ur in the su$culture, you learn the values thatlead to more deviance!* ;! 9id caught at school smoking mariEuana other kids4 #arents

on4t let their kids hang out, only kids that talk to you are the real drug dealing kids! +igeffects come from smaller conditions driven $y SBS! Some reent e#eriments- hite

and $lack #eo#le )actors* given same senarios of life, one had s#ent last 3 years in #risonone had $een in oil rig in laska, ho gets offered a Eo$5 ;thnogra#hic! Deal ith them

ith fear!

Diversion' "rom 8a$eling heory to >adical Criminology- )round 1adical criminology H marism Q findings of Sym$olic Interactionism!-

)Dominant class makes u# la and discression orks to disadvantage of the

orking class! * "rom arism' COS H class control, crime is #olitical, crime as necessary )riots,

re$ellions, i!e! Sho#lifting to feed family!! "rom la$eling' selective rule making, discretion )Crimes of the #oerful, not

#aying minimum age, etc as not #unished, discression used to get #o#erful#eo#le off the hook! o #arrallel legal systems su$Eected to class control and one

for rich #eo#le ho tended to get off all the time! ne for #oerful one for the

#oerless! Ghenever someone from Congress is guilty for something, checkthemsleves into reha$, $/c smart layers and can #ay for reha$, if not, they go to

Eail!

%ro$lemsF >omantic vision = )&oodlums ere >o$in &ood figures trying to feed

communities, etc! %oor #eo#le tend to #redate on other #oor #eo#le! ostcriminals only commit crimes ithin a fe streets of here they live! hey

eren4t engaged in social activity! Seual violence eam#le of difficult to say this

is acrime of the #oor trying to resolve inEustices of society! "its some scenarios only


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left realism7- )Com#lete B-turn, instead of arguing that COS is #icking on them,

saying #oor communities need more #olice #rotection and regulation hereas$efore they thought kind of self-regulating! ore energy given to catching hite

collar criminals5 )Ge ant co#s don here too to sort out these gangs and give us

same #rotection under the las as rich #eo#le get*

Study K ;rving offman )sociology, ?oology, other forms of knoledge*

sylums7! 1omantic movemnt suggesting mental #ro$lems la$eling as #art of effort of

social control! %art of a ave of $ooks a$out mental illness not eisting,

confinement is $ad for #eo#le ho ere mentally ill, mental illness ould is anattem#t at social control ne "le ver the Cuckoo4s :est! :ice #eo#le

misunderstood!

ContinuedF

;thnogra#hic effort su$Eective e#erience7- )Inmate of mental assylum, s#ent allof his days and several nights in :aval hos#ital in D ith ##l classified as

mentally ill! &o does hos#ital ork as a social setting! here is a com#onent ofla$eling here- #rocess to #eo#le $eing defined as mentally ill $y the institution!

Incredi$le $ook, read this shit! total institution7- )&ughes invented this, $ut offman most associated ith it

Institutions- do they contrl all of our lives or Eust #art of our lives! total

institution is one that controls #retty much everything- )i!e! #rison total institution,

church ould $e at other end of the scale! I: $eteen you have a range, like hoale is semi-total institution! Sanctions if you violate them! )"ree criterion- clear

$oundy around the institution, se#arated off from outside orld, the interior

organi?ation is very rationali?ed, time ta$les, collective eating and slee#ingarrangemnts, clear understadnings a$out $ehavior and limits to $ehavior!

&eiracrical and interior organi?ation! So $oundy, hierarchical, routine, staff-

inmante divsiion! rmy! mish Communities- don4t have $oundry! >eha$ centers,

cult societies! otalitararian things- South 9orea! onistary! hey don4t havestaff-inmate division! ful! ir#lanes and $-$all #ractice $ut doesn4t control you

KA hours/day! >eality J shos!

%/0 1 Continued from before Interactionist A''roaches- inishing u' &ymbolic

Interactionism rite of #assage7-develo#ed $y offman! %rocess of la$eling! s inmante entered

mental hos# lost citi?en status and given inmate status! Ghen #eo#le sho u# you

stri# them of their more dignified citi?enshi# status, and give them degradedinmate status! >ight of #assageHsystem of $euricratic activities, taking aay life

history, listing #ersonal #ossessions for storage, disinfecting, haircutting,

undressing, assigning to corridors! 8ose one identity and given another! Shoer,anti-lice #oder thron over them, etc! ;sca#e from lcatra?! %hili# likes this!

Interactionist understanding of self! Society gives us a sense of self and society

takes it aay! Strong #erson to resist this!


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%oer, identity, reards system- highly #oer driven here all is in staff! he

institutuion orks $y resha#ing ID and making them into conformists! Slightlyromantic conce#t of this! Sho conformity, get reards, if they sho they

haven4t changed ID, get #unsihed in some ay! %lay $y the rules to accumulate

reards and avoid #unishment! offman says this remakes the self in nast ays,

$ecome ro$oti?ed! Says it4s $ad, takes aay individualism, $ut!!!co#ing Co#ing strategies- situational ithdraal- ithdraal from situaton of $eing in

an institution- someone ho listens to radio or reads novels can forget their in the

institution for a little hile! Intransagent 2ine- refusing to coo'erate ith

authority- brings don u'on you 'unishment after 'unishment, but you

+ee' your sense of self. he reat ;sca#e

-Coloni3ation- involved the inmate enthusiastically ado#ting the institution! hey4venever had life so good $efore and they $eling there! It unravels the hole logic of the

#lace! rum#s the fact that you4re $eing su$Eect to #oer and control! his does

ha##en! Jery sad! "eel that #rison is relatively safe #lace to $e!

-Conversion- %risoner ado#ts staff orldvie! aking on $oard their values and

$eliefs! Stockholm situation- #eo#le Identify ith #erson ho takes them hostage!Come to agree that they are right! %atty &earsch in the M0s! fter a year or to she

converted to their arist #hiloso#hy!-small moments of resistance that they include in their everyday lives! %artici#ating in

for$idden activities, like gam$ling or drinking alcohol! =using official #ro#erty for

illegal used, like cutting the legs off of their trousers for shorts or nun using glass onthe $ook case for mirror! If you sho you have a little degree of autonomy then you

#rotect an element of self! &igh school' do things to make sure you have a $it of

control over teachers and stuff!

Study 3

+ecker! +ecoming ariEuana Bser7! 1


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a$le to control myslef, $ut you have knoledge that other ##l seem to enEoy this!

K! :ovice tries to get high, $ut usually fail first fe times! ! echnical issue-

rolling the Eoint, don4t really kno hat to do! %%l didn4t hold the smoke donlong enough 3! Sloly learns the techni.ues for taking the re.uired dosage!

+ecker then argues that ##l can have re.uired dosage and still not get high! Don4t

feel any different from ay they normally do! %rocess of social constructiongoing on! hey have to learn to encourage ithin themselves certain sym#toms!

hey have to recogni?e that they4re high, talk to e#erienced users, you should

feel mello, relaed, ha##y, etc! &o did the first guy figure it out5 >e.uiressociali?ation! &ighly criti?i?ed in medical literature! &C- $ut +ecker4s finding is

reinforced $y some e#eriments! Ge kno from #sychological stunts that #eo#le

can start to act drunk hen they aren4t really drinking alcohol! ;#ectation causes

a large #art of your res#onses! A! 8ast #hase- feeling the high and inte#reting it as#leasura$le! Sim#ly taking coulod $e inter#reted in many ay! he argument is

made that you have to ignore sym#toms or reinter#ret ith #ositive s#in! &ave to

res#in the #henomenon! &o ould you feel if someone #ut a large amount of

grain alcohol in cereal5- ou4d feel like shit! +ut in social situation- loss ofcontrol is good! &o, theres a se4uence, have to decide that its 'leasurableinstead of un'leasurable. 5he interactions 'lay a huge role in this. If someone

can anser the 4uestions 6es to the anser of are you high and are you

en)oying it, they ill go on being a mari)uana user. Interactionist and

'ositivist theory. 2earn to be deviant in an active ay. Bec+er is not doing the

somethings missing e'lanation, he says youve been actively sociali3ed into

deviance as o''osed to the things that say something social is missing.

"its other e#eriences!- lots of deviant acts involve #eo#le $eing sociali?ed into

them! +inge drinking! It4s un#leasant to drink to ecess and then thro u#, $ut

#eo#le kee# doing it! ;ating s#icy food, have to $e actively sociali?ed! Certain

kinds of se acts! Curiosity folloed $y e#erimentation, as that fun57Common in s#ort- coach ill give you eird descri#tions as to ho it is su##osedto feel!

ctive sociali?ation not failed sociali?ation

Study A

Oack 9at?! Seductions of Crime7! 1


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$etter orking at cDonalds for minimum age and make more money, $etter

lifestyly! herefore says it4s a non-rational activity! herfore he says it4s a$out the

self or emotion reards! Ghy ould you ant to do this then5- Sensual moraladvantage7)feeling of su#eriority $efore the crime su#eriority over everyone else

int he situation! ou are going to redefine the situation, thus you are in control of

the situation! ou have this knoledge that you4re going to change everyoneelse4s day! ou can also #lay ith the victims $efore they kno they4re a victim!

"or eam#le, you can ask hat time is is to see if they have a fancy atch, then

you kno you can steal it! ften hen #eo#le ro$ gas station store, they ask forthings first! sk for cigarettes, then #ull out gun hen they give you the $ag! 9ats

mentions one case here #eo#le dial u# #i??a, ro$ the delivery guy!

declaration7- )#erson actually says, his is a stick-u#7! hey ant to dramati?e

the fact that they4re doing a crime! ;#ression of dominance! ou4re saying I4m incontrol of the situation and you4re not, you4d $e foolish to challenge me! %eo#le

ho run aay sometimes get shot, one of the orst things you can do is run aay,

$est you can do is coo#erate, they4re not involved in the rational orld that e

are, they ant the sisuation to unfold in a ay that confirms their on identity! Nidentity commitment- #erserveres in the crime of stick-u# throught their

lifecourse! ;ven after they go to Eail, they try to maintain identity as a $adass-man ho can intimidate others! :otoriety! %eo#le engaged in transendental!!ou

can4t give it u#, admitting that you4re a failure, enEoy the res#ect, to sto# ould $e

to deny true essence of self!

K/0@/06- oreF ;am#le'Righteous slaughter- ost common homicideHautomo$ile accidents,

num$er K is homocide in the course of ro$$ery or #redatory crime, $ut third is

knon as righteous slaughter- involves someone killing someone else for hat

looks like a really trivial reason- arguments that get out of control! Stand u# for the good7!- Says they4re a$out more! hey4re a$out $ig things

em$odies in little things, such as res#ect, social res#ecta$ility, #ro#erty rights, etc!

killer doesn4t try to esca#e! &e is kind of #u??led at hat he as done! Someone

does something against these $ig things, they have to $e sacrificed, $ecause theyare attacking something trascendental! hey transform their on humiliation into

rage! hey $ecome em$odiment of rage, they think of themselves as standing u#f

for the good, and they4re going to sacrifice the other #erson to stand u# for it!-&elikes it, arguments aren4t a$out the trivial thing they seem to $e a$out!Basically

senseless, but emotions +ic+ in and +iller thin+s theyre righteous.

;motional moral dynamic

;am#le'shoplifting- girls sho#lift li#stick, sometimes kee# as souvenirs instead

of actually using it sneaky thrill7- he doing of it is hat4s fun, not the sho#lifting itself

ame, magic #oer, #lays ith $oundaries of self! )##ear normal on the inside

$ut inner turmoil is a gamelike thrill! Clear inner and loser! ost scenarios in

life have am$iguous outcomes, $ut in games you do, at least for a little hile! oueither get aay ith it or you get arrested, the great thing a$out sho#lifting!


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%eo#le re#ort a feeling of $eing in a magic orld, like they had sus#ended ordinary time

and s#ace! Comment a$out "lo7 the other eek! Oust like that! Sho#lifting is an

attem#t to enter a kind of dream orld!%lays ith $oundaries- e#lains hy adolescence in #articular sho#lift! hey have higher

leel of identity conflict! %u$lic self v! #rivate self, and sho#lifting ta#s into this high level

of self-conciousness! Gynonna >yder! ;ngland in the M0s- omen from Saudi ra$iasho#lifting, no financial constraint- totally non-racional! Sho#lifting involves game

difference $eteen real and fake!

$et 7oer'oint

Crime 8ata- Why do e need crime data#

-7lanning and 7olicy

-9esource Allocation

-5heoretical :nderstanding

;enric Issues and 7robloems

-*ulti'le offending and recording< incidents, offenders, offences-the same even

might involve several #eo#le or several crimes! Gestern- one crime event )$allroom

$ral* involves may$e A0 crimes- shooting #eo#le, harm and assault, threatening ithdeadly ea#on, etc! ou could also say there ere K1 #eo#le involved! If you count

num$er of offenses can make it seem like more is going on than if you Eust count the

instances! ou have to kno hat you4re counting akes com#ara$le statistics .uite

difficult!

-Com'aribility-across legal Eurisdictions, and across nations, like grand theft auto

different crimes called diff things in diff states and countries! 8ike grand heft auto- this

crime doesn4t eist in many countries, like ;ngland! hey Eust call it theft! rand is Eust$/c orth a lot of money! &o do you se#arate it out in data from other countries,

murder- nightmre for cross-national research! Surveys done in diff countries, like for

domestic violence- measured in diff ays!-Access< confidentiality, 'olitics- Im#roved over time $eteen universities and la

enforcement agencies, $ut universities sometimes $ecome corru#ted

-Crime v. 8eviance

Jery little info for incidents rates on lo level anti social $ehavior, like s#itting in #u$lic,.ue Eum#ing!

-7resentationre'orting

"+I creates image of crime $eing out of control! he aggregate category, the most#revalent offenses are most trivial, gives im#ression of serious ones ha##eneing as ell

9e'orted Crime

-7ublic notify authority-

&o do e kno ho much drugs im#orted into BS5 fficial crime stats include #olice

discovering or #eo#le calling in! "+I uniform crime re#orts

-:sually the 7olice


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7roblems ith re'orted Crime 8ata

-:nder-re'orting. Why#

-8istrust of 'olice, fear, shame, fear of re'risals (domestic violence=,

investments of time or trivial in trivial events, crime goes unnoticed )like stealing one

#iece of Eeelry*, if victim is afraid of the #olice- #eo#le ho are themselves criminalsmake great targets for criminal activity $ecause they can4t go to the #olice $ecause he

as involved in illegal $etting! Domestic violence- some #eo#le think it4s normal, don4t

reali?e la is $eing $roken, even if they think it4s rong! )+ad data for!!! trivial,victimless, etc!*

-nothing #olice could do, take care of the #ro$lems themselves, the cost of

re#orting are greater than any #otential $enefits! Car indo eam#le- insurance!

-;ood data for...- serious crimes against the #erson, #ro#erty, crimes #er#etrated$y strangers, #eo#le don4t ant to against #e#le that are knon to them! 8ike calling co#s

hen kid steals your car! Jery $ad for lo level crimes, crimes committed $y #eo#le ho

kno the victim, #rostitution )re#ort youslevs*! Jery $ad for cor#orate crime, #eo#le

don4t #hone #olice a$out that!

>ther >fficial data

-?g. Court convictions, 'rison census- hat are they in #rison for, ho may,

etc! "urther don the #rocessing tree, grounds that crime really did take #lace!

C>I;- >;%orted crime- Court convictions- #rison census! "iltering taking #lace!

%eo#le migh $e re#orting to the #olice crimes that didn4t take #lace, much higher

confidence level $y the time you get to court convictions!

Crime @ictim &urveys< >b)ective, *ethod, Characteristics

re#orted crime to the #olice as only the ti# of the ice$erg! +y doing a survey of the

general #olulation, e could start to get at the stuff $elo the surface, the invisi$le figureof crime!

$ational &am'le &urvey- Ge miss out on crime ith official #olice statistics, these

surveys are trying to get at the rest! :ational sam#le survey- $y #hone or $y mail, ithinthe last 1K months, have any of the folloing things ha##ened to you5

@ictimi3ation and vicctim characteristic- don4t have good offender characteristics, $ut

not good victim characteristics, o##osite of #olice stats- here you ask a$out the victim!

As+ed about household, self, in 'ast year#

indings

-5rivial events very common- no one re'orting things li+e car indos

-%eo#le don4t find them #articularly traumatic

-&erious crimes rare by contrast- one in a hundred or loer! Jiolent assault not

that common, the serious ones Eust have a higher likelihood of $eing re#orted-9e'eat victimi3ation- (relatively common= here might $e a social

relationshi#, or something like if $eing $ullied once, then tice, if your house is $roken

into, might $e again! his is .uite serious $/c #eo#le4s lives are made terri$le $y this,

hereas other never victims!


14/35

-2oer class victimi3ation8oer class #eo#le relatively immune from this55hat5

-ear of crime common

%eo#le in middle class lifestyles- crime consciouness, ho might srve #articularly vested

interests!

&59?$;5&

-;ood at crimes against 'ro'erty and 'erson in satable 'o'ulations by un+non

stranger. Jery $ad at environmental crime and hite collar crime! Survey methodologyH

need fied a$ode or #hone line, hich takes outr a lot of valua$le information- ho are

drifters victims of crime dis#ro#ortionally! he unknon stranger is $est- unilling to

re#ort crime in #eo#le they actually kno!-7rovide 'oint of com'arison ith re'orted statistics$out 1'A assaults get re#orted, hearas auto-theft is more relia$le- have to fill out for

insurance com#anies

-?g. $C@& %//D. 9e'orting around... 'ercentages

79>B2?*&

-9ecognition and definition

-common sense of hat is a crime doesnt match legal category. Can4t sim#ly

ask the .uestion, ere you civtim of domestic violence, $/c different #eo#le havedifferent #erce#tions of that!

-&am'le- missing out on grou#s- #eo#le ho distrust authoirity, ho are moving around,

illegal immigrants ith meicans and stuff, very vulnera$le to victimi?ation, crimes

against organi?ations! Sho#lifting and toic aste dum#ing not there $ecause ofhousehold surface5

-@ictimless crimes- one on one intervies in 'rivate settings

-@ictim category una''ealing-#eo#le don4t like #utting there hand u# to $eing a victim!hat4s hy ##l don4t like to a##ly for victim4s com#ensation! JictimH#oerlessness,

loser!

-Confidentialityfear ('articlularly seual assualt, hich is usually done by

somebody in the home=

-e have to get ito s'ecialist surveys

-Ignore local differences

-might have good info on hites vs! $lacks victimi?ation, and on one city versusanother, $ut that4s not here the action is, off the chart is $lack victimi?ation rates in

#articular #arts of the city! he really interesting stuff is concentrated in geogra#hically

s#ecific areas, $ut these surveys aren4t $lit?ing those areas!

*ore...

-*iddle Class Bias (also 7ension bias#=

-middle class #oel#e like to $itch a$out hat ha##ened, $ut the #oor #eo#le ho

are actually the victims of crime don4t fill them out!

-ld #eo#le like filling out surveys, young men don4t

9ecall and inaccurate recording


15/35

-%eo#le can4t distinguish $eteen the years! Ghen did you get in a fight at the

#u$5

Sections at night .uite croeded, might have $etter e#erience if you sitch to the day!

:CJS K006- $ring on uesday!

*eanings and com'leities. &e4uences< %eo#le can4t recall here! &ave you $een

victim, ell yes, $ut doesn4t tell us hat ha##ened!

&'eciali3ed Crime &urveys

-Issue or locality focus- domestic violence or neigh$orhood insta$ility! 8ocality

focus ould focus on a hot s#ot, like a #ark! "ailed #u$lic s#ace! #articular housing

#roEect!-indings...9is+ distribution, trauma

he crime level goes off the scale in these little locations! Certain areas here crime

severely affects #eo#le4s lives, South Chicago, etc! Crime is off the scale ##l victimi?ed

re#eatedly! 8ocality focus e find this very strongly! rauma- ##l re#eatedly victimi?edafftects mental health! ;s#! seual assault! hese surveys #icked u# on these #ro$lem

areas!-7roblem< Com'arability

?g. Bureau of Eustice &tats City 2evel survey- ashes out effect of concentrated

criminality.

?5$>;9A7IC W>9F

-Intervies, 'artici'ant observation ;ood for

-e'erience of victimi3i3ation, hat ould otherise be

unre'rted crime, finding out about these confidential illegal activities not 'ic+ed u'

on survey research.

7roblems- cant generali3e- drug mar+et not the same for to cities, latino

vs. hite omen in domestic violence

- bias on the 'art of the 'erson collecting the information.?thnogra'hic or+ usually involves high level of sensitivity, but these

'eo'le ma+e readings of situations, most notably male researchers

might be more insensitive to omens victimi3ation.

$ational Crime @ictimi3ation &urvey

-"G0%, redisen "GG%

-%//D. HDF households, "DGF 'ersons

-HD,// anser no to all the 4uestions. Its an e'ensive underat+ing

Casting a big net to get a small number of fish.

-:nit act of victimi3ation

-Includes< crimes of violence, crimes against 'ro'erty

-Includes< victim characteristics...

*ore...


16/35

?nables...victimi3ation ris+s to be claculates and com'ared for social racial

geogra'hical categories.

-e can trac+ if any 'articular crime is going u' or don. Bc using

same instrument every year, if systematic fla in 4uestion, stays same.

-ecludes< +ids, business, non-'ermanent residents, homicide, arson.

biJ:$I>9* C9I*? 9?7>95&

-"G%G/ ). ?dgar oover- Aggregate offenses are sent in

-handboo+ to try to standardi3e- each state has its on las and nightmare to

get the stuff to fall out into regular categories! hey4ll send out instructions for hat

counts as hat in "+I s#eak!

-BnitH offenceIncludes' homicide, ra#e, serious crimes, assault, theft, arson

-used to ma+e u' crime inde categories violent crime 'ro'erty crime

*ost crime in America is sim'le assault, numbers largely more trivial offences but

this is all about the serious crimes.

*>9?...

7roblems. Coordination

@ictimoffender info. 2imited offence 'ool.

9es'onse< $ational Incident Based re'orting system- these include

hate crimes, no n+non as bias crimes. Intensive and resource intensive.

&omething else...

2oo+ing at $C@&

*en get more out of marriage than omen do.

ge- hy only young #eo#le5 %eo#le ho $reak crimes are victims as ell5 Jictims

$ecause they are in the social #laces )$ars, etc!* here these crimes take #lace! $ility toactually inflict damage, oung #eo#le have less common sense, #ersonality and risk

assessment, anti-social, dangerous and stu#id stuff!

Income- >ich $uffered from crime- K0 times difference in age, $ut income doesn4t do.uite as much, middle si?ed factor! lot of this has to do ith here #eo#le live! &igher

incomeH relatively ell-adEusted community

>egion- >isk factor- est- $ut not that strong- may$e frontier mentality, gun-ho- $elieve

violence is solution to social #ro$lems

Br$an vs! Su$ur$an vs! >ural- Br$an a $it more risky

>enting v! ning- >enting moderately more risky-


17/35

"emale, idoed, over 6, large income, live in :ortheast, somehere >ural )Ca#e

Cod*, on your on home,

ale, never-married, 1K-1, no money, live in the Gest, Br$an environment, renting

a$le A- >ace varia$le, $lack- K!MR com#ared to KR moderately more risky, $ut this is anaggragate reading! In certain areas, or other things, much more!!!

a$le M or @- >a#e and Seual assault don4t have the same dynamic ith res#ect toincome5

a$le


18/35

Jictim #roneness7likelihood! ismatch of the list, not very sysstematic!

%ersonality traits, social #ro#erties, etc!

oung, female, old, mentally defective, immigrants, minorities, dull normals,de#ressed, anton, lonesome, heart$roken, tormentor fighting victim! hese

#eo#le are vulnera$le! ental health #ro$lems! Bna$le to #rotect themselves!U

oreF+enEamin endelsohn

y#ology of victims from innocent to guilty! think a$out victims in terms of their

attri$utes, entirely inncent or #artly guilty! 6 categories' com#letely innocent)youn children* all the ay to guily victim ho as su$se.uently killed! Jictim

involved in some kind of shady relationshi#s!

arvin Golfgang! Jictim #reci#itation! Im#rtant conce#t- used this to refer to

murdersin hich the victim started the crime activity! he eventual victim asoften the first #erson to use force!

%atterns in Criminal &omicide7 = "indings! Study of homicided in %hiladel#hia!

K6R of cases, evetual dead #erson as first to thro the #unch! lot of #eo#le

ho end u# dead have some sort of res#onsi$ility!U8ifestyle and Jictimi?ation- early 1


19/35

##ortunity refers to the o##ortunity structure in certrain situations! Ge can sto#

crimes $y limiting the amount of o##ortunity! arget hardening, increased

surveillance, etc!Uttractiveness %eo#le, #ro#erty! 8ike carsU

Im#unity some #eo#le can $e victimi?ed and on4t go to the #olice, like can4t go

to #olice $eing slugged $y the #rostititute, hy criminals make good tagrets cu?don4t like going to the #oliceU

dvantages to this #ers#ectiveF! +ecker talked a$out! ets us aay from

common sense, makes us think a$out interactions that lead to crime! ood for#eo#le in #rivate security agencies! Ghat they ought to do is deter #eo#le from

this! Ghat can you do to take aay o##ortunity- arget hardening, increase

likelihood of $eing caught, security guards )guardians*!

:e Directions in Jictimology"ocus on certain ty#es of victims )re#eat, high risk, high harm, omen* GomenH

maEor research area! +ig #ush from feminist criminology! verhelmingly in the

case of domestic violence, $ut others such as re#eat victimi?ation! Some #eo#le

are like magnets to victimi?ation! &igh harmH like children- can4t shrug off harmvery easilyU

>adical Jictimology7 )victim stereoty#es, moralistic $inaries, ideologicalfunctions, media, ca#italism* :eo-arist la$eling theory! 8a used to control

classes! Bsed to re$adge #olical #rotest as a form of crime! rgues that there are

strong stereoty#es of victim as vulnera$le and innocent, media makes it seem thisay! edia re#resents old #eo#le as victims, $ut e kno from data not much

victimi?ation in that category! Ghen you think of mugging, think of some granny

$eatn u# $y gron men! oralistic $inaries- se#arating out nasty #eo#le!

Idealogical functionH distract attention from social #ro$lems and structural causesof crime! 8ike if media re#ort of granny $eaten u#, media re#ort focuses on

terri$le men, innocent granny, $ut not a$out the housing #roEect and #ersonalityies

and motivations! edia can sell more material focusing on the morality! Gant toread a$out nasty #eo#le ro$ nice granny, so media #lays into it! Ca#italism is

res#onsi$le for social ine.ualities that generate crime! ton of ca#itallist

industry- alarm systems, children trackers, selling mo$ile #hones to your kids, aton of ca#italist interest that #rey on #eo#le4s fear of crime! he #eo#le ho need

this stuff are ones in $ad areas ho can4t afford it!

Collectivities as victims! >eferes to fact that classical victimology is o$sessed

ith individual victim, $ut there are other kinds of victims, like cor#oratons,stores, organi?ations, grou#s )afr! mer eg*, Knd$iggest victim of crime in

merica is Gal-art! &eavily victimi?ed!

Sellin and Golfgang )1


20/35

he state as a victim of crime! =+iggest victim of crime in merica! a evasion,

elfare fraud, du$ious $illing #ractices, Ghy is the state such a huge civtim5

;am#les!Ghy5 - +ig target, hy cheat on taes or fake license5 ou4re getting $ack at

them, lot of #eo#le have a grudge against the state! Ghy should I $e #aying for

the ar in Ira.5 Bse grudge to raionali?e! 8ike a dro# in the $ucket! %eo#le ho4dnever dream of doing this to there neigh$ors, so $ig they can take the hit! Same

thing ith Gal-art! a evasion, not taking, Eust not giving! &ackers thought

they eren4t taking anything material! , net reason, lo risk! :o face-to-faceinteraction, there4s no individual victim- faceless victim no real itness!

>elatively easy to conceal! Do it in #rivacy of on home in your s#are time, you

choose time and #lace- com#lete control over the hole #rocess! "ar easier than

stealing $o of cereal from al-mart! State is easy to victimi?e' large, faceless,lo risk of detection, can do at our on time and 'lace!

Jictim ;#eriences, Jictim ovements

Costs of victim hood! loss of #osessions, medical $ills, .uality of life,constrained $ehavior to se#arate out from mental health as#ects! +ehavioral cost-

change your routine, lose a $it of choice and freedom, loss of social esteem, ithvictim la$el comes shame, etc! :uisance, like driver4s license $eing stolen! DJ,

etc! &ouse is $roken into- elocks, ne glass, etc! +ut health costs more serious

he changing role of victim over history B# until a$out to hundred years ago,victims had active role! >es#onsi$le for collecting evidence, #resenting to

magistrate, you do the ork yourself, $ring #rosecution forard, and so on!

rgua$ly this as a huge hassel, $ut it did make them feel in control of the

situation! +ut then! he rise of #ro #olicing, las a$out evidence, rise of the legal#rofession, and the victim $ecaomes increasingly #reriferal to the #rosecution

#rocess, theyre sidelined.Jictims feel increasingly left out! : s#ecial status!

Denied inforamtion a$out hat charges and hat is evidence against acused!%rosecution ignores them! +asically Eust ant a good itness statement from

them! Jictim #ut on trial themselves and defense attorneys try to make them

a##ear res#onsi$le! :o im#act in sentencing! eneral feeling of $eingunim#ortant!

Jan DiEk = ty#ology of victim movements

any forms! 1! Care ideology- mvmt trying to #roide elfare sevices for victims!Deal

ith Social and economic costs of victimhood! ;! +attered Gomen Shelters i!e!$asically offering a elfare service, social orkers involved in this sort of acticvity!

>eha$ilitation ideaology- more a$out offender than the victim! Involve victims in the

#rocess $y involving in counseling or mediation ith the offender! Closely tied torestorative Eustice! Strong role for victims in this- actgive role in decideing a$out

forgiveness and so on! >eha$ilitating offender, $ut at the same time, much stronger role

than in taditional adversarial Eustice! K! >etri$ution Idealogy- says victims should havemore of a say in #unishment, etc! reti$ution says victims should $e heard, hereas care

as more a$out talking and reaching forgiveness, etc! his says victims need more of a

central role! 8ike others gainst Drunk Driving- says they should $e given murder

sentences, etc! etting tough on a #articular crime! 3! >adical Oustice Ideology- rgues


21/35

for the need to move $eyond criminal la, focuses strongly onneed for community

solutions! lternative Eustice systems make use of local traditions and customs! his is

not retti$ly im#ortant, $ut on Eustice systems and traditions!

Ghat do victims actually ant5 >etri$ution Ideology firts .uite ell, favor getting tough,

ant stories to $e heard in court setting, some go for reha$ilitation idealogy!

o#ic num$er 3- only 1 #erson, omen moving out of the home, internet and shit!o#ic A- 3 or A = good for #eo#le ho like theory

V- a$out @

V6- K or 3

Bnderage drinking very interesting and he ill hel# #eo#le out

Sociology of Crime and Deviance )K/1


22/35

;am#le' mariEuana criminali?ation in 1


23/35

Core features of moral #anic Concern- something that is a orry to #eo#le dealing ith se religion or violenc

&ostility- toard some grou#, toard the folk devilU

Consensus-crusades are usually K0R of ##l make @0R of the noise!U

Dis#ro#ortionality-$ack to Cohen4s original #oint! (uite contensious! %eo#le say

it isn4t dis#ro#ortional! Jolatility-refers to intense $urst of interest that ill then disa##ear! K or 3 days

each summer and then no one ill ant to $e listening anymore! ther recent eam#les5- crusade is different than a #anic- $ig difference is lack

of clear leadershi# organi?ations, $ut a lot of overla#!U

o ##roaches aterial interests v! real moral concerns- materialH suggest that there4s a grou#

that stands to $enefit! ne ay to e#lain a #anic is to look at grou#s ho stand to

$enefit, and suggest that this is hy it4s #er#etuated! >educed moral concerns-

may$e a lot of #overty and unem#loyment, $ut their concern is refracted intocom#laining a$out elfare a$use and drugs! >eal #ro$lems refracted into #anic!

lso societal needs for integration, that #anics are genuine, #eo#le do take themseriously!U

o# don or $ottom u#- o# don- interest grou#s lo$$ying! +ottom u#- grass

roots movement in society! ood eam#le of $ottom u# ould $e food scares!

here4s $een a num$er of food scares in the last tenty years- $ird flu trans fats,

etc! fficial gov4t scientists say no #ro$lem, $ut #eo#le still on4t $uy those eggs-distrust of authority! U!

heoretical Cam#s Critical heory-vision suggests society eists in elites and masses! ov4t

agencies like the church ant to retain #oer and the #anic has some connection

to anting to retain that #oer! y#ically argue that #anic is diversion from more

#ressing or serious #ro$lem! ;lites! %oer! Diversion! Sca#egoats )folk devil* he reading $y Gilding!

"unctionalism-tends to argue that society has need for moral $oundries or sense

of direction! Ge4d $e /o sense of direction and aimless fighting ithout moral$oundries!

oral +oundaries! Societal :eeds!- recommittment to core values! little $it

#ro$lematic, $ut talk a$out morality Common features' constructivism, hidden cause, false consciousness-critical

theoryH social ine.uality, $ut these guys say lack of moral direction- $oth #oint to

hidden cause of hat4s really going on! Someting ha##ening at a structural level!

"orced consciousness- #eo#le don4t kno hat4s really going on! Don4tunderstand true hidden structural causes! !

Critical heory ;am#le Stuart &all et al! 1


24/35

;arly 1


25/35

for yourself! &ardly any Doctrinal differences $/ today and %uritans5 Series of

high #rofile trials- ;rikson4s #ointHrelatively trivial differences $ecome im#ortant

in this situation! 166! (uaker invasion7!-arrived in merica, lot of #ersecution in

assachussetts! :o evidence that (uakers ere doing anything deviant $esides

dressing different and not shoing u# to %uritan Church! A eecuted, someflogged, criminal offenses for hacving long hair, etc!

16eaffirm this sense of grou# mission! By 'unishing this small

grou', reestablish collective order of the community.

ntinomian controversy' made collectivistic order clear!

(uakers' loss of charismatic leaders, changes in ;ngland, loss of #ur#ose =>un

$y "undamentalists- misera$le #lace for a hedonist! hese guys died, hat do you

do hen charismatic finder dies5 liver Cromell and son >ichard cho##ed 9ing

Charles I head off made ;ngland run $y religious fundamentalists! Charles II-drinking, gam$ling, antithesis of hat %uritan ould like! Isolation- loss of

#ur#ose! +y #ersecuting a fe (uakers you get a sense of direction $ack! &ating

#eo#le makes us feel good a$out ourselves!oreF! Gitches' #olitical autonomy-rescined! kay %uritans you can have ass! Do

hatever you ant! +ut, ;nglish changes mind, sends over >oyal governor to runthe #rovince!U , factionalismfamiles all fighting each other over land! Gho is

going to $e the mayor! "airly united colony starts to $ecome a $unch of fighting

families free floating aniety!U, migration, loss of ilderness #reviously on the

frontier surrounded $y Goods full of Indians- strong sense of holding togethersense of etrenal enemies! +ut Indians had $een #ushed $ack! he frontier as

gone! he sense of living an enchanted life as disa##earing! his leads to

#ersecution for itches!-Collected dillusion!

Common %ro$lems Causality and agency- 1! +oth say there4s an underlying cause! &o does this

translate into decisions and actions5 $out relationshi# $eteen structure andmotivation5 Ghy if Cromell dies in ;ngland do #eo#le decide to #ick on

(uakers5 ou have to say free floating aniety, sense of crisis! lternative e#lanations-$asic story-3- feminist story- omen soft target, annie

hutchinson as very clever and they didn4t like this! rgument $ased more u#on


26/35

#oer than culture! K! I: every one of these cases, $oring older men telling

everyone else hat to think $y #icking on eak #eo#le! rgument can $e made

that it4s oligarchical! arist argument a$out struggle $eteen older agricultural$ased ealth and young emerging ur$an ealth!

he ;nd of oral %anics

ngela c>o$$ie and Sarah hornton! +ritish Oournal of Sociology! 1


27/35

in the ghetto should $e all a$out! >e#resentation to hich they orient their

$ehavior!

K/KM/0M- Socy 1A1- Jictimless Crime

>rigins

;din Schur Crimes Githout Jictims7 1


28/35

;change focus $uying drugs victimless $ut not taking drugs! his echange

focus has $een criti.ued! Came u# in eam#les like the #arking and the recklessdriving in the middle of the night! :o clear echange, Eust illegal activity ith no

risk to others! (uite a lot of activities that are illegal $ut don4t need other #eo#le!

+ase-Eum#ing off the Sears oer

&idden victims )diffuse*! ;am#les! even more victims in these crimes going on!8o level harms to ider community! Came from #eo#le ho anted to continue

to see #rostitution illegali?ed, etc! am$ling- $asically state ants to maimi?e

ta revenue from gam$ling! 8i$ertarian vie! $ortion- the fetus is the victim!Some diffuse victimi?ation as young omen as a hole! vaila$ility of a$ortion

leads to unsafe se #ractices and self-esteem issues, etc! Bnderage Drinking- risk

to the community $/c young #eo#le can $e reckless or hatever- argument for#otential harms! &idden victim is the young #erson- not actually a$le to make

rational decision! lays a hidden victim somehere! %ornogra#hy- community

as a hole! Diffuse victimi?ation- omen degraded in some ay! Direct victims! ;am#les! )centrality of freedom/autonomy discourse*#eo#le

involved in the echange transaction or in the activity are themselves victgimseven though they don4t recogni?e it! he $ase Eum#er is #utting himself at risk

unnecessarily, drug addict likely to $ecome hooked, %rostitute at risk of SDviolent assault, etc! hey try to argue that the ##l themselves are dsomeho in

denail a$out hat4s really going on! hey don4t have full freedom or soverignty!

Comes bac+ to autonomy! &oever' )see $elo* these things are .uite often moral issues a$out hether

something is good or $ad! %eo#le have a gut reaction a$out these things! I" e

hate homoseuality, make it a crime! Intuitive sense, moral issues, controversial issues, ar$itrary cross-nationally, $ody

and lifestyle, moral entre#reneurslot of cultural relevance involved! Dutch are

cool a$out #rostitution and mariEuana, i!e! %olygamy in :e uinea! Involve"B: :D +D :D 8I";S8;! +rings like %uritan shit into it! enerally a

strong tie there! Criminali?ing a victimless crime clam#s don on other #eo#le4s

freedom to have fun ith their $odies! oral entre#ueners seem to #lay a role in

cam#aigning or something like that! :ote #olitical use of sociological term too = hence has to $e on the agendaL

?OA*72? "< 89:;- Lhy'othetical argumentM

Decriminali?ation hinges on victimless crime la$el!if ant to $e legali?ed have to

argue that current criminilation is unecessary! +asically 3 courses to the argument! rguments'

1 - r$itrary )time, s#ace, moral entre#reneurs*! K = %aradoes of illegality! making it illegal is $adU

3 -- 8o &arm/not cause of harm/user autonomy not #articularly harmful

activityU

*oreN.


29/35

;valuation'

1- r$itrary! ;g! BS = history of drug use and legislation! alcohol currently

legal des#ite alays $eing involved in murder! 1/3 of the time! Caffeinne .uitedangerous su$stance! &eart attacks rots gut out, etc! Something at the age of

ariner, Confessions of o#ium user- good $ooks! ariEuana gives visions- #eo#le

seen as #rofets in India! Drug illegality- case of o#ium- in victorian era huge!Criminali?ation tied to fear of the Chinese! old >ush- drug $ecame associated

ith Chinese #ium dens! ied to fears of hite omen $eing seduced $y

chinese men ho couldn4t control their seuality! ll tied into this shit!%harmaceutical com#anies Eum#ed on shi# to get control of o#ium- makes ##l feel

good! 8ock on o#ium is huge for #rofits! Bsers have $een redefined as addicts!

race this to other drugs as ell! Cocaine tied to African-Americaness. Crac+

'enalties harsher than for 'oder cocaine.

Clear evidence of ar$itrary, moralistic discourse!

K- %aradoes of Illegality 8ot of research shos that drug users resort to crime

to #ay for their ha$it! Domestic $urglary in #articular driven $y needs for .uick

cash su##ly! Street #rostituion strongly assoc ith drug use! rgani?ed crime, gangs none of this ould eist if drugs ere freely availa$le,

etc! these #eo#le ould $e out of $usiness! &;8& C>I;S- come ith

illegality! InEected ith rat #osion, etc! :ot knoing ho much you4re #utting

into your system! %etty crime!

more

3 = Social harm/victim status5

Can investigate ith #atterns of drug use! #eo#le ho say drug use has $een

unfairly stigmati?ed! ddiction is in fact fairly unusal! any different ays

#eo#le can use in daily lives' e#erimental use! any #eo#le don4t continue touse after e#reimental #hase! Some #eo#le click ith some drugs $ut not ith

others! %oint to recreational use! Social settings- W is a night clu$ drug! It is the

social setting that drives the drug use, not other things! Situational use- like truck

drivers taking am#hetimenes! Situational drug use common ith students! heseforms argua$lly aren4t a $ig #ro$lem Intensified use- taking to co#e ith daily

life! Can4t function ithout them! >o$ert Doney Or! $eing on cocaine all the

time, couldn4t function ithout out it! Com#ulsive drug use- #eo#le canNt regulatethemselves at all! he distri$ution across this range varies! Cocaine and mariEuana

usually regular or situational, haroine ill #ush you to the ends! &allucinogens

fail at the level of e#erimental use! akes #articular kind of #erson to kee# going

on them! Stereoty#e )addiction*! actually very variedU

>eality = controlled use, orthodo motivation, limited e#loitation

%atterns of use vary )ty#ology*controlled use is the norm! ake drugs on

eekends like alcohol! he motivation seems to $e fairly standard! "or fun, to

rela! Don4t seem to $e e#louted $y any$ody in #articular!


30/35

Ghat a$out diffuse victimi?ation5 )#overty effect5* if e ent to a crack

neigh$orhood it is easy to #oint to crack and say that it4s the #ro$lem here! Chea#ay out of res#onsi$ility! Community actually $eing torn a$out $y #overty and

gangs coming a$out through illegality!

*oreN Ghat a$out health #ro$lems5 eistU

Can $e attri$uted in #art to social regulation!

;g! &IJ risks, drug .uality inEecting drug useH &IJ, $ut other hand &IJ risk

comes from illegality! "acilitate $y giving free needles and shooting galleries!U Sideste#' if health matters, hy not legal drugs too5 in addition to alcohol!U

8egal drug statistics! 0,000,000 regular smokers in BS, 1@ million alcoholics!

lcohol related deaths around 60 times the rate of drugs5

Who uses drugs# What can this tell us#

easurement #ro$lems )arrest data v! survey* $iased sam#le taken from the

$ottom of sociaty ho come to the attention of the #olice! Survey data tends to doa $it $etter, $ut underdisclosure! U

In general' mariEuana, cocaine, high status! Crack' lo status

>isk factors' male, young, eak ties and res#onsi$ilities ther forms of illegality

agree ith thisU hether they continue to use de#ends on social settingU lso' $locked o##ortunity, #eer grou#s, access! lack of legitimate o## leaves ##l

ith time on their hands! Strong lifecourse .ualities = not drug-determined age, .uality and nature of

social tiesU

o ides'read#

BS &igh School Seniors K001! %ast 1K months! lcohol M3R, ariEuana 3MR,

Cocaine/crack R, heroin 1R!!

60R said drugs availa$le in school!

eneral #o#ulation K000!! 11R used in last year, 6R in #ast month! Concentrated

in 1@-K age grou#!

Gorkforce survey! 1


31/35

Some #eo#le have serious #ro$lems, de#endency and generate social #ro$lems!

seems to fit victimless crime la$elU K000 hos#ital admissions! CocaineH 1MA9, &eroin


32/35

*oreN.

%. Brothel or+ers- Lfurther u# hierarchy! 8egal in :evada, regulated $y the

state, the ustang >anch5, uch safer, safety in num$ers, less violence and

seual assault! +ody guard man, lots of omen!

Characteristics 1#olice much less of a #ro$lem, can4t raid $rothels! %erson at thedoor knos hat co# looks like if undercover! ou have to have customer solicit

you first $/c then you can do #eaceful entra#ment! &ard for #olice to collect valid

evidence! assage #arlor, something like that gives #rotecton! %osing to $esomething else!

Advantages< safety, legal

K. Call girls Lto' of the tree. &igh income! Different $/c more #hysically

attractive, $etter social skills, higher educated! Differs $ecause she4s e#ected to

interact in non-seual ays! %roviding com#anionshi# and conversation! he

#eo#le ho could afford to #ay for this are going to $e u#scale! :etork of

#ersonal clients over time, much less dealing ith strangers! Strange intermittant

encounters! Can get rid of #eo#le you don4t like! >easona$ly affa$le #eo#le onregular $asis! Danger is screening #eo#le, $ut once you kno them you4re in

relatively safe #osition! $it of role #lay! &as to #lay role of girlfriend or$usiness #artner! ight $um# into someone!

Characteristics

&+ills

>ther 7layers

7im' LGhole su$culture involved here! 9>2?&- e'ectations about behavior

li+e going to see the doctor, ma+e your body available. $ot tell him hat to

do. %rostitution is the same deal! %im# very interesting characters! hey live offthe earnings of #rostitutes $ut avoid doing any ork themselves!

Characteristics, 9ole, Advantages- L2a3y, e'loitative, refer to omen as a

stable of his family. ight find his legitimate legal ife in the sta$le! Dealing

ith #olice, offering hat he ould call #rotection! %reventing the omen fromorking for someone else! %im# doesn4t really do much! +eat the omen u#, sto#

other men from $eating them u#, #rovide accomodations, $asically la?y!

dvantage- free seual access to the omen! Drive #im#-mo$ile! he #im# hascommunity res#onsi$ilities- occu#ying a social role! +; flashy etroverted and to

sho off- $rag a$out their easy lifestyle! Ge e#ect rockstars to $e etreme

characters! +asically nasty #eo#le hio do a$use the omen!

>ther 'layers

*adam- L+ind of li+e female version of the 'im'. >rgani3es, give medical

sercices, kee# the $ooks, formal #rostitute! :on-commisioned officer in the army!

9ee#s s#irits u#, recruits clients! :ot ell research! Characteristics, 9ole, Advantages

Eohn- Lcustomer, most are normal!


33/35

5y'es of Eohn- Loccasional- holiday or business tri'. Whose lifestyle doesnt

allo them to have long-stable relationshi's. *igrant or+ers, etc.

ABI5:A2- ant to be s'ecial friends, have them as a girlfriend, can ta+e

u' too much of your time and energy. any #rostitues are $usiness oriented,

and this love shit #revents from getting on ith the Eo$! C>*7:2&I@? E>$-

'sychologically disturbed. Cra3y and dangerous. Characteristics, advantages.- L%ossi$ility of seual encounters ithout

emotional entanglement! &e has call girls come to his house cu? he4s stressed out,

they come and have casual se! 8ike the dude is &ouse! 8ooking for seualvariety! :ot enough fantasies! S#ouse is eird a$out some stuff or something like

that! dvantage to #rostitution as o##osed to etramarital affair! %eo#le can

rationali?e it more easily! Screing u# to familes in etramarital affair!%rostitution chea#er and less time consuming than dating!8ess time, effort, and

energy! Oust ant seual activity! his is rational thing to do! &ugh rant-

occasional Oohn! &eidi "leiss is madam! ;ventually ent to Eail! Jery strong

$usiness ethic! he #rostitution thing didn4t hurt &ugh rant at all!

Bac+ground and @alues

&tereoty'e. Why# 1Lsocial services and the #olice! lot more goes on than you

think! If you look on internet yourslf! R of omen over 1@ have had se for

money at one #oint in their lives! Is it really a minority activity# a$ove, not really a minority activity! %eo#le are

involved in relationshi# $/c higher status, security, etc!U

7rostitute orldvie on se, their )ob, family they vie it as a transaction,

$usiness thing, functionally efficient! If you get emotionally involved, can4t orkell in any Eo$ really! he same omen ill have se ith an emotional

com#onent ith their $oyfriends or hus$ands! "or most #eo#le that comes

together, In #rostituton you can se#arate it out! Gomen see themselves as incontrol! oes against steroty#e of $eing forced into it! Don4t see themselves as

e#olited! oes against victimless crime model! amily values very strong, veryconservative in conventional values. Fids together, mortgage, etc.

9oberta 7er+ins findings -0R of sam#le ere married and some have children,

etc! %rostitutes eren4t #rimarily from orking/undeerclass most not from $roken

homes! She used social netorks! :ot #olice! %olice vie is sceed! &o do they

get involved in the first #lace then5 $elo 7rostitute subculture< beliefs, s+ills

-com'arative advantage in#rostitution com#ared to other things! any of the

omen ho turn to it had Eo$s like teachers and nurses, and one advantage as

sim#ly that you coudl make more money! :ot a$out getting aay from a$use, formany is as a case of lifestyle u#grading from lo-#ay legitimate Eo$! :ot a forced

choice, Eust going from mediocre to $etter lifestyle! Immediate situational triggersthat #ushed someone over the edge- un#aid medical $ill, college tuition, etc! Bn#aid

$ills or unem#loyment! &ave to #ay the mortgae! ;ntry often through a #ersonal

connection! here as a #ersonal contact involved! ou kne a friend of a friend, tellyou ho to contact, etc!


34/35

What do they thin+#- good #ay, freedom, friendshi# ith collegues! &igh level of

solidarity orking together! :egative as#ects- se ith men you don4t like- re#ulsive

#eo#le! Can4t interact honestly ith other ##l a$out your Eo$! >isk of #olice! SDsaids and stuff like that! Oo$ Eust like any ith $enefits and costs!

7rostitute subculture-believe theyre doing socially beneficial activities- stress

dealing, kee#ing families together, etc! "its ith data from other female occu#ations!Gomen say this more than men!

&+ills


35/35

@ictimless crime### 8e'ends on (a= theoretical ta+e and (b= here you loo+.

%rostitution someho inherently $ad! De#ends if you4re a drug addict, a$used $y a#im#, or if you4re making this as a free choice from #osition of la$or market strength!

3/6/0M- %rostitution Jideo- In a sense, not Eust a one-on-one transaction, a greater

system!

Documents

Sociology of Crime and Deviance (2)