Socio-economic development of tribal in Odisha –An inter-district analysishersindia.org/journal-archive-pdf/Journal-2016/20160712... · 2020-05-25 · Socio-economic development

Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)16

Socio-economic development of tribal in Odisha –An inter-district analysis

Abstract

parameters in the tribal and non-tribal districts of Odisha. The study also highlights some of the fact on the change in socio-economic status of tribals in Odisha over a period of six decades. Odisha has the third highest tribal

Government of India has been facing since independence is

by the Government. But it has been found out that a very

line in Odisha having a very high Infant Mortality Rate and low literacy rate especially among tribal women. Further tribal districts have performed poorly in terms of various indicators of human development vis a vis non-tribal

socio–economic indicators can be narrowed down.

Keywords: Human Development, Tribal, Literacy, poverty-

*Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Central University of Orissa, Koraput

ISSN : 2348-1757Indian Journal of Dalit and Tribal Studies (IJDTS)Volume-4 , Issue-2, July-Dec. 2016, pages 16-33

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line, Infant mortality rate

The greatest challenge that the Government of India has been

dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous though originally it might have been so”.

part of or group within any tribe or tribal community as deemed under

of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos

as expected (Mishra, 2007). The post-independence era witnessed a large number of developmental measures, policies and programmes that focused on the overall development of the tribals. Ever since


protect the tribal rights, property and culture. But they failed to have

to other States/UTs (Sinha and Behera, 2009). Development of

natural resources. Odisha is one of the poorest states in India, with

(Kumar et al, 2005). A regional and social group-wise analysis of

scheduled areas, and that scheduled tribes are the poorest groups.

To highlight the changes in socio-economic status of tribal in Odisha vis-à-vis India

districts of Odisha based on human development parameters. II. Changing Socio-economic status of Tribal in Odisha

their interests. In order to protect their interests with regard to land and other social issues, various provisions have been enshrined in the

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under the 5th Scheduled Areas are 1) Odisha, 2) Andhra Pradesh, 3) Himachal Pradesh, 4) Gujarat, 5) Rajasthan 6) Maharashtra, 7) Bihar

State), was a part of undivided Madhya Pradesh State) and Telegana. As

.

States

percentage of ST

the state

percentage of

to the total

of the country

Total number of

Andhra Pradesh 5.3 2.5 3530.6 7.5 42

Gujarat 14.8 8.5 32Himachal Pradesh 5.7 0.4 10

Jharkhand 26.2 8.3 32Madhya Pradesh 21.1 14.7 46

Maharashtra 9.4 10.1 47Odisha 22.8 9.2 62Rajasthan 13.5 8.8 12Telegana 7.7 8.8 32

Source: Government of India


seen in both Odisha and in India in recent decade. (Figure 1)

Year Odisha India% of Odisha tribal

population to India tribal population

1961 42.2 298.8 14.11971 50.7 380.2 13.31981 59.2 516.3 11.51991 70.4 677.5 10.42001 81.5 843.3 9.72011 95.9 1045.4 9.1

Source: Economic Survey of Odisha, 2014-15 and Annual Report 2015-16,

India

Source: compiled by author

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over a period of six decades. Further, it is quite surprising to see that

(table 3).

1961 to 2011

Year Odisha India

1961 1016 987

1971 1007 982

1981 1012 983

1991 1012 972

2001 1003 978

2011 1029 990Source: Economic survey of Odisha, 2014-15

Although there has been a rise in literacy rate among tribal

of females where only 49% in India and 41% in Odisha are literate

This gap among tribal is more visible in Odisha as compared to India.Table 4:

Literacy rate among ST in Odisha and in India from 1961 to 2011

yearOdisha India

all male Female all male Female

1961 7.36 13 1.77 8.53 13.83 3.16

1971 9.45 16.4 2.28 11.3 17.63 4.85

1981 14 23.3 4.76 16.35 24.52 8.04

1991 22.3 34.4 10.21 29.6 40.65 18.19


2001 37.37 51.48 23.37 47.1 59.17 34.76

2011 52.24 63.7 41.2 59 68.5 49.4

Source: Economic survey of Odisha, 2014-15 and Annual Report

Figure 2: Gender Gap in literacy rate among ST in India and Odisha from 1961 to 2011


and India

YearOdisha India

Rural urban Rural urban2004-05 75.6 61.8 47.3 33.32011-12 63.5 39.7 45.3 24.1

Government of India

below poverty line in Odisha was 75.6 % in rural areas and 62 % in urban areas during 2004-05. But in 2011-12, this percentage has declined to 63.5% in rural areas and 39.7% in urban areas. It is also seen from table that these percentages are higher when compared to the country’s percentage.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is considered to be one of the most important parameter showing the health status of the region/

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community. Infant Mortality Rate for STs is shown in the Table 6.Table 6:

Infant Mortality Rate of ST and Social group of Odisha vis-à-vis other states

State All social groups STAndhra Pradesh 68.4 94

Arunachal Pradesh 60.7 67.6

Assam 66.1 5980.8 90.6

Gujarat 62.8 86J &K 45.5 34.4Jharkhand 76.6 93Karnataka 53 45.8Madhya Pradesh 81.9 95.6Maharashtra 45.3 51.4Manipur 29.7 51.2Meghalaya 44.6 49.3Nagaland 38.3 45.8Odisha 67.7 78.7Rajasthan 72.7 73.2Sikkim 33.7 28.9

India

It can be seen from table that infant mortality rate in Odisha in very high that is 67.7 percent and its rank is sixth among 16 states.

in Odisha is not much higher as in other states like Andra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Manipur.

Land is the only tangible asset which the members of the


scheduled tribes possess. Their income exclusively depends upon

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income and size of land holding, but also forces them to fall into the poverty spectrum. Most of the tribes have alienated their lands, due

of land holding force the tribals to sale their land. It can be seen that

holding by schedule tribes in Odisha and India from 2004-05 to 2010-11 which shows increase in uneconomic size of land holding over the years (table 7 and 8).

low especially among women tribals. Further, it has been found the

in Odisha than in India in rural as well as urban areas. Even, it is also

Not only this, even there has been an increase in number and area of

from 2004-05 to 2010-11 which shows increase in uneconomic size of land holding over the years. An inter-district level analysis about human development of tribals in Odisha could give a clearer picture

II. based on Human Development Parameters

Odisha is having 30 districts of which nine districts have 45

through various developmental plans, policies, special strategies and

India has provided many safeguards for the welfare and development


jobs. S.T. & S.C. Development Department is the nodal Department of

Various programs have been undertaken for the development of STs

plan and Grants-in-Aid received from various agencies. A number of tribal development programs are in place sponsored by both

Table 9:

Name of program Geographical coverageTribal Sub plan 12 Districts, 118 Blocks

12 Districts, 20 Blocks

Approach (MADA)17, Districts, 47 Blocks

Dispersed tribal development program

State

RevisedKBK Districts

Source: Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment and Tribal Development Plan (2008)

The Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Development Department is the nodal Department of the State Government for

and simplicity, tribal normally fall an easy prey to the unscrupulous money lenders and middlemen who exploit them in many ways.

stated below in table 10.

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Table 10:

Odisha Scheduled Areas Transfer of

Immovable Property [by Scheduled Tribes]

To control and check transfers of Immovable property in the Scheduled Areas of the State of

Odisha by ScheduledTribes.

Odisha Scheduled Areas ] Money Lenders’

2 of 1968]

To control and regulate the business of money lending in the Scheduled Areas of the State of

Odisha.The Odisha [Scheduled Areas]

Debt Relief

1 of 1968]

To provide for relief from Indebtedness to the Scheduled

Tribes in the State of Odisha.

Vacancies inPosts and Services[ for

Scheduled Caste &Sch. Tribe Act 1975 ]

To provide adequate

castes and Scheduled Tribes in Posts and Services under the StateGovernment and in the State Public undertakings and autonomous or

local bodies.


Act, 1955

of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled

Courts for trial ofatrocity cases.

Special Employment Exchange

To facilitate in absorbing

them in government jobs.Monetary Relief to the

of atrocity.

Provision of Legal Aid to Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes persons

Financial and legal support to tribal

Source: Tribal Inclusion and Development Assessment and Tribal Development Plan (2008)

the fruits or not can be assessed by comparing human development indicators that is infant mortality rate, literacy rate, gross enrolment

tribal district. So districts in Odisha have been categorized under tribal and non tribal districts.

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Table 11: Human Development indicators of tribal and non tribal districts of

Odisha

District HIinfant

mortality rate

II EIHDI value

HDI rank

LRI CGERI

Tribal Districts

Keonjhar 0.34 117 0.547 0.704 0.53 24 0.598 0.917

Koraput 0.218 136 0.539 0.535 0.431 27 0.362 0.881

Mayurbhanj 0.782 48 0.489 0.647 0.639 9 0.524 0.892

Sundargarh 0.692 62 0.618 0.74 0.683 4 0.652 0.915

Rayagada 0.25 131 0.547 0.531 0.443 25 0.356 0.882

Gajapati 0.173 143 0.558 0.561 0.431 28 0.417 0.848

Kandhamal 0.006 169 0.516 0.645 0.389 29 0.53 0.877

Malkangiri 0.122 151 0.497 0.491 0.37 30 0.313 0.847

Nabarangpur 0.34 117 0.453 0.516 0.436 26 0.343 0.863

Non-Tribal Districts

Angul 0.481 95 0.748 0.76 0.663 6 0.694 0.891

Jajpur 0.333 118 0.499 0.786 0.54 22 0.722 0.914

Jharsuguda 0.635 71 0.757 0.773 0.722 2 0.715 0.89

Dhenkanal 0.468 97 0.534 0.773 0.591 12 0.701 0.916

Sambalpur 0.436 102 0.59 0.742 0.589 13 0.67 0.887

Balangir 0.468 97 0.504 0.666 0.546 21 0.549 0.898

Balasore 0.442 101 0.466 0.77 0.559 18 0.709 0.892

Bargarh 0.449 100 0.517 0.727 0.565 17 0.641 0.9

Bhadrak 0.673 65 0.463 0.803 0.646 8 0.746 0.917

Boudh 0.423 104 0.497 0.688 0.536 23 0.584 0.894

Cuttack 0.686 63 0.587 0.813 0.695 3 0.761 0.916

Deogarh 0.776 49 0.532 0.698 0.669 5 0.608 0.878

Ganjam 0.404 107 0.532 0.718 0.551 20 0.629 0.894

Jagatsinghpur 0.288 125 0.549 0.833 0.557 19 0.796 0.907


Kalahandi 0.763 51 0.471 0.585 0.606 11 0.462 0.83

Kendrapara 0.596 77 0.466 0.815 0.626 10 0.773 0.9

Khurda 0.724 57 0.639 0.845 0.736 1 0.802 0.93

Nayagarh 0.462 98 0.485 0.766 0.571 15 0.71 0.878

Nuapada 0.692 62 0.47 0.582 0.581 14 0.423 0.901

Puri 0.622 73 0.527 0.823 0.657 7 0.784 0.9

Sonepur 0.474 96 0.492 0.731 0.566 16 0.641 0.912

Source: Human Development Report 2004, Odisha

Index, HDI – Human Development Index, LI-literacy rate index, CGERI-

Above table 11 analyses Human Development indicators across thirty districts of Odisha which has been categories into tribal and non tribal districts. It is observed that some of the tribal districts have performed poorly in terms of various indicators of human development vis a vis other districts of the state. In table 12 Human Development Index and its indicators of tribal districts has been compared with the non tribal districts. It can be seen that average HDI value of tribal districts is much lower than non- tribal district. Poor quality of life in tribal districts has been characterized by higher infant mortality rate, lower literacy rate index and lower combined

Table 12: Human Development Index in tribal and non- tribal district of Odisha

DistrictAverage

HI

Average Infant

Mortality Rate

Average II

AverageEI

Average HDI value

Average LRI

Average CGERI

Tribal Districts

0.32 119.33 0.52 0.596 0.483 0.455 0.88

Non-Tribal Districts

0.537 86.09 0.539 0.747 0.608 0.672 0.897

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Source: Compiled by authorFigure 3: Comparison of tribal and non-tribal districts with

respect to Human Development Index and its component


welfare programmes undertaken by both centre and state, tribal districts have performed poorly in terms of various indicators of

value of tribal districts is lower than non-tribal district.

IV. Conclusion

planners, administrators and all those concerned with the welfare and development of the tribal people. Laws have been made with regard

number of programmes have been undertaken by the Government of India and Odisha for the development of the tribals and tribal’s areas

the quality and quantum of development achieved is far from being


development programmes, state has failed to reduce the disparity

the study that average HDI value of tribal districts is much lower than non tribal district. Even in all its component indicators like income

lower than non tribal district of the state. Why despite of crores of rupees being pumped by centre and state government unable to bring desirable changes in socio-economic life and household food

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