Socially Empowered : Independent Productive Communities in Suburban America

SOCIALLY EMPOWERED:INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES IN SUBURBAN AMERICA

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE CO

MMUN

ITIES

Report to HUD

Tsvetelina ChuralskaMArch I AP Princeton SoA

TABLE OF CONTENTSKey to DiagramsThesis Statement

CHAPTER 1 (The Problems+Concept)The ProblemsGlobal Financial CrisisHousing CrisisAmerican DreamSuburban ProblemsUntapped potential social capitalHUD ProgramsForeclosed Vacant HomesSuburban sharing and farmingPosition and thesis statementIndependent Productive Communities 1-3Independent Productive CommunitiesInitial Iterations

CHAPTER 2 (Cash Crops)Cash Crops General ResearchTest SitesCash Crops PricesYoungstown, Ohio InfoOhio Cash CropsSoybeans-Production ExpensesSoybeans-Growing ConditionsSoybeans-YieldsTobacco-Production ExpensesTobacco-Growing ConditionsTobacco-YieldsGarlic-Production ExpensesGarlic-Growing ConditionsGarlic-YieldsParker, Colorado InfoColorado Cash CropsMarijuana-Production ExpensesMarijuana-Growing Conditions-1

45

78910111213-1415161718-2021-29

313233343536373839404142434445464748

Marijuana-Growing Conditions-2Marijuana-YieldsBarley-Production ExpensesBarley-Growing Conditions-1Barley-Growing Conditions-2Barley-YieldsGovernance - IPC (Independent Productive Communities)Current ProblemsRelease Statement - Princeton Beverage CompanyPrice Setting

CHAPTER 3 (Design Interventions)Independent Productive Communities - Parameters30-year Independent Productive Communities ModelLegend with Small-scale InterventionsFloor Plans - Youngstown, OHOne House in Youngstown - Tobacco + Garlic Production - Now One House in Youngstown - Tobacco + Garlic Production - 5 years One House in Youngstown - Tobacco + Garlic Production - 10 years Two Houses in Youngstown - Tobacco + Garlic Production - Now Two Houses in Youngstown - Tobacco + Garlic Production - 5 yearsTwo Houses in Youngstown - Tobacco + Garlic Production - 10 yearsYoungstown Production - Row of Houses - 10 yearsFloor Plans - Parker, COOne House in Parker - Marijuana + Barley Production - NowOne House in Parker - Marijuana + Barley Production - 5 yearsOne House in Parker - Marijuana + Barley Production - 10 yearsTwo Houses in Parker - Marijuana + Barley Production - NowTwo Houses in Parker - Marijuana + Barley Production - 5 yearsTwo Houses in Parker - Marijuana + Barley Production - 10 yearsParker Production - Row of Houses - 10 yearsTwo Houses in Youngstown - 30 yearsColored Zones Floor Plan - 30 yearsAxonometric Site Axonometric DetailsExploded Infrastructure Energy Flow Diagram Rendering and physical model photos

49505152535455565758

6061-62636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586-100

Independent Productive Communities

3

KEY TO DIAGRAMS

SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSING

1 BUSHEL OF PRODUCE

10%

PERCENTAGE OF OWNERSHIP

DISTRIBUTION

1

15Crops1

15

FARMING LOCATIONS

YEARLY CROPROTATION

TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL GRASS VIOLATION

TOP10

TOP 10 CASH CROP

$$$ HIGH-YIELD CROP

Income levelLot size Foreclosure

Scale 1-3 1- low; 2 - medium; 3 - high

1 2 3

AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

2015 YEAR OFDEVELOPMENT

DIFFICULTY

SEASON

EXPOSURE

ZONE

winter spring summer fall


4


5

THESIS STATEMENT

Socially Empowered: Independent Productive Communities in Suburban America

Due to the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, in many areas, the housing market has also suffered resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. One sector particularly hard-hit was the suburbs. Although the suburbs have long attracted families as part of the AmericanDream, todays suburbs have gotten new set of dysfunctions: sealed windows, weedy lawns, empty parking lots and storefronts, immigrants in large masses flocking into decaying neighborhoods, unbuilt communities and abandoned factories. The suburbs have proved not to be recession-proof. This thesis will re-evaluate the suburbs through the systems of infrastructure and the finance that supports it, in order to propose a more robust model. Social capital has untapped potential in mitigating the demise of the suburbs, or can offer an alternate model of the suburbs. The thesis is looking at the architectural effects from social capital and community development for a community improvement.

CHAPTER 1 The Problems + Concept


6

AS INDIVIDUALS

Separation from Nature Social Disconnect Financial Burden

Dependence on Foreign Oil Dependence on Foreign Industry

AS A NATION:

AS RESIDENTS OF AMERICAN SUBURBS

AS RESIDENTS OF BIG CITIES

$ $ $ $

Bring Diverse Communities

Fight brain drain To Use Homeownership as path to wealth

High rent Too Much Density Unhealthy Living Conditions Limited Jobs for Unskilled Workers Security

21 60

$

$ $ $

$ $ $$ $

$ $ $

Chapter 1 US

7

Chapter 1 WORLD

8

Img. 1 The reasons and outcomes of the global financial crisis

Chapter 1 US

9

Img. 2 The suffering of the housing market resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment

Chapter 1 US

10Img. 3 Homeownership was used as a proxy for achieving the promised prosperity as part of the American Dream

Chapter 1 US

11

Img. 4 Todays suburbs have gotten new set of dysfunctions

+ =Capacity buildingcommunity developmentprocess: Developing theability to act

Social capital:The ability to act

CommunityDevelopment Outcome:Taking action; community improvement

Chapter 1 US

12

-If you are a distressed homeowner in need of help, you can contact the local HUD oce.-Avoiding foreclosures: Obama administration; programs to decrease mortgage payments; administered through the Department of Treasury; -If you are struggling to make a payment, you should contact your lender or loan oce

Making Home Aordable Program - The Making Home Aordable (MHA) Program is a critical part of the Obama Administration's broad strategy to help homeowners avoid foreclosure, stabilize the country's housing market, and improve the nation's economy. Homeowners can lower their monthly mortgage payments and get into more stable loans at today's low rates. And for those homeowners for whom homeownership is no longer aordable or desirable, the program can provide a way out which avoids foreclosure. Additionally, in an eort to be responsive to the needs of today's homeowners, there are also options for unemployed homeowners and homeowners who owe more than their homes are worth. Please read the following program summaries to determine which program options may be best suited for your particular circumstances.

HUD Programs

Modify or Renance Your Loan for Lower Payments

Home Aordable Modication Program (HAMP): HAMP lowers your monthly mortgage payment to 31 percent of your veried monthly gross (pre-tax) income to make your payments more aordable. The typical HAMP modication results in a 40 percent drop in a monthly mortgage payment. Eighteen percent of HAMP homeowners reduce their payments by $1,000 or more. Click Here for more information.Principal Reduction Alternative (PRA): PRA was designed to help homeowners whose homes are worth signicantly less than they owe by encouraging servicers and investors to reduce the amount you owe on your home. Click Here for more information. Second Lien Modication Program (2MP): If your rst mortgage was permanently modied under HAMP SM and you have a second mortgage on the same property, you may be eligible for a modication or principal reduction on your second mortgage under 2MP. Likewise, If you have a home equity loan, HELOC, or some other second lien that is making it dicult for you to keep up with your mortgage payments, learn more about this MHA program. Click Herefor more information.Home Aordable Renance Program (HARP): If you are current on your mortgage and have been unable to obtaina traditional renance because the value of your home has declined, you may be eligible to renance through HARP. HARP is designed to help you renance into a new aordable, more stable mortgage. Click Here for more information.

Underwater Mortgages

In today's housing market, many homeowners have experienced a decrease in their home's value. Learn about these MHA programs to address this concern for homeowners.

Home Aordable Renance Program (HARP): If you are current on your mortgage and have been unable to obtain a traditional renance because the value of your home has declined, you may be eligible to renance through HARP. HARP is designed to help you renance into a new aordable, more stable mortgage. Click Here for more information.Principal Reduction Alternative: PRA was designed to help homeowners whose homes are worth signicantly less thanthey owe by encouraging servicers and investors to reduce the amount you owe on your home. Click Here for more information.

Treasury/FHA Second Lien Program (FHA2LP): If you have a second mortgage and the mortgage servicer of your rst mortgage agrees to participate in FHA Short Renance, you may qualify to have your second mortgage on the same home reduced or eliminated through FHA2LP. If the servicer of your second mortgage agrees to participate, the total amount of your mortgage debt after the renance cannot exceed 115% of your homes current value. Click Here for more information.

Assistance for Unemployed Homeowners

Home Aordable Unemployment Program (UP): If you are having a tough time making your mortgage payments because you are unemployed, you may be eligible for UP. UP provides a temporary reduction or suspension of mortgage payments for at least twelve months while you seek re-employment. Click Here for more information.Emergency Homeowners Loan Program (EHLP), Substantially Similar States: If you live in Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Maryland, or Pennsylvania, Click Here for more information about EHLP assistance provided in your state.FHA Forbearance for Unemployed Homeowners: Federal Housing Administration (FHA) requirements now require servicers to extend the forbearance period for unemployed homeowners to 12 months. The changes to FHAs Special Forbearance Program announced in July 2011 require servicers to extend the forbearance period for FHA borrowers who qualify for the program from four months to 12 months and remove upfront hurdles to make it easier for unemployed borrowers to qualify. Click Here for more information.

Managed Exit for Borrowers

Home Aordable Foreclosure Alternatives (HAFA): If your mortgage payment is unaordable and you are interested in transitioning to more aordable housing, you may be eligible for a short sale or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure through HAFA SM. Click Here for more information.

Redemption is a period after your home has already been sold at a foreclosure sale when you can still reclaim your home. You will need to pay the outstanding mortgage balance and all costs incurred during the foreclosure process.

FHA-Insured Mortgages

The Federal Housing Administration (FHA), which is a part of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development(HUD), is working aggressively to halt and reverse the losses represented by foreclosure. Through its National Servicing Center (NSC), FHA oers a number of various loss mitigation programs and informational resources to assist FHA-insured homeowners and home equity conversion mortgage (HECM) borrowersfacing nancial hardshipor unemployment and whose mortgage is either in default or at risk of default.

Click Here to log onto the NSC Loss Mitigation Programs home page.Click Here for answers to Frequently Asked Questions about FHAs loss mitigation programs.

Economic Development ProgramsThis site provides a summary of the various programs and initiatives in the Oce of Economic Development and links to related federal economic development programs.

Rural Innovation Fund (RIF)The Rural Innovation Fund (RIF) is a program designed to improve the quality of life for residents of distressed rural areas by supporting innovative and catalytic economic development and housing projects.

Promise ZonesThe Promise Zones is an initiative that wll revitalize high-poverty communities across the country by attracting privateinvestment, improving aordable housing, expanding educational opportunities, providing tax incentives for hiringworkers and investing in the Zones, reducing violence, and assisting local leaders in navigating Federal programs and cutting through red tape.

Renewal Community/ Empowerment Zone/ Enterprise Community (RC/EZ/EC) InitiativeThe RC/EZ/EC Initiative is vital to development in more than 100 distressed urban and rural areas nationwide. The Initiative, through a combination of innovative tax incentives, federal grants, and partnerships with government, for-prot and non-prot agencies, has opened new businesses and created jobs, housing, and new educational and healthcare opportunities for thousands of Americans.

Brownelds Economic Development Initiative (BEDI) The BEDI provides grants on a competitive basis to local entitlement communities. Non-entitlement communities are eligible as supported by their state governments. BEDIs must be used in conjunction with loans guaranteed under the Section 108 Program. Communities fund projects with the BEDI grants and the 108 guaranteed loan nancing to clean up and redevelop environmentally contaminated industrial and commercial sites, commonly known as "brownelds."

Rural Housing and Economic Development (RHED) Enacted in 1999, RHED provides grants on a competitive basis principally to non-prot organizations to support capacity building, housing, and economic development programs.

Section 108 Loan Guarantee Program (Section 108 Program)Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) entitlement communities are eligible to apply for a guarantee from the Section 108 Loan Guarantee program. CDBG non-entitlement communities may also apply, provided that their State agrees to pledge the CDBG funds necessary to secure the loan. Non-entitlement applicants may receive their loan guarantee directly or designate another eligible public entity such as an industrial development authority, to receive it and carry out the Section 108 assisted project.

Section 4 Guarantee Recovery FundSection 4 is a loan guarantee provision authorized under the Church Arson Prevention 4 Act of 1996 (the Act). It authorizes a Loan Guarantee Recovery Fund to provide certain nonprot organizations with a source of nancing to rebuild property damaged or destroyed by acts of arson or terrorism.

Congressional GrantsCongressional Grants are authorized each year in the annual HUD appropriation and accompanying conference report. Congress authorizes a specic level of funding to a designated grantee, to undertake a particular activity cited in the appropriation or conference report. Only those entities desginated by Congress may apply for funds. Unsolicited applications are not accepted.

Economic Development Initiative (EDI)This program has not been funded since FY 2001. The EDI provides grants on a competitive basis to entitlement communities. Non-entitlement communities are eligible as supported by their state governments. EDIs must be used in conjunction with loans guaranteed under the Section 108 Program to enhance the feasibility of economic development and revitalization projects nanced with Section 108 Loan Guarantee funds. No new grants are being awarded.

Chapter 1 US

13

BOOK PROPOSAL

HOMEOWNERSMANUAL

FHA BUILDING COMMUNITIES BY INSURING THE AMERICAN DREAM OF HOMEOWNERSHIP FOR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE SINCE 1934

HELP! I CANT MAKE MYMORTGAGE PAYMENT. Every day thousands of people like you have trouble

may seem hopeless, help is available. However, you

you may lose your home to foreclosure, possibly

another home.

WHAT SHOULD I DO?1.contact number on your mortgage statement. When you call, be prepared to explain: Why you are unable to make your payment. Whether the problem is temporary or permanent. Details about your income, expenses, and other assets like cash in the bank.2. If you are uncomfortable talking to your lender, aHUD-approved housing counseling agency can help

of charge.3. Open all of the mail you receive from your lender. It contains valuable information about repayment options. Later mail may have important legal notices. Failing to read the mail will not prevent a foreclosure action.4. Look for ways to increase the amount you have available to make your mortgage payments. Can you cancel cable TV, pack lunches, or get a part-time job? While these actions may not replace all of your lost income, they send a strong message to your lender that you are serious about keeping your home.

NOTHING IS WORSE THAN DOING NOTHING!

WHAT OPTIONS WILL HELP MEKEEP MY HOME? FHA provides, as part of its insurance contract with lenders, loss mitigation actions the lender must evaluate

loans in default. Your lender needs information from you to fully evaluate these options. If you want to keep your home, talk to your lender about available workout options for home retention. While the options listed here are for

similar workout plans designed to help you keep your home.

Special Forbearance. Your lender may provide for a tem-porary reduction or suspension of your payments to allow you time to overcome the problem that reduced your

can pay back the missed payments a little at a time until you are caught up. An extended forbearance period may be provided to unemployed borrowers who are actively seeking employment.

change to your loan through which the overdue payments may be added to your loan balance, the interest rate may

loan may be extended.

Partial Claim. In a Partial Claim, a borrower receives a second loan in an amount necessary to bring the delin-

with FHA-insured loans. However, if you have a con-

claim.

(FHA-HAMP).

HAMP, the partial claim loan will not only include any amounts necessary to bring your mortgage current but

may also include an amount to reduce your existing loan

To qualify for any of these options, you will need to provide your lender with current information about your income and expenses. Also, your lender may require that you agree to a payment plan for three or more months to demonstrate your commitment before you are approved

WHAT OPTIONS DO I HAVE IF I CANT KEEP MY HOME?If your income or expenses have changed so much that you are not able to continue paying the mortgage even

consider the options below.

Pre-foreclosure sale. With your lenders permission you

even if the amount you receive from the sale is less than the amount you owe. If you meet certain conditions, you may be eligible to receive relocation expenses.

Deed-in-lieu of foreclosure. As a last resort, you may be able to voluntarily give your property back to your lender. If you leave the property clean and undamaged you may be eligible to receive relocation expenses.

reduces the amount of debt you owe so check with a tax advisor before accepting these workout options.

Contact FHAStruggling homeowners with FHA-insured loans can get assistance by contacting HUDs National Servicing Center at (877) 622-8525. Persons with hearing or speech impairments may reach this number via TDD/TTY by calling (800) 877-8339.

Beware of Scams! If It Sounds Too Good To Be TrueIt Usually Is. Report mortgage fraud. Call 1-800-347-3735.

Chapter 1 US

14

$ $ $

VACANT

LENDINGINSTITUTION

1)

REO

2)

RENTED

defaulta short sale

financial loss forboth lender andborrower

short and long periods of vacancy FORECLOSE

D

ambigious ownership(who should mow the lawn?)

VACANT

3) 4)

?

?

1 1072Number of days during the foreclosure process

Chapter 1 US

15

Development-supported agriculture

NEW AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS SUBURBAN SHARING PRECEDENTS

Source: Collaborative

GARDEN DATING SITES

Chapter 1 US

16

RURAL FARM

FARM

STORE 10 miles

AGRIHOODS

STORE

CSA FARM

50 feet

100 feet

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVECOMMUNITIES

STORE

FACT

ORY

FARM

FARM

Chapter 1 US

17

Independent Productive Communities compared to existing or new agricultural developments

1020

200 sq.feet.

1 Bushel of Barley = 48 pounds256 x

1 x

Return of investment

10%

Retail Cooperative-Organize Farmers Market-Looks fro opportunities for selling the product-Advertise business that buy produce

Manufacturing Cooperative-Responsible for manufacturing of the product

Farming Cooperative-Grow produce in exchange for:-new amenities-investment return-Defines overall land usage

Developers-Redevelope foreclosed housing-Manage facilities and amenities

Businesses-Use cooperatives for growing + production

Local government-Tax exemptives-Rezoning

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITY

FBI(FARMING BUREAU

OF IMPROVEMENTS)

STRATEGIES

MECHANISM

PROCESS

Production, Agriculture, Residence

MA

IN S

TRE

ET

LIRR TRAIN

STATION

Farming Co-op

house owner

farms his land oranother co-op member

rents to a neighboring farmerthrough SharedLand

Production Co-op

on-site production

house owner house owner shares his productionunit with neighbor

and/or and/or

consumption byowner

consumption byco-op member

SHARING.......BARTERING.......LENDING.......TRADING......RENTING.......GIFTING.......SWAPPING

SOCIAL CAPITAL IS

nyc

MELV

ILLE R

OAD

Chapter 1 US

18

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITY

MA

IN S

TRE

ET

LIRR TRAIN

STATION

nyc

MELV

ILLE R

OAD

STRATEGIESProduction, Agriculture, Residence

Chapter 1 US

19

1020

200 sq.feet.

1 Bushel of Barley = 48 pounds256 x

1 x

10%

PROCESSFarming Co-op

house owner

farms his land oranother co-op member

rents to a neighboring farmerthrough SharedLand

Production Co-op

on-site production

house owner house owner shares his productionunit with neighbor

and/or and/or

consumption byowner

consumption byco-op member

Chapter 1 US

20

120

60

20

Single-family5 beds/2 baths$405,000Mortgage payment $2,050/month

Owners: Pam and John SmithAges: early 40sHousehold income: $90,000

Crops that grow indoors:

7200 sq. ft.

Potential combinations:

18 < h

120

60

20



Crops that grow > 1:

7200 sq. ft.


8

120

60

20


Crops that grow < 1:

7200 sq. ft.

11

120

60

20



7200 sq. ft.


1

15Crops1

15

50% PRODUCTION

AGRICULTURE

Single-family housing

Crops Below/Crops Below


Owners: Tammie and Jacob WilsonAges: early 70sRetired

120

60

15


8

120

60

20



7200 sq. ft.


1

15Crops1

15

50% PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURE


Crops Below/Crops Outside



120

60

15


8

120

60

20



7200 sq. ft.


1

15Crops1

15

50% PRODUCTION

AGRICULTURE


Crops Below/Crops Below



120

60

15


8

120

60

20



7200 sq. ft.

1

Crops

50% PRODUCTION

AGRICULTURE

Single-family housingCrops Below / Outside / Indoors

15Crops1

15


8

50% PRODUCTION

AGRICULTURE

Single-family housingCrops Below / Outside / Indoors

Crops that grow indoors:

18 < h

CHAPTER 2 Cash Crops


30

Top 20 Cash Crops in the United States (Average Value )

Average Rank Crop Production Value ($1000s)

1 Marijuana $35,803,5912 Corn $23,299,601

3 Soybeans $17,312,200

4 Hay $12,236,638

5 Vegetables $11,080,733

6 Wheat $7,450,907

7 Cotton $5,314,870

8 Grapes $2,876,547

9 Apples $1,787,532

10 Rice $1,706,665

11 Oranges $1,583,009

12 Tobacco $1,466,633

13 Sugarbeets $1,158,078

14 Sugarcane $942,176

15 Sorghum $840,923

16 Cottonseed $821,655

17 Peanuts $819,617

18 Barley $653,095

19 Peaches $474,745

20 Beans $467,236

*Typical residential violations:Grass: -grass over one foot tall IF the property is located within an approved subdivision and the lot is less than 5 acres

NOT a violation:-height of grass on properties which are NOT located within an approved subdivision and are more than 5 acres

Cash Crop Denition: a cash crop is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a prot. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm

Cash Crop = Substinence Farming + More = $$$$$

CA$H CROP$ Cash Crops that grow < 1*

Cash Crops that grow indoors

11

This chapter presents a selection of case studies that demonstrate theprinciples for successful application of Independent Productive Communities.Individual case studies largely reflect all IPC principles but at the sametime were selected for attention to key areas of IPC. Additionaly, casestudies were selected to reflect the diverse sites, scales, and scenariosto which IPC can be applied.

5,000 sq.ft.$95,618

semi-arid

4.9%

6,700 sq.ft.$24,421

humid subcont.

20%

Parker, CO

Youngstown, OH

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; RealtyTrac

Case Studies

CLIMATELOT SIZEINCOME LEVELFORECLOSURE

Chapter 2 US

32

$120,000/acre

$573/acre

$3,231.14/acre

$324.24/acre

$290,763,000/acre

CASH CROPSSPECIALTY CROPS

Chapter 2 US

33

NationalOhioMahoningYoungstown

44507

0.08%

0.11%0.10%

0.11%

0.18%

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Perc

enta

ge o

f Un

its b

y Ar

ea

NationalOhioMahoningYoungstown44507

Foreclosure Actions to Housing Units

High Med Low

1 in 544 Housing Units 1 in 2,564 Housing Units

Income level

humid continental climate

Lot size Foreclosure Scale 1-3 1- low; 2 - medium; 3 - high

2 1 3

Median lot size (U.S.)

10,000 sq.ft.Median HHI (U.S.)

$51,000Foreclosure (U.S.)

0.08%

Median lot size (Young.)

6,700 sq.ft.Median HHI (Young.)

$24,421Foreclosure (Young.)

0.18%

FORECLOSURERATE

SINGLE FAMILYDETACHED HOMES

HOMEOWNERS PAYING MORE THAN 35% OF INCOME ON HOUSING

20% 78% 30%

Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Mahoning County. It also extends into Trumbull County.The municipality is on the Mahoning River, approximately 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Cleveland and 61 miles (100 km) northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Youngstown has its own metropolitan area, but is often included in commercial and cultural depictionsof the Pittsburgh Tri-State area and Greater Cleveland.Youngstown lies 10 miles (16 km) west of the Pennsylvania state line, midway between New York City and Chicago via Interstate 80.The city was named for John Young, an early settler from Whitestown, New York, who established the community's first sawmill and gristmill.Youngstown is in a region of the United States that is often referred toas the Rust Belt. Traditionally known as a center of steel production, Youngstown was forced to redefine itself when the U.S. steel industry fell into decline in the 1970s, leaving communities throughout the region without major industry.Youngstown also falls within the Appalachian Ohio region, among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The 2010 census showed that Youngstown had a total population of 66,982, making it Ohio's ninth largest city. The city has experienced a decline of over 60% of its population since 1960. According to the 2010 Census, the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) contains 565,773 people and includes Mahoning and Trumbullcounties in Ohio, and Mercer County in Pennsylvania.[8] The Steel Valley area as a whole has 763,207 residents.

Location

Population

Median age

Number of companies

Educational attainment

Total housing units

Median household income

Foreign-born population

Poverty

(65,405) (as of July 1, 2012)

Ohio (Rust Belt)

38.8

3,856

80% (high school)

33,640

24,412

2,845

35.6%

Total labor force

Employed

27,676

22,271

Unemployed 5,385

OWNER-OCCUPIEDHOME VALUE < $50,000

52%

Total housing units

Occupied housing units

Vacant housing units

Homeowner vacancy rate

Rental vacancy rate

Owner-occupied units

Housing w/ a mortgage

Housing w/o a mortgage

26,875

33,640

6,765

7.9

9.0

15,921

8,091

7,830 Source: RealtyTrac

FORECLOSED HOMES

1 IN 544

E AVONDALE

E LUCIUS AVE

E AVONDALE

E LUCIUS AVE

SOUT

H AV

ENUE

Chapter 2 Youngstown

34

YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO

High YieldTop 10 Cash Crop Flexible growing conditions

TOP10 $$$ 1

15Crops < 1

Indoor crops

Crops > 15

15

CA$H CROP$ IN OHIO OHIO Top 10 Cash Crops CONDITIONS FOR SELECTING CASH CROPS



2

Yield

44 bushels$573.9 net profit

U.S. governmentregulatory price

PRODUCTION EXPENSES


36

SOYBEAN production costs and returns per planted acre, excluding Government payments, 2011-2012 1/ United States Heartland

2102110221021102metI

Gross value of production88.44639.51675.57563.525snaebyoS :tcudorp yramirP

Total, gross value of production 525.36 575.57 615.93 644.88

Operating costs:18.0650.5586.2655.55deeS 89.3273.2213.5248.22/2 rezilitreF 01.7103.6194.7124.61slacimehC 33.622.684.781.7snoitarepo motsuC 55.6156.6151.1289.02yticirtcele dna ,ebul ,leuF 94.2121.2153.4186.31sriapeR 00.000.051.051.0retaw noitagirri desahcruP 90.060.001.070.0latipac gnitarepo no tseretnI 53.73177.82127.84178.631stsoc gnitarepo ,latoT

Allocated overhead:43.182.122.270.2robal deriH

Opportunity cost of unpaid labor 17.09 18.20 16.01 16.68 Capital recovery of machinery and equipment 81.34 87.37 78.40 82.58 Opportunity cost of land(rental rate) 120.64 134.72 141.87 159.32

81.0169.903.0139.9ecnarusni dna sexaT 29.5164.5148.5101.51daehrevo mraf lareneG 20.68289.26266.86271.642daehrevo detacolla ,latoT

73.32457.19383.71440.383detsil stsoc latoT

Value of production less total costs listed 142.32 158.19 224.18 221.51Value of production less operating costs 388.49 426.85 487.16 507.53

Supporting information:44942444)erca detnalp rep slehsub( dleiY

Price (dollars per bushel at harvest) 11.94 13.65 12.57 14.67 Enterprise size (planted acres) 1/ 303 303 299 299Production practices: 1/

9)tnecrep( detagirrI 9 4 469691919)tnecrep( dnalyrD

1/ Developed from survey base year, 2006.2/ Commercial fertilizer, soil conditioners, and manure.

- 17.10

Youngstown

- 6.33- 16.55- 12.49

644.88

- 1.34- 16.68- 82.58- 159.32

110.98

533.9+$40 (govt subsidy)

573.9=

E AVONDALE

E LUCIUS AVE

43

150

4610ft.2

50

150

4110ft2

6450ft2

6450ft2

5660ft4130ft2 2

4110ft4110ft4130ft

~1 acre (9 lots)

DIFFICULTY SEASON EXPOSURE ZONE

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER


planting harvesting

INSTRUCTIONS

STEP 1Expect them to take three months from plantingto harvest. Try succession planting for continuousharvest over several weeks. In the USA, the Southand Midwest provide the best growing regions.

STEP 2Sow the soybean seeds. There are black-seeded and green-seeded varieties. The black-seeded varieties are grown for drying, while the green-seeded varieties are grown for eating as they are.Plant outdoors after the last frost date for yourarea. The soil should be warm before planting.

STEP 3Sow the soybean seeds 2 inches (5.08 cm) apart,about 1/2 inch (1.27cm) deep, in rows 20" to 24" (50cm - 60cm) apart. If your garden space is limited, plant in double rows.

STEP 4Water well after planting, and a second time twoto four days later, only if there has been no rain.

STEP 5Side dress the rows with general purpose fertilizerduring planting.

STEP 6Ensure a nitrogen rich soil. Soybeans are easy togrow. They grow best in full sun and in warm weather. They prefer a rich soil, high in nitrogen. Soil should be kept moist for optimum growth.Soybeans grow best in rich soil. Add manure and compost prior to planting. Apply fertilizer regularlyduring the growth period.

STEP 7Harvest soybeans when the pods are full. Rinse the pods, then boil them for twenty minutes. Allow to cool, then squeeze the pods to removethe beans. Beans can be frozen or canned.

STEP 8Deal with insects and pests. Like other beans, soybeans are susceptible to a variety of insects,most notably beetles. They can be effectively treated with Sevin, Diazinon or a variety of otherinsecticides. Rabbits eat the tender new leaves. If there are rabbits in your area, a rabbit fence is nota nicety, it is a necessity. They will devastate a row of beans in a hurry, eating the tender new leaves. As new ones develop, they will come back for more.

STEP 9Deal with insects and pests. Like other beans, soybeans are susceptible to a variety of insects,most notably beetles. They can be effectively treated with Sevin, Diazinon or a variety of otherinsecticides. Rabbits eat the tender new leaves. If there are rabbits in your area, a rabbit fence is nota nicety, it is a necessity. They will devastate a row of beans in a hurry, eating the tender new leaves. As new ones develop, they will come back for more.

STEP 10Finished.

GROWING CONDITIONS


37

Row Width(inches)

Required Seeding Rateat 90% Germinationand 90% Emergence(seeds/foot)

Recommended SeedingRate at 90% Germinationand 90% Emergence(seeds/acre)

Recommended Plant Population(plants/foot)

Recommended Plant Population(plants/acre)

30201816141210876

7.46.25.65.04.33.73.43.12.82.5

130,675163,350163,350163,350163,350163,350179,688204,188210,025217,800

6.05.04.54.03.53.02.82.52.22.0

104,540130,680130,680130,680130,680130,680143,750163,350168,020174,240

Typical houses on site

3819x

1

116

YIELD ESTIMATE

(PLANTS PER AREA) X (PODS PER PLANT) X (SEEDS PER POD) (SEEDS PER POUND) / (POUND PER BUSHEL) = (BUSHELS PER AREA)

15,276X22X25/2,500/60 = 5.6 BUSHELS

1

1

Yield

5.6 bushels

$82.1 net profit

1 plant

22 pods/plant 25 seeds/pod

x$14.67 (price/bu)

E AVONDALE

E LUCIUS AVE

43

150

50

150


sidewalk

drivew

ay

garage

BBQ/storage


38

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES - SOYBEANS PRODUCTION

Yield

1,945 poundsprofit

PRODUCTION EXPENSESTOBACCO production costs and returns per planted acre, excluding Government payments, 2011-2012 1/

United States 1102metI

Gross value of productionsnaebyoS :tcudorp yramirP

Total, gross value of production 3,862.5

Operating costs:deeS

/2 rezilitreF slacimehC

snoitarepo motsuC yticirtcele dna ,ebul ,leuF

sriapeR retaw noitagirri desahcruP

latipac gnitarepo no tseretnI stsoc gnitarepo ,latoT

Allocated overhead:robal deriH

Marketing expenses Other variable cash expenses General farm overhead 223.5

ecnarusni dna sexaT

daehrevo detacolla ,latoT

detsil stsoc latoT

Value of production less total costs listedValue of production less operating costs 388.49

Supporting information:44)erca detnalp rep slehsub( dleiY

Price (dollars per bushel at harvest) 11.94 Enterprise size (planted acres) 1/ 303Production practices: 1/

9)tnecrep( detagirrI 19)tnecrep( dnalyrD

1/ Developed from survey base year, 2006.2/ Commercial fertilizer, soil conditioners, and manure.

- 98.65

Youngstown

- 13.91- 110.93- 83.89

3,862.5

- 624.96

- 23.65- 223.5

1,179.49

3,191.14+$40 (govt subsidy)

$3,231.14=

E AVONDALE

E LUCIUS AVE

43

150

50

150

115.51356.58

98.6513.91110.9383.89

624.96 57.12 23.65

48.8573.88 Interest

1,841.46

2,021.12

4610ft.2

4110ft2

6450ft2

6450ft2

5660ft4130ft2 2

4110ft4110ft4130ft

~1 acre (9 lots)



39




planting harvesting

INSTRUCTIONS

STEP 1Plant the tobacco seeds in indoor planters, preferably in the early spring. Add gravel to thesoil or use special fertilizer. Because tobacco seeds are so small, it's not advisable to begin them outdoors. Also, their nutrient requirements are different form many other plants, so adding a bit of gravel or special fertilizer designed for tobacco is a good idea.

STEP 2Maintain moisture in the planters and keep the tobacco seeds exposed to the sun.

STEP 3Prepare a plot in your garden that is constantlyexposed to sun, well-drained, and tilled. When theshoots have grown about 7 inches (or 18 cm), transplant them to the plot in your garden. Spacethem about 2 feet (or 60 cm) apart from each other.Make sure that when you transplant there is no further risk of frost in your area, as this will kill your plants.

STEP 4Water the plants often. Keep the soil moist but not soaking.

STEP 5Watch our for pests and rot. Common tobacco pests include budworms, hornworms, and pathogens.If manually removing pests is not doing the trick, seek out a tobacco-specific pesticide to take careof your problem.

STEP 6Top your plants when flower buds appear. Cut offthese buds before they can flower.

STEP 7Harvest your tobacco plants about three months after planting. Cut the plants at the stalk and keep all the leaves attached.Flowers will inhibit the growth of your leaves and compete for sunlight;removing them is important for obtaining the broadesttobacco leaves possible. Proper curing takes anywherefrom 1 to 5 years. You want your leaves to attain a dry, golden texture.

STEP 8Cure the tobacco by hanging it in a dry, warm roomwith good air flow. Check it routinely for rot or other problems.

GROWING CONDITIONS


40

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES - TOBACCO PRODUCTION


11

3

455 pounds

$905.45 profit x$1.99 (price/lb)

E AVONDALE

E LUCIUS AVE

43

150

50

150


sidewalk

drivew

ay

garage

BBQ/storage

1

1

1

455x 2

Yield

1 plant 1/4 pound

YIELD ESTIMATE

(PLANTS PER AREA) / 1/4 pound =

(455x4) / 1/4 = 455 pounds


41

Yield

15,000 poundsprofit

PRODUCTION EXPENSES

$120,000=

E AVONDALE

E LUCIUS AVE

43

150

50

150

4610ft.2

4110ft2

6450ft2

6450ft2

5660ft4130ft2 2

4110ft4110ft4130ft

~1 acre (9 lots)


Sample Garlic BudgetSummary of estimated costs and returns per acre.

Quantity or Number of Your Items Operations Units Price Total Estimate

Variable costs Seeding costs:

Seed (cloves, including freight) 1,000 lbs $4.90 $4,900.00 _____________ Lime 2 tons $25.00 $50.00 _____________ Nitrogen 75 lbs $0.38 $28.50 _____________ Phosphorus 138 lbs $0.32 $44.16 _____________ Potassium 138 lbs $0.23 $31.74 _____________ Planting labor 20 hrs $10.00 $200.00 _____________

Herbicides: Buctril 4EC 0.25 pint $13.34 $3.34 _____________ Gramoxone Extra 0.375 gallon $33.92 $12.72 _____________

Harvesting: Harvest labor 40 hrs $10.00 $400.00 _____________ Grading and packaging (*) 200 bags $0.95 $190.00 _____________ Hauling (*) 4,000 lbs $0.15 $600.00 _____________

Machinery: Machinery rental (mulch layer) 1 day $40.00 $40.00 _____________ Diesel fuel 10.573 gallon $2.00 $21.15 _____________ Tractor repairs and maint. 1 acre $6.30 $6.30 _____________ Implement repairs and maint. 1 acre $7.62 $7.62 _____________

Other variable expenses: Plastic mulch 1 acre $250.00 $250.00 _____________ Drip irrigation (tape and labor) 1 acre $330.00 $330.00 _____________

Interest expense: Operating interest $217.27 _____________

Total variable costs $7,332.79 _____________

Fixed costs Tractors 1 acre $12.75 $12.75 _____________

Implements 1 acre $14.76 $14.76 _____________ Drip irrigation system 1 acre $500.00 $500.00 _____________ Land charge 1 acre $150.00 $150.00 _____________ Total xed costs $677.51 _____________

Total Costs $8,010.30 _____________* Based on 4,000 lbs/A production It is customary for producers to keep enough cloves for replanting for the following season. This should be factored into subsequent budgets.

Net returns for ve different yields and prices of garlic

Price Yield (YY lbs/A) ($/lb) 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

$0.80 ($5,815) ($5,313) ($4,810) ($4,308) ($3,805)

$1.60 ($4,215) (2,913) (1,610) (308) 995

$2.40 ($2,615) (513) 1,590 3,692 5,795

$3.20 ($1,015) 1,887 4,790 7,692 10,595

$4.00 $585 4,287 7,990 11,692 15,395

Initial Resource Requirements Land: Usually one acre or less; depends on

market demand Labor: 65 hours Land preparation and planting: 20 hours Harvesting and packaging: 40 hours Marketing and hauling: 5 hours Capital: $6,847.00 Equipment Tractor (20 horsepower) Tillage equipment Hand sprayer Packaging supplies


42




planting harvesting

INSTRUCTIONS

STEP 1Find out when to plant garlic in your region. In general, the best times for planting are mid-autumnor early spring. Garlic grows well in a wide rangeof climates. It does less well in areas of high heator humidity, or where there is a lot of rainfall.

STEP 2Choose a planting spot and prepare the soil. Garlicneeds a lot of full sun, but it might tolerate partialshade provided it's not for very long during the day or growing season. The soil must be well dug over and crumbly. Sandy loam is best.Ensure that the soilhas good drainage. Clay-based soils are not good for planting garlic. Use compost and manure to add nutrients to the soil before planting the garlic.

STEP 3Source fresh garlic. Garlic is grown by planting thecloves - called seeds for our purposes - so to getstarted all you need to do is buy fresh garlic. Choose garlic from a store, or even better, a farm stand or the local farmers market. It's very important that the garlic bulbs chosen are fresh andof high quality. If you can, avoid garlic that has beensprayed with chemical sprays.

STEP 4Break the cloves from a fresh garlic head. Becareful not to damage the cloves at their base, where they attach to the garlic plate. Plant thelarger cloves. The smaller cloves take up as muchspace in the planting bed, but they produce much smaller bulbs.

STEP 5Push each clove into the soil. Point the tips upwardand plant the cloves about 2 deep. The cloves should be spaced about 8 apart for best growingconditions.

STEP 6Cover the planted cloves with mulch. Suitable toppings include hay, dry leaves, straw, compost, well rotted manure, or well rotted grass clippings

STEP 7Fertilize the cloves or top-dress with compost. The planted garlic needs a complete fertilizer at the time of planting. Fertilize again in the spring if you are planting your garlic in the fall, or in the fall if you're planting it in the spring.

STEP 8Water the plants often. Don't overdo the water, asgarlic does not grow well, or may even rot, if soddenduring cold months. Water deeply once a week if rainhas not fallen. Watering garlic is not necessary unless there is a drought, in which case water sparingly, as garlic hates wet soil. Reduce the watering gradually as the season warms up. The garlic needs a hot, dry summer to allow the bulbs to mature.

STEP 9Take care of pests. Insects, mice, and other creaturesmay come to eat the garlic or make a nest among the plants. Beware the following pests:Aphids seem to enjoy garlic leaves, and the flower buds. They're easy to dispense with - simply rub your fingers over them and squash them or apply aMany people tend to plant garlic underneath roses to deter aphids; the roses benefit from the aphids being drawn away.

STEP 10Eat some scapes. As the garlic plants begin to grow, long green stalks called scapes will emerge and form loops. Pull off a few scapes and eat them if you wish.This may damage the garlic bulbs themselves, so don't do it to every plant. Use gloves when pulling off scapes; otherwise your hands will smell of garlic for days.

GROWING CONDITIONS


43

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES - GARLIC PRODUCTION


3819x

6

6

YIELD ESTIMATE

(TOTAL NUMBER OF CLOVES) X ($0.50 PER CLOVE) =

3819 X 6 X 0.50 = $11,457

1

1

Yield

22,914 cloves

$11,457 profit

1 plant x$0.5(price/clove)

E AVONDALE

E LUCIUS AVE

43

150

50

150


sidewalk

drivew

ay

garage

BBQ/storage

6

6


44

NationalColoradoDouglasParker80134

0.08%0.06%

0.04%0.05%

0.07%

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Perc

enta

ge o

f Un

its b

y Ar

ea

NationalColoradoDouglasParker80134

Foreclosure Actions to Housing Units

High Med Low

1 in 1,482Housing Units 1 in 10,836 Housing Units

Income level

semi-arid climate

Lot size Foreclosure Scale 1-3 1- low; 2 - medium; 3 - high

1 3 1

Median lot size (U.S.)

10,000 sq.ft.Median HHI (U.S.)

$51,000Foreclosure (U.S.)

0.08%

Median lot size (Parker)

4,000 sq.ft.Median HHI (Parker)

$95,618Foreclosure (Parker)

0.05%

FORECLOSURERATE

SINGLE FAMILYDETACHED HOMES

HOMEOWNERS PAYING MORE THAN 35% OF INCOME ON HOUSING

5% 75% 52%

PARKER, COLORADO

The Town of Parker is a Home Rule Municipality in Douglas County, Colorado, United States. As a self-declared "Town" under the Home Rule Statutes, Parker is the second most populous town in the county; Castle Rock is the most populous.[6] In recent years, Parker has become a commuter town at the southeasternmost corner of the Denver Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 census, the town populationwas 45,297, over 145 times the population of 285 when Parker incorporated in 1981.[7] Parker is now the19th most populous municipality in the State of Colorado.As of the census of 2000, there were 23,558 people, 7,929 households, and 6,525 families residing in thetown. The population density was 1,615.2 people per square mile (623.4/km). There were 8,352 housing units at an average density of 572.6 per square mile (221.0/km). The racial makeup of the town was 92.60% White, 1.71% Asian, 1.01% Black, 0.45% Native American, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.88% from other races, and 2.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.80% of the population.There were 7,929 households out of which 52.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.8%were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7%were non-families. 13.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.4% had someone living alonewho was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was3.27.

Location

Population

Median age

Number of companies

Educational attainment

Total housing units

Median household income

Foreign-born population

Poverty

(47,169) (as of July 1, 2012)

Colorado

33.2

5,627

97.4% (high school)

16,641

95,618

1,799

4.6%

Total labor force

Employed

25,451

24,106

Unemployed 1,274

OWNER-OCCUPIEDHOME VALUE < $50,000

0.4%

Total housing units

Occupied housing units

Vacant housing units

Homeowner vacancy rate

Rental vacancy rate

Owner-occupied units

Housing w/ a mortgage

Housing w/o a mortgage

15,821

16,641

820

3.4

5.6

12,257

11,248

1,009 Source: RealtyTrac

FORECLOSED HOMES

1 IN 1482

KEOTA ST

JORDAN CT

Source: U.S. Census

Chapter 2 Parker

45

High YieldTop 10 Cash Crop Flexible growing conditions

TOP10 $$$ 1

15Crops < 1

Indoor crops

Crops > 15

15

CA$H CROP$ IN COLORADO COLORADO Top 10 Cash Crops CONDITIONS FOR SELECTING CASH CROPS



2

Yield

10.5 pounds$33,375net profit


PRODUCTION EXPENSESMARIJUANA production costs and returns per 5x5 indoor lot, 2011-2012 1/

Item Parker2012

Gross value of production Primary product: Weed

Operating costs: Consumables (growing $300/harvestmedium and nutrients) Electricity expenses $200/harvest Durable items (fan, lights) $1,250 ($60-$75/harvest) Light bulbs $27.50/harvest

Total operating costs $600/harvest

Value of production less total costs listed $33,375

10.5 pounds

Supporting information:

Yield (pounds per 5x5) 10.5 lbs/year Price (dollars per pound) $3,200

KEOTA ST

JORDAN CT

55

Chapter 2 Parker

47




planting harvesting

INSTRUCTIONSSTEP 1Growing hydroponic marijuana is a bit moredifficult than growing marijuana in soil: You're optimizing for nutrients, light, and ventilation, which can be hard if you've never grown marijuanabefore.Don't necessarily expect to jump straightfrom 0 to 60 without a hitch. Although growing iseasy if you have the right knowledge and information, it usually takes time to gather bothof those thingsSTEP 2Obtain all the necessary items. If you're careful to shop around, you should be able to get everything you need for five plants for $300-$500.You should expect to get 1-3 ounces off each plant at the end. You will need:-Marijuana seeds or clones; -White paint or mylar;-Hydroponic nutrients; -Pots; -Potting medium suchas coco coir; -Compact fluorescent lights (CFLs)-A timer; -pH soil test

STEP 3Prep your walls. Plants grow with the aid of light.If you're growing indoors, this presents somewhatof a problem. Many grow rooms are housed in darkspaces where light is absorbed instead of reflected.To get the most bang for your buck and to makethe best possible weed you'll want your walls to either be painted a glossy white or be covered with mylar.

STEP 4Set up your grow lights. They should start out a little higher than the height of your pots, and should have room to be raised to the final heightof your plants. Do what works for your grow area. The simplest method is to either hang them from the bar in your closet or you can also clamp the lights onto something nearby that is the right height.

STEP 5Make sure your lights are producing at least theminimum, and preferably the ideal, amount of lumensper square foot. Lumens is a unit for the total amount of visible light emitted by a source. Therefore, it's helpful to talk about how many lumens a source emits, as well as how many lumens your growing operation needs. On an average day, the sun emits about 5,000 to 10,000 lumens/sq.ft.

STEP 6Take care that you don't burn or overheat your plants with your light source. Having sufficient light will help your marijuana grow tall, healthy, and chronic. But what to do about overheating. The ideal temperature for your grow operation is somewhere between 80 F and 85 F, with 90F being the max.If your temperature is anywhere below this, add a small heater to generate more heat.

STEP 7Get your grow room ventilated. Proper ventilation is absolutely necessary for vibrant plants. If yourgrow room is in a closet, for example, there's not much more that you can do other than an oscillatingfan. In a box, however, adding a duct system is efficient for many home growers.To make a duct system, a simple squirrel cage fan (it looks like a hamster wheel) attached to 6" ducts will help mitigate rising temperatures and pungent odors.As with any operation, including an additional oscillating fan will help strengthen the stalks of the marijuana plants as they grow.

STEP 8Germinate your marijuana seed. To get your weed seed to sprout, simply wet a large paper towel and lightly wrap your seeds in between the papertowel. Place the paper towel and cover with anotherplate to make sure the paper towel doesn't dry out.Alternately, place the damp paper towel in a sealable plastic bag and rest somewhere dark andwarm for at least 24 hours.

STEP 9Once the seed has germinated, transfer to a rockwool block. Rock wool is a great medium to grow the early-stage marijuana plant in. Once the seedling has started sprouting a significant root system, you can transfer the plant into the coco coir.

STEP 10Start feeding your plants with water (filtered or tap) mixed with nutrients. Adjust the water to havea pH of 5.5 to 6.0 for best results

STEP 11Water your plants with pH'ed and nutrient-filled water whenever the top of the coco coir starts feeling dry. This will start out with you wateringthe plants every couple of days when theyre small, and may end up with you watering them once a day towards the end of the plant's flowering cycle.

GROWING CONDITIONS

Chapter 2 Parker

48

STEP 12Keep your marijuana plants in the vegetative stageof growth until they are about half their final desired height. You can keep your marijuana plantsin the vegetative stage by giving them 18-24 hoursof light a day.

STEP 13Start the flowering stage when your plants achieved the correct height. Tell your cannabis plants to begin the flowering stage by changing to a 12 hours of light/12 hours of darkness schedule so that they start producing buds. This simulates the beginning of fall and winter.

STEP 14Sex your plants and get rid of any males. Determine the gender of your plants 1 to 2 weeksafter first changing the lights for the flowering stage. Get rid of any males you happen to find inthe bunch. Males will pollinate females, causing females to start diverting energy from THC production into seed growth.[11] Pollinated weed isn't unsmokable, but it's a lot less potent than unpollinated weed.

STEP 15Start feeding your marijuana plants just plain, pH'ed water 1-2 weeks before it's time to harvest.Otherwise you may actually be able to taste the nutrients in your final buds (your marijuana could have a chemical after-taste).

STEP 16Start feeding your marijuana plants just plain, pH'ed water 1-2 weeks before it's time to harvest.Otherwise you may actually be able to taste the nutrients in your final buds (your marijuana could have a chemical after-taste).

STEP 17Trim your plant so that there aren't any leaves sticking out from the buds. Leaves will make yourfinal smoke a lot more harsh and don't contain much THC, so you don't want them in your final product. You can still use them to make hash, butter, or Green Dragon.

STEP 18Hang your trimmed buds upside down in a cool, dark place and let them dry until the buds snap off cleanly (as opposed to just bending) when youput pressure on them.

STEP 19Place the buds in an air-tight container and leavethem in a cool, dark place for 2 weeks to a monthof more to "cure." Open the jar once a day to getsome air ventilation and make sure you release anymoisture. Ensure your buds are properly dried before curing them.




planting harvesting

GROWING CONDITIONS

Chapter 2 Parker

49

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES - MARIJUANA PRODUCTION

KEOTA ST

JORDAN CT


1x

5

5

YIELD ESTIMATE

4 harvests/year = 10.5 pounds

5

5

Yield

10.5 pounds

$33,375net profit

1 plant x$200 (price/lb)

sidewalk

drivew

ay

garage

BBQ/storage

Chapter 2 Parker

50

Yield

5.5 bushels$324.24net profit


PRODUCTION EXPENSES

- 49.61

Parker

- 22.51- 7.78- 17.41

344.66

- 2.52- 18.17- 98.33- 45.56

60.42

284.24+$40 (govt subsidy)

324.24=

Barley production costs and returns per planted acre, excluding Government payments, 2011-2012 1/

United States Northern Great Plains Item 2011 2012 2011 2012

Gross value of production Primary product: Barley grain 351.88 413.09 231.54 344.66 Secondary product: Barley silage/straw/grazing 11.76 10.44 1.73 1.86 Total, gross value of production 363.64 423.53 233.27 346.52

Operating costs: Seed 16.87 20.38 12.78 16.25 Fertilizer 2/ 62.45 63.41 46.36 49.61 Chemicals 18.33 19.73 21.43 22.51 Custom operations 13.59 12.98 7.33 7.78 Fuel, lube, and electricity 37.48 33.46 17.51 17.41 Repairs 30.39 30.00 22.84 23.53 Other variable expenses 6.78 5.82 1.38 1.42 Interest on operating inputs 0.09 0.12 0.06 0.09 Total, operating costs 185.98 185.90 129.69 138.60

Allocated overhead: Hired labor 8.36 7.34 2.43 2.52 Opportunity cost of unpaid labor 25.72 25.45 17.53 18.17 Capital recovery of machinery and equipment 99.20 103.49 93.36 98.33 Opportunity cost of land (rental rate) 71.86 73.75 40.46 45.56 Taxes and insurance 8.63 8.73 7.92 8.10 General farm overhead 17.62 16.78 10.71 11.03 Total, allocated overhead 231.39 235.54 172.41 183.71

Total, costs listed 417.37 421.44 302.10 322.31

Value of production less total costs listed -53.73 2.09 -68.83 24.21Value of production less operating costs 177.66 237.63 103.58 207.92

Supporting information: Yield (bushels per planted acre) 67.8 66.2 45.4 55.5 Price (dollars per bushel at harvest) 5.19 6.24 5.10 6.21Enterprise size (planted acres) 1/ 174 174 297 297Production practices: 1/ Dryland (percent of acres) 67 67 92 92 Irrigated (percent of acres) 33 33 8 8

1/ Developed from survey base year, 2011. 2/ Commercial fertilizer, soil conditioners, and manure.

dollars per planted acre

KEOTA ST

JORDAN CT

55

100

4110ft

~1 acre (22 lots)

50

55

100

50

1940sq.ft.

Chapter 2 Parker

51




planting harvesting

INSTRUCTIONS

STEP 1Determine the climate where you wish to grow barley. Winter barley is planted in the fall and harvested in early spring. It also tends to be thepreferred variety since it is more nutritious andcompetes with fewer weeds in the spring. Springbarley is planted in the spring and harvested in the fall. It is the more common variety in areas that have colder winters.

STEP 2Prepare to plant winter barley in the fall, approximately 6 to 8 weeks before the soil freezes as this allows for strong root growth. Spring barley can be planted as early as you can work the soil.

STEP 3Use a rake, rototiller or shovel to prepare the soil. The ground needs to be as close to even aspossible. The area you will be planting in should be about 2 inches (5.1 cm) deep.

STEP 4Spread fertilizer over the prepared land. Keep in mind that if you live in a dry environment, the fertilizer will make the barley grow faster and absorb all the moisture in the ground.

STEP 5Plant the seeds. You can scatter the seeds in theprepared area or you can use a seed drill that makes holes every 6 inches (15.2 cm) and plants several seeds per hole. The benefit to a seed drill is it allows for easier weeding when the plants are young due to the space in between the seedlings. The drier the ground, the lighter you want to seed it since there is less moisture available.

STEP 6Cover the barley seed with sufficient soil to prevent the seed from drying. For spring barley, plant it 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) deep while winter barleyshould be 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) deep. The seed shouldnever be covered by more than 3 inches (7.6 cm) ofsoil.

STEP 7Water your planted barley seeds two or three times a year if you have a dry climate.

GROWING CONDITIONS

Chapter 2 Parker

52




planting harvesting

INSTRUCTIONS

STEP 1Get your harvesting equipment ready and handle any necessary maintenance to ensure optimum performance. Use the owner's manual to set up the combine. Check the sickle to make sure it is sharp for best performance.

STEP 2Adjust the combine header in relation to the heightof the wheat for cutting. The header should be setto get the most wheat with the least amount of straw. You may need to constantly adjust the heightof the combine header as the height of the wheat in the field changes.

STEP 3Adjust the reel speed relative to the ground speed so to not lose any wheat in the process. Going toofast will either knock the wheat down or cut it poorly. Going too slow can cause the wheat to fallto the ground or not enter the combine correctly.

STEP 4Set the rotor or cylinder speed to the minimum level for good threshing; this will minimize damageto seeds. This will need to be adjusted as the wheat crops change.

STEP 5Set the concave at the widest setting possible to help with separating. Setting the correct rotor or cylinder speed will also ensure no grain is lost through separation.

STEP 6Adjust the cleaning shoe, consisting of the chafferand cleaning sieve, so it is neither set too narrowor too wide. Consult the owner's manual for manufacturer's setting.

STEP 7Set the fan but be sure it is not set too low orthe wheat will never make it to the back of thechaffer for it to drop through. Setting the fan too high will blow the light wheat right out of theshoe altogether.

GROWING CONDITIONS

Chapter 2 Parker

53

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES - BARLEY PRODUCTION


Yield

2.5 bushels

$15.525net profitx$6.21 (price/bu)


KEOTA ST

JORDAN CT

1940x

1

1

1

1

1 plant

sidewalk

drivew

ay

garage

BBQ/storage

YIELD ESTIMATE

(PLANTS PER AREA) / 1/4 pound =

.027 pounds per square foot

Chapter 2 Parker

54

Local developer

-use co-ops for farming andproduction-provides initial capital

-provides loans forrevitalization of distressedcommunities

-intervention from mortgagecompanies on property values

-tax exemptives & incentives-rezoning-donation of land

product

profiton-time payment

increase propertyvalues

employmentloans

increasedcontracts

-rebuilding suburbia

-provides seeds and equipmentfor companies to start

health andsafety

seeds for testing

trust andsecurity

security andprosperity

Chapter 2 US

55

REASONS WHY HOMEOWNERS DONT ENGAGE IN COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

Chapter 2 US

56Img. 5-6 Distribuiton and equipment - reasons why homeowners dont practice farming for profit

FOR RELEASE: APRIL 16, 2014Media Contact: Tsvetelina Churalska, co-CEO of PBC

New York City-(BEVNET)-April 16, 2014 PBC Co.

We are pleased to announce that the Princeton Beverage Company is taking a giant leap forward and starting a trial process of moving small-scale production in two distinct U.S. suburban communities. Youngstown, OH and Parker, CO will start a pilot program partnering with the HUD and local developers to begin of retrotting their neighborhoods. We have decided to give opportunities to local people to make extra income while working for us. This is an exciting time for everybody and if successful, the program will spread amongst other small-scale companies. We look forward to continuing our relationships with our suppliers, distributors, retailers, clients and future collaborators.

For more information, please visit drinkpearls.com

Chapter 2 US

57

Value of prod.(U.S.govt estim.)

Estimated finalprofit

Big FarmMachinery

Alternativemachinery

1

CROP PRODUCT

PRICE SETTING AND MARKET

Desired costof produce

2

3

4

-

+

~

Co-packer facilities costs-

Distributorcosts-

5 Co-op productioncosts

6 Company distribution

+

+

Fair value ofproduct

Production

Advertising

SHARED PROFIT

7Commercial prod.market regulat.-

Michael Potter,CEO of Eden Foods,independent privatecompany

Pam and John Smith,distressed suburbanhomeowners

8 Taxes onproduction

+

MARKET

CEO,independent privatecompanydistressed suburbanhomeowners

Murray Kessler,CEO of Eden Foods,independent privatecompany

MARKET

Rinaldo Brutoco,CEO of Garlic Gold,independent privatecompany

MARKET

Product with a longshelf life

Product with a longshelf life

Chapter 2 US

58

CHAPTER 3 Design Interventions


59

INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES DESIGN GUIDELINES

AGRICULTURAL

INCREASING YIELD

IRRIGATION

STORAGE FACILITIES

WASTE PROCESSING FACILITIES

SPECIALIZED FACILITIES (e.g. tobacco curing)

FARMING EQUIPMENT

SOCIAL

DENSITY

SOCIAL DIVERSITY

AGING POPULATION

OBESITY

ISOLATION

IMMIGRATION

SOCIAL NETWORKS

EDUCATION

CO-OP DEVELOPMENT

POLITICAL

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

HUD

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

LIMITING SETBACKS

LIFESPAN OF MATERIALS

TRANSFORMING ZONING

TRANSPORTATION

PARKING

ENVIRONMENTAL

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

GLOBAL WARMING

AIR QUALITY

HEATING

COOLING

INDOOR LIGHTING (MICRO-CLIMATE)

INDOOR TEMPERATURE (MICRO-CLIMATE)

FORECLOSURES

HIGH PROPERTY TAXES

EXPENSIVE HOMES

POVERTY

UNEMPLOYMENT

HIGH TRANSPORTATION COSTS

ECONOMIC

CO-OP DEVELOPMENT

BUSINESS

SMALL COMPANY CONTRACT (legal not to be sued)

RETAIL AND RESTAURANT EMERGENCE

PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

RENOVATIONS (ATTIC, BASEMENT)

CROPS

SAFETY

Chapter 3

60

AGRICULTURAL

2015

30-YEAR INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES MODEL

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045

INCREASING YIELD

IRRIGATION

STORAGE FACILITIES


SPECIALIZED FACILITIES (e.g. tobacco curing)

FARMING EQUIPMENT

*

* based on a 30-year fixed mortgage loan

BUILT ENVIRONMENTLIMITING SETBACKS

LIFESPAN OF MATERIALS

TRANSFORMING ZONING

TRANSPORTATION

PARKINGelimination of homedriveway+garage

establishment of communal parking

individualparkway

communal transportationinfrastructure

pick-up area

communal parking andbiking routes

curbs to accomodate industrial vehicles

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE tanks installation water canal infrastructure

FENCING community fencing to protect agriculture

ENVIRONMENTALALTERNATIVE ENERGY

GLOBAL WARMING

COOLING

HEATINGradiant floor heating

INDOOR AIR, LIGHTING, TEMPERATURE

solar panelsinstallation

solar energy sharing

bio-dieselproduction

100% self-generatedenergy

wind powerinstallation

carbon-freeneighborhood

natural ventilationsystems

changing setbacks

common renewable energy

passivecoolingpassiveheating

additionalelectricity generation

solar panelinstallation

process of autonomousoutput

adaptation of growing process to rising T

encourage lessuse of transportation

geo-thermalheating

geo-thermalcooling

energy for indoor growing generated by the community

specific setbacks for farming and other activities

usage of durable materials

FORECLOSURES

HIGH PROPERTY TAXES

EXPENSIVE HOMES

POVERTY

UNEMPLOYMENT

HIGH TRANSPORTATION COSTS

ECONOMICCO-OP DEVELOPMENT

year-by-year same crop contract

introduction of newproducts on land

incorporation of a store inside a house

farm-to-tablerestaurant

BUSINESSSMALL COMPANY CONTRACT

RETAIL AND RESTAURANT EMERGENCE

acquisition of foreclosedproperties

mixed-usehousing (live+work)

communal transportation(public + production)

PRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION

division of lot

one production facility/block

more diversified production facilities/block

one distribution facility/block

building of infrastructure for distribution

co-ops formed

creating opportunities to buy-in

driveway/drive-through

uniform zoning in thecommunity

small companies establish headquarters

strip mall emergence

production facility equipped for diverse products

no more foreclosed properties

co-ops formation in a community

no intervention from localgovernment on property taxes

no change on property taxes

opportunities for all to make extra income

opportunities to be employedby the community

complete elimination of poverty

complete elimination of unemployment

encouraging using public transportation

production of biofuel forlimited personal transportation

communities collaborate together

affordable housing for everybody

zoning to accomodateindustriala nd coomercial activites

vertical farming systems

floors addition

grey watersystem

roof alteration(intensive vs. extensive)

centralirrigation

climatebased

RENOVATIONS (ATTIC, BASEMENT)

acquisition of more properties(e.g. foreclosed)

usage ofall stories

acquisition of more landalternativegrowing

most advanced farmingsystems

individualstorage

sharedstorage

CROPS/ANIMALS

individualprocessing

sharedprocessing

individualfacility

sharedfacility

small equipment -individual

large equipment -shared

two crops expanding cropsoptions

scaffolding

introduction of small-scaleanimal farming (chicken farm+coop)

basementsharing

constructedwasteland

all into agarden

common grey watercistern

sharing of basement transorming attic into agreenhouse

achieving production ofaverage farms

one integrated storage, waste, recyclingfacility

bying of large-scale equipment

diversity of crop choices

equipment shared by entire community

building of walls and shared courtyards between houses

NOW FARMING ACQUISITION EXPANSION ALTERATION

Chapter 3 US

61

2015


2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045

*

* based on a 30-year fixed mortgage loan

provision of seeds andfarming tools

contracted to rebuild suburbia

SOCIAL

DENSITY

SOCIAL DIVERSITY

AGING POPULATION

OBESITY

ISOLATION

IMMIGRATION

SOCIAL INTERACTIONEDUCATION

CO-OP DEVELOPMENT

POLITICAL

HUD

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

MORTGAGE COMPANY

AGRICULTURAL COMPANYLOCAL DEVELOPER

educational facility in a botanicalgarden

continuing educationfacility

tax exemptives rezoning

loans for revitalizationof distressed communities

co-opformation

more houses to fill upvacant lots

more householdoptions

expanding housingstock

more householdoptions

communal exercisearea

immigrant-specific spacesspaces for social interaction(gym, pool, market)

donation of land

change in property values

combining houses

NOW FARMING ACQUISITION EXPANSION ALTERATION

affordable housing for immigrants

school facility

increased density from temporary workers and visitorsrental units

diverse social groups

aging populationsharing living space with families

houses fully-equipped foraging population

walkable sidewalks and shared biking systemmore social spaces communal courtyards

community independent of local government

community independent of agricultural company

community developer

incentives for more renovations community owns mortgages

national program for building of independent productive communities

more social spaces(Farmers Market)

not a single house isolated

no need for aging population to joinsenior housing

Chapter 3 US

62

GARAGE ELIMINATION


COMMUNAL PARKING

GREYWATER SYSTEM

GREEN ROOF

GREENHOUSE

SPLITTING OF HOUSE

SCAFFOLDING

BASEMENT SHARING

SOCIALSOCIAL

HAY BARN

AGRICULTURALSTORAGE

WATERINFRASTRUCTURE

PRODUCTIONFACILITY

COMMUNAL PARKING &STORAGE

ANIMAL FARMING

TOBACCO CURING

ADDING A STORY FIRST FLOOR INTOA RESTAURANT

WATERINFRASTRUCTURE

EDUCATIONALFACILITY

VERTICAL FARMING

RENTAL HOUSING

GREENWALK

HOUSE EXTENSION

GREENHOUSEROOFTOP

VERTICAL HYDROPONICS

FENCING SOLAR AND WINDENERGY

SOCIAL SPACE

SKYLIGHT

Chapter 3 US

63

AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

LEGEND

GAME ROOM17X19

BDRM 317X26

MECH.GYMROOM13X20

GAME ROOM13X11

BDRM 315X12

MECH.

FOYERLIVING10X19

DINING12X14

GARAGE

PANTRY

BKSFT

KIT.

DINING12X14

BKSFT

KIT.

FOYER

PANTRY

BDRM 417X15

LAUND.

MASTER17X26

STORAGE

ATTIC 34X49

ATTIC 29X26BDRM 212X15

MASTER13X17

HOUSE C

HOUSE D1)basement 2)first floor 3)second floor 4)attic

1)basement 2)first floor 3)second floor 4)attic

LAUND.

OFFICE10X19


64

TOBACCO & GARLIC FARMING30-YEAR INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES MODEL

OWNERS: PAM AND JOHN SMITHAges: early 40sHousehold income:$24,000Single-family4 beds/2 baths$46,289

Combination:

2015

1

15Crops1

15

GREYWATER IRRIGATION

AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESSSIDEWALK

LEGEND

GARAGE/STORAGE


65

Mortgage payment $550/monthFarming Net Income $4,121/month

Remaining balance $+1,571/month

Monthly householdincome

$2,000/month


66


Combination:

2020

1

15Crops1

15


AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

GREEHOUSE

VERTICAL FARMING

FENCING

SOLAR PANEL

STORAGE

SMALL-SCALE COMPOST

FRONT YARD FARM

DRIVEWAY ELIMINATION

SIDEWALK

LEGEND

TOBACCO & GARLIC FARMING





$2,000/month

TOBACCO SEEDING RACKS

AIR-CURING SINGLE ROWFACILITY

Chapter 3 Parker

67


Combination:

2030

1

15Crops1

15

FLAT ROOF

FLOORS ADDITION

AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

LEGEND







VERTICAL FARMING

FENCING

SOLAR PANEL

STORAGE

FRONT YARD FARM

DRIVEWAY ELIMINATION

SIDEWALK

TOBACCO SEEDING RACKS

$2,000/month


68


Combination:

2015

1

15Crops1

15

AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

LEGEND

Owners: Kiran and Abdul AmmanAges: early 30sYoung immigrant coupleSingle-family4 beds/3 baths$52,000






$2,000/month




$2,000/month


69


Combination:

2020

1

15Crops1

15

SHARED GREYWATER IRRIGATION

VERTICAL FARMING

SHARED STORAGE

FRONTYARD FARMING

HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

LEGEND







$2,000/month




$2,000/month


70


Combination:

2030

1

15Crops1

15

AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

LEGEND







$2,000/month




$2,000/month

Combination:

1

15Crops1

15

SHARED GREYWATER IRRIGATION

VERTICAL FARMING

SHARED STORAGE

FRONTYARD FARMING

HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

RENTAL UNIT

RESTAURANT

FLAT ROOF


71


Combination:

2030

1

15Crops1

15

COMMUNAL PARKING

RESTAURANT

AG SCHOOL

AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

LEGEND

PROGRAMMATIC ACTIVITES/BLOCK:1x PRODUCTION FACILITIES2 STORES (1 DRIVE-IN)1 COMMUNAL PARKING1 RESTAURANT1 PICK-UP AREA1 SOCIAL INTERACTION AREARENTAL FACILITIESCONSTRUCTED WETLAND

SHARED SOCIAL INTERACTION

RENTAL UNITS

AG SCHOOLCONSTRUCTED WETLAND


E. LUCIUS

E. AVONDALE

HOUSE A

HOUSE B

GAME ROOM17X19

BDRM 417X26

MECH.

GYMROOM

OFFICE

GAME ROOM17X19

BDRM 317X26

GYMROOM13X20

MECH.

FOYERLIVING10X19

DINING12X14 GARAGE

FAMILY17X19

BKSFT

KIT.

LIVING10X19

DINING12X14

GARAGE

BKSFT

KIT. 21X21

FOYER

PANTRY

PLAYROOM17X19

BDRM 417X15

LAUND.

WIC MASTER15X19

BDRM 2

ATTIC 34X52

ATTIC 34X39BDRM 217X15

LAUND.

STORAGE

MASTER17X26



FLOOR PLANS

Chapter 3 Parker

72

MARIJUANA & BARLEY FARMING30-YEAR INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES MODEL

Mortgage payment $1,252/month

Farming income $2,781/month

OWNERS: TAMMIE AND JACOB WILSONAges: early 70sRetiredSingle-family4 beds/3 baths$318,000

Combination:

2015

1

15Crops1

15


AGRICULTURAL

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

BUSINESS

SIDEWALK

LEGEND

Chapter 3 Parker

73

Chapter 3 Parker

74

MARIJUANA & BARLEY FARMING30-YEAR INDEPENDENT PRODUCTIVE COMMUNITIES MODEL

Mortgage payment $1,252/month

Farming income $2,781+/month

OWNERS: TAMMIE AND JACOB WILSONAges: early 70sRetiredSingle-family4 beds/3 baths$318,0

Documents

Socially Empowered : Independent Productive Communities in Suburban America