SOCIALIZING THE SOCIALIZING THE INDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL

Social experienceSocial experience is the is the foundation for the foundation for the personalitypersonality, ,

a person’s fairly consistent a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, patterns of thinking, feeling,

and actingand acting

PersonalityPersonality

The sum total of behaviors, attitudes, The sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individualcharacteristic of an individual

Determines how we adjust/reactDetermines how we adjust/react UniqueUnique Develops over timeDevelops over time

PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

personality development personality development more obvious more obvious in childhood ( rapid physical, in childhood ( rapid physical, emotional, intellectual growth)emotional, intellectual growth)

PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

What are the 4 main factors What are the 4 main factors that affect development of that affect development of personality?personality?

PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

HEREDITYHEREDITY BIRTH ORDERBIRTH ORDER PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICSPARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

NATURE VS NURTURENATURE VS NURTURE

1919thth century an intense debate regarding the century an intense debate regarding the relative importance of relative importance of nature (biology) and nature (biology) and nurture (socialization) in the shaping of nurture (socialization) in the shaping of human behavior.human behavior.

Modern sociologists Modern sociologists view nurture as much view nurture as much more important than nature in shaping human more important than nature in shaping human behavior.behavior.

Nature vs. NurtureNature vs. Nurture

HeredityHeredity- the transmission of - the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents genetic characteristics from parents to childrento children

VERSUSVERSUS Social environment-Social environment- contact contact

with other peoplewith other people

Nature argumentNature argument

InstinctInstinct- an unchanging biological - an unchanging biological inherited behavior patterninherited behavior pattern

(animal behavior)(animal behavior) Instinctual drivesInstinctual drives… motherhood, … motherhood,

laughing, religionlaughing, religion

Nurture argumentNurture argument Ivan Pavlov’s Ivan Pavlov’s work w/dogswork w/dogs Russian scientist that showed Russian scientist that showed

instinctual behavior could be taughtinstinctual behavior could be taughthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI&feature=related American psychologist John B. American psychologist John B.

WatsonWatson: apply principle to : apply principle to humans..dozen healthy infants and humans..dozen healthy infants and turn them into dr.’s, lawyers, beggars, turn them into dr.’s, lawyers, beggars, thieves, etcthieves, etc

NATURE VS. NURTURENATURE VS. NURTURE

Studies of twins (including identical twins) Studies of twins (including identical twins) shows that socialization and heredity both shows that socialization and heredity both contribute to human developmentcontribute to human development

The Nature versus Nurture debate The Nature versus Nurture debate continuescontinues

Nature argumentNature argument

SociobiologySociobiology- systematic study of - systematic study of biological basis of all social behaviorbiological basis of all social behavior

Certain cultural characteristics and Certain cultural characteristics and behavioral traits are “rooted” in behavioral traits are “rooted” in genetic makeup of humansgenetic makeup of humans

Human social life is determined by Human social life is determined by biological factorsbiological factors

ReflectionReflection

Describe the nature versus nurture Describe the nature versus nurture viewpoints of personality viewpoints of personality developments.developments.

Which argument do you support? Which argument do you support? ExplainExplain

HEREDITYHEREDITY Characteristics present at birth: body Characteristics present at birth: body

build, hair, eye color, skin pigmentationbuild, hair, eye color, skin pigmentation AptitudeAptitude- capacity to learn a particular - capacity to learn a particular

skill or acquire knowledge (natural skill or acquire knowledge (natural talent)talent)

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE-music or art = aptitude-music or art = aptitude Social scientists believe that “inherited Social scientists believe that “inherited

aptitude”- can be influenced by aptitude”- can be influenced by environmental factors – parents can environmental factors – parents can encourage/discourage.encourage/discourage.

HeredityHeredity

HEREDITY and CULTUREHEREDITY and CULTURE

Heredity provides you with biological Heredity provides you with biological needsneeds

Culture determines how you meet Culture determines how you meet these needsthese needs

Shapes human personalities by Shapes human personalities by setting limits on the individualssetting limits on the individuals

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egXIk_4-qMY

Birth OrderBirth Order

Order in which we are born Order in which we are born influences our personalitiesinfluences our personalities

Birth OrderBirth Order

First Born….achievement orientedFirst Born….achievement oriented Last Born…socialLast Born…social Middle child…Middle child… Only child…Only child…

What is your birth order? What is your birth order?

BirthBirth OrderOrder

BirthBirth OrderOrder

• Personalities are Personalities are influenced by brothers influenced by brothers and sisters.and sisters.

• Early-born siblings Early-born siblings have different traits have different traits than later-born than later-born siblings.siblings.

Parental characteristicsParental characteristics

Age of parentsAge of parents Level of educationLevel of education Religious orientationReligious orientation Cultural heritageCultural heritage Occupational backgroundOccupational background

Parental characteristicsParental characteristicsThree parenting styles:Three parenting styles:

PermissivePermissive AuthoritativeAuthoritative AuthoritarianAuthoritarian

Children reared with Children reared with authoritativeauthoritative style style integrate into society with the most integrate into society with the most ease (balance). Permissive and ease (balance). Permissive and authoritarian styles represent authoritarian styles represent opposite extremes. opposite extremes. PermissivePermissive parenting styles causes children to parenting styles causes children to not understand their boundaries. not understand their boundaries. AuthoritarianAuthoritarian raised children will often raised children will often rebel.rebel.

The Cultural EnvironmentThe Cultural Environment Culture influences personalityCulture influences personality Determines basic types of Determines basic types of

personalities found in societypersonalities found in society U.S.U.S.-competitive, assertiveness, -competitive, assertiveness,

competitive = personality traits.competitive = personality traits. Ik (“eek”) cultureIk (“eek”) culture- -

• Prior to WW II the Ik were hunter-Prior to WW II the Ik were hunter-gatherers in mountainous region of gatherers in mountainous region of Uganda. Children viewed all adults and Uganda. Children viewed all adults and other children as parents and other children as parents and brothers/sisters.brothers/sisters.

Ik socialization culture change Ik socialization culture change continuedcontinued

POST-WWII the government turned Ik land POST-WWII the government turned Ik land to national park, and the land went barren, to national park, and the land went barren, and their social structure COLLAPSED.and their social structure COLLAPSED.

Today Ik children are thrown out by the Today Ik children are thrown out by the age of 3. As a result they form bands for age of 3. As a result they form bands for survival. Parents do not help children survival. Parents do not help children survive.survive.

Only the strongest and most clever Only the strongest and most clever survive.survive.

The culture influences the Ik children.The culture influences the Ik children.

How we experience our How we experience our culture influences personalityculture influences personality

I.E. gender, subculture, I.E. gender, subculture, region, neighborhoodregion, neighborhood

SUMMARIZE/process INFOSUMMARIZE/process INFO

What are the 4 main factors that What are the 4 main factors that affect personality development?affect personality development?

Which factor has more influence on Which factor has more influence on personality development and which personality development and which less?less?

Complete the graphic organizer Complete the graphic organizer to investigate how culture and to investigate how culture and socialization influences YOUR socialization influences YOUR personality.personality.

POINTS TO PONDERPOINTS TO PONDER

How does isolation in childhood How does isolation in childhood affect development?affect development?

Make a list of characteristics a child Make a list of characteristics a child might exhibit if he or she were raised might exhibit if he or she were raised isolated from their families….isolated from their families….

Isolation in ChildhoodIsolation in Childhood

Feral children-Feral children- wild or untamed – wild or untamed – found living in isolation in homesfound living in isolation in homes

Case studies of isolation Case studies of isolation have led have led Sociologists to concludeSociologists to conclude that our that our personality comes from our cultural personality comes from our cultural environment!environment!

ISOLATION IN CHILDHOODISOLATION IN CHILDHOOD AnnaAnna-was confined to attic space, -was confined to attic space,

given no social attention. When found given no social attention. When found (at age 6) she had no interest in people. (at age 6) she had no interest in people. She could not walk, talk or feed herself. She could not walk, talk or feed herself. Died at 10 from malnourishment. Died at 10 from malnourishment.

IsabelleIsabelle-was restricted to a dark room, -was restricted to a dark room, but did have her mother (who was but did have her mother (who was deaf). When found at age 6, she could deaf). When found at age 6, she could not speak, but eventually did learn to not speak, but eventually did learn to communicate (shows that communicate (shows that social social deprivation can be overcome!deprivation can be overcome!))

GenieGenie was raised in near isolation for was raised in near isolation for the first twelve years of her life.the first twelve years of her life.

Lived in almost complete silence, and Lived in almost complete silence, and was beaten if she made noise. She did was beaten if she made noise. She did not learn how to talk.not learn how to talk.

After she was found, she had the skills After she was found, she had the skills of a 1 year old. After 8 years of of a 1 year old. After 8 years of training, she never progressed past the training, she never progressed past the 33rdrd grade level. grade level.

Never able to function as a social Never able to function as a social being, but could conform to basic social being, but could conform to basic social norms.norms.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thIDCL3NClQ&feature=related

ISOLATION IN CHILDHOODISOLATION IN CHILDHOOD

Lack social skillsLack social skills human characteristicshuman characteristics Lack reasoning, manners, ability to Lack reasoning, manners, ability to

control bodily functions or move like control bodily functions or move like humanshumans

lack the ability to speak lack the ability to speak

ISOLATION IN CHILDHOODISOLATION IN CHILDHOOD

Research on the effects of social Research on the effects of social isolation demonstrates the isolation demonstrates the importance of socialization.importance of socialization.

All the evidence points to the All the evidence points to the crucial role in social crucial role in social development in forming development in forming personality.personality.

SummarizeSummarize

What is the significance of What is the significance of the cultural environment in the cultural environment in the socialization the socialization /personality development?/personality development?

INSTITUTIONALIZATIONINSTITUTIONALIZATION

Orphanages and hospitals can often Orphanages and hospitals can often create the same characteristics of create the same characteristics of isolated childrenisolated children

Spitz’sSpitz’s research on institutionalization research on institutionalization on infants in orphanage:on infants in orphanage:

Human interactionHuman interaction is is important important Lack of caring environment: develop Lack of caring environment: develop

much slower, mentally, physically, much slower, mentally, physically, emotionally.emotionally.

THE SOCIAL SELFTHE SOCIAL SELF

How does a person’s sense of self How does a person’s sense of self emerge?emerge?

Mirror, Mirror on the Wall

Do you ever think about how other people see you?

SOCIALIZATIONSOCIALIZATION

SocializationSocialization is the lifelong social experience is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture.potential and learn culture.

interactive process

SELFSELF

distinct identity that separates you from other members of society.

Tabula RasaTabula Rasa

John Locke: we are born a “blank John Locke: we are born a “blank slate”slate”

Locke

A “clean slate” onto which anything can be written

Believed adults could shape newborns’ personality

Absorb the aspects of the culture they are in contact with

The Looking-Glass selfThe Looking-Glass self

Charles Horton CooleyCharles Horton Cooley Interactionist perspectiveInteractionist perspective Process by which we develop an idea

of self based on how we think we appear to others

Three-step process1. We imagine how we appear to others2. Based on their reaction to us, we attempt

to determine if others view us as we view ourselves

3. We use perceptions of how others judge us to develop feelings about ourselves

Begins in infancy but continues throughout life

ExampleExample

Mattie is a new sociology professor at Mattie is a new sociology professor at the local college. During her first the local college. During her first lecture, she noticed that some lecture, she noticed that some students were yawning. Based on her students were yawning. Based on her interpretation of the students interpretation of the students yawning, Mattie has decided she is a yawning, Mattie has decided she is a boring teacher.boring teacher.

CooleyCooley

The formation of the self – the set of The formation of the self – the set of concepts we use in defining who we concepts we use in defining who we are – is a central part of the are – is a central part of the socialization process.socialization process.

The self emerges in the course of The self emerges in the course of interaction with other peopleinteraction with other people

George Herbert MeadGeorge Herbert Mead

Interactionist perspectiveInteractionist perspective Idea similar to CooleyIdea similar to Cooley Role takingRole taking: we see ourselves as others : we see ourselves as others

see us but take on or pretend to take the see us but take on or pretend to take the roles of othersroles of others

imagining the situation from that person’s imagining the situation from that person’s point of view, a process called taking the point of view, a process called taking the role of the other.role of the other.

Internalize the expectations of the people Internalize the expectations of the people closest to us (significant others)closest to us (significant others)

MeadMead

The self develops through several stages:The self develops through several stages: ImitationImitation.. PlayPlay, in which children take the roles of , in which children take the roles of

significant others.significant others. GamesGames, in which they take the roles of , in which they take the roles of

several other people at the same time.several other people at the same time. Internalized attitudesInternalized attitudes, expectations, and , expectations, and

viewpoints =the viewpoints =the generalized othergeneralized other

Click on the image above to play the Interactive.

Mead Mead

I= unsocialized, spontaneous self-I= unsocialized, spontaneous self-interested component of personality interested component of personality and self identityand self identity

Me= aware of expectations and Me= aware of expectations and attitudes of society- the socialized attitudes of society- the socialized selfself

Seeing ourselves as others see us is first step

Eventually take on, or pretend to take on, the roles of others (role-taking)

Significant others are the people who are closest to us: parents, siblings, and others who directly influence our socialization

As an individual ages, significant others grow less important

Generalized other is the internalized attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society

Children under three can only imitate the actions of others

• Criticized for ignoring the role of biology in Criticized for ignoring the role of biology in the development of the self.the development of the self.

• Self-esteemSelf-esteem is governed by appraisals, social is governed by appraisals, social comparisons, and self-attributioncomparisons, and self-attribution

• Conclusion: Mead showed that symbolic Conclusion: Mead showed that symbolic interaction is the foundation of both self and interaction is the foundation of both self and societysociety

Creating a sense of self : Creating a sense of self : MeadMead

Dramaturgy

• Theory suggested by Erving Goffman

• States that social interaction is similar to a drama performance

• Suggests people are an audience, judging each others’ performances, trying to determine each individual’s true character

Impression Management

• Attempt to play the role well and manage the impressions that the audience receives

• States that much of our time with others is spent trying to manage their impressions

Goffman’s theory suggests that an individual’s self

can be changed according to audience.

The Presentation of Self

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATIONAGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

•Specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place.•Family, the peer group, the school, and the mass media

FamilyFamily

most important of the agents of most important of the agents of socialization socialization

Primary socializer of young childrenPrimary socializer of young children determining one's attitudes toward determining one's attitudes toward

religion and establishing career religion and establishing career goals. goals.

UnintendedUnintended or or deliberatedeliberate socializationsocialization

Peer GroupPeer Group

Peers refer to people who are Peers refer to people who are roughly the same age and/or who roughly the same age and/or who share other social characteristics share other social characteristics

Influential during the pre-teen/early Influential during the pre-teen/early teenage years teenage years

w/out peer acceptance…misfits, w/out peer acceptance…misfits, outsiders, outsiders,

SchoolSchool

Major role in “deliberate” Major role in “deliberate” socializationsocialization

Class activities deliberate teachingClass activities deliberate teaching Extracurricular activities prepare Extracurricular activities prepare

students for life in larger societystudents for life in larger society Transmit cultural values: patriotism, Transmit cultural values: patriotism,

responsibility, citizenshipresponsibility, citizenship

SchoolSchool

Teachers become role models Teachers become role models (manners, speech, style)(manners, speech, style)

Peer groups and cliquesPeer groups and cliques

Mass MediaMass Media

Instruments of mass communication Instruments of mass communication reaching large audiencesreaching large audiences

No personal contactNo personal contact Books, film, internet, magazines, Books, film, internet, magazines,

newspapers, radio, televisionnewspapers, radio, television Which form has the most influence?Which form has the most influence?

Mass MediaMass Media

98% of homes in US have TV’s98% of homes in US have TV’s Average more than 2 tv’s per homeAverage more than 2 tv’s per home Children watch avg. of 28 hrs a weekChildren watch avg. of 28 hrs a week Ongoing debate over TV violence Ongoing debate over TV violence What are negative and positive What are negative and positive

aspects of the effects of mass media aspects of the effects of mass media on socialization?on socialization?

ResocializationResocialization

Setting in which people are isolated Setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set from the rest of society for a set periodperiod

Break with past experiencesBreak with past experiences Learning of new values and normsLearning of new values and norms VoluntaryVoluntary (college)and (college)and involuntaryinvoluntary

I.E. prisons, (military)boot camp, I.E. prisons, (military)boot camp,

ResocializationResocialization

Total institutions concerned w/ Total institutions concerned w/ resocializing membersresocializing members

Isolated Isolated Subject to tight controlSubject to tight control

Changing personality/social behaviorChanging personality/social behavior How is this done?How is this done?

ResocializationResocialization Strip away individual identityStrip away individual identity Replace inst. IdentityReplace inst. Identity Uniforms, deny freedomUniforms, deny freedom

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAS4uSDJe9k&feature=channelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd7_yp0Hkwc