SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

SOCIALISM

From Utopiato Reality

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Definition

•Advocating public ownership of means of production, with work and products shared

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•Wealth was concentrated in few hands

•Working class was deprived of what was rightfully theirs

•Social mechanism had to be developed to justly distribute society's wealth

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM

Robert OwenCount de Saint-

SimonCharles Fourier

Louis Blanc

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Antediluvian Socialism

•Before the flood of revolutions of 1848

•1815 to 1848

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•Endorsed productive capacity of industrialism

•Denounced its mismanagement

•Organized society as community, not competing individuals–End ruthless, capitalist individualism

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology

•Society regarded its ideas as too idealistic with little practical application–Little political or social support

•Failure of 1848-49 revolutions discredited Utopian Socialists

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Robert Owen

•1771-1858•England/Scotland•One of the first socialists

and one of the first cotton lords

•Became crusader for social reform

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Robert Owen•Created model community for employees-New Lanark, Scot.–Paid high wages–Reduced working hours–Built schools, housing, & stores

•Established New Harmony in Indiana (1825-1830)

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Count de Saint-Simon

•1760-1825•France•Social hierarchy based on productivity

•Among first exponents of planned society

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Count de Saint-Simon

•Advocated public ownership of industrial equipment & other capital–Captains of industry would be in control–Captains plan and coordinate labor and resources of society

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Charles Fourier

•1772-1837•France•Dreamer (Schemer??)•Proposed that society be organized in small units (phalansteries)

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Charles Fourier•Determined there were 810 distinct personality types

•Phalanstery would contain 1,620 people (1 male/1 female each)

•Each person would do the work suited to his/her natural inclination so crime would end

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Louis Blanc

•1811-1882•France•Journalist•Organization of Work (1830) one of the most constructive of early socialist writings

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Louis Blanc•Proposed system of “social

workshops” (state-supported manufacturing centers)–Workers work for themselves–No intervention of capitalists

•Believed government should guarantee workers a job

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM

Charles Kingsley

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Short-lived

•1848-1890s •England

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology

•Industrial evils could be ended by following Christian principles

•Tried to bridge gap between anti- religious drift of socialism and need for Christian social justice

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Charles Kingsley

•1814-1875•Best-known proponent•His writings exposed social evils of industrialism

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM

Karl Marx

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•Created by Marx as primary ideology of protest & revolution

•Communist philosophic system–Founded on inherent goodness of man

–Rousseau-influenced position

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology

•Men are corrupted by artificial institutions (states, churches, etc.)

•History of humanity is history of class struggle (economics)

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•The age of bourgeois domination of working class (proletariat) –Most severe and oppressive

phase of struggle–Would lead to its own

destruction

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•The proletariat:–Needed to be educated–Would lead violent revolution & destroy institutions that perpetuate struggle & suppression of majority

–Dictatorship of the proletariat would then occur

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•Theory of Surplus Labor–True value of product was labor–Worker received small amount–Capitalist "stole" surplus labor (difference in price and workers’ pay)

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•Dialectic Materialism–Hegel's dialectic was idea–Marxian dialectic was action–Driven by dynamics of materialism with classless

society as synthesis

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Karl Marx

•1818-1883•German philosopher •Lived most of his adult life in London

•Born to Jewish lawyer who had converted to Christianity

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Karl Marx•Atheistic Marx studied philosophy at Univ. of Berlin before turning to journalism & economics–Read widely in French socialist thought–Shared many of Fourier’s views on marriage

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Karl Marx•Wrote:–The Communist Manifesto

(1848)–Critique of Political Economy (1859)–Das Kapital (1863-1864)

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Karl Marx

•His arguments–Put forth in scientific form–From extensive, accumulated data–Developed in persuasive

rhetorical style

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

ANARCHISM

William GodwinAuguste BlanquiPierre ProudhonMichael Bakunin

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Definition•Situation where there would be no property or authority

•Attained through enlightened individualism

•Emerged in early 19th century as consequence of Ind. Rev.

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

William Godwin

•1756-1836•England•Married to Mary Wollstonecraft

•Although once a minister, he became an atheist

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

William Godwin

•Wrote The Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793)–Best-known work–Expounded his theories of philosophical anarchism

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

William Godwin•Convinced of –The individual perfection of human beings

–Human being’s ability to reason

•Found all forms of control from without unreasonable

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Auguste Blanqui

•1805-1881•France•Advocated terrorism to end

capitalism and the state•Revolution achieved only

with small cell of men leading it

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Pierre Proudhon

•1809-1865•France•Attacked principle of private property because it denied justice to common people

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Pierre Proudhon

•Wrote What is Property? (1840)

•Stated that:–Change achieved through

education–No violence necessary

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Michael Bakunin

•1814-1876•Russia•Violent, terrorist actions were necessary to move people to revolt against their oppressors

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

SYNDICALISM

Georges Sorel

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•Variation of anarchism–Anarcho-syndicalism

•Direct economic actions to control industries

•Strike & industrial sabotage frequently used by syndicalists

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Georges Sorel

•1847-1922•France•Supported Alfred Dreyfus–Accused of anarchism and

convicted of treason

•Influenced young Mussolini

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

REVISIONIST SOCIALISM

Sidney & Beatrice WebbGeorge Bernard Shaw

Edward BernsteinJean Jaures

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology•Reconsideration of Marxism began before Marx’s death

•Revolutions not inevitable in bringing about socialist society

•Democratic societies had mechanisms to gradually evolve socialism

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Ideology

•World revolution was not imminent and directable

•Historical processes endured, difficult to redirect and reform

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Fabians

•British leftists–Said they were Marxists–But they differed from Marx

•People–Sidney and Beatrice Webb

(1859-1947) (1858-1943)–George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

Social Democratic Party (SPD)

•Germany•Established as orthodox Marxism

•Leader-Edward Bernstein (1850-1932)

– Influenced by Fabians– In the 1890’s redirected SPD

toward revisionism

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

French Section of the Working-Class International

•France•Leader--Jean Jaures (1859-

1914)•SFIO moderation led to

developing acceptance of its ideas during tumultuous years of Dreyfus Affair

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

End of Orthodox Marxism

•Orthodox Marxists denounced revisionist movement

•By 1914 majority of socialists were revisionists willing to use democratic process to bring about their goals

SOCIALISSOCIALISMM

SOCIALISM

From Utopiato Reality