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Socialism
Introduction
• Opposition to capitalism, provide a more humane alternative
• Emerges as industrialization grows
• Things were bad
• Utopianism plays a roll
Bullet 2-Living conditions were terribleBullet 3-Things could be good with sharing and cooperation
Origins and Development
• Socialism changes as things get better
• Split occurred in the early 20th Century
• Communism vs Socialism
• Socialism spreads in 20th Century
• Decline in late 20th Century
Bullet 1-Trade unions and working class groups growBullet 2- Lenin the Bolsheviks vs Social DemocracyBullet 3-Africa, Asia, Latin America
Core Themes• Three Ways to
Understand
• Economic Model
• Labor Movement
• Political Creed/Ideology
Economic-collectivism or social planningLabor-The interests of the worker or massesPolitical-Combination of ideas
Community
•Unification overcome issues
•“No man is an Island”
•Importance of fraternity
Bullet 1-Power in NumbersBullet 2-John Donne -Community is vitalBullet 3- “Comrades, brothers, sisters” common bond of humanity
Community
• Human nature can change
• Social groups help understand ourselves
• Concern for what we can become
• Especially important with minorities
Bullet 1-Differs from Liberalism and ConservatismBullet 4- African and Asian Societies were already community based
Cooperation•Cooperation over
Competition
•Humans can be incentivized by morals
•Producers and consumers benefit
Bullet 1-Competition pits us against each other, aggression, and selfishnessBullet 2- Capitalism encourages material cravings, socialism encourages empathyBullet 3- Capitalism focuses just on the producers, need to focus on both
Equality
• Social Equality/Equaltiy of Outcome
• Equality upholds Justice
• Equality supports community
• Need satisification is basis of success
Bullet 1- Not everyone is born identicalBullet 2- Unequal treatment in society is worst kindBullet 3- Identify with each other and work together
Equality
•Marxism and Communisn believe in absolute equality
•Democratic Socialist believe in relative equality
Bullet 1- Abolish private property and establish public ownershipBullet 2- Welfare state and progressive taxes
Class Politics• Social Classes are the biggest divisor in
society
• Classes are the defining feature of history
•Working class is different
• Classes aren’t permanent nor necessary
Bullet 2- Must understand to understand historyBullet 3- Focused on struggle and emancipation
Class Politics
• Capital v. Labor
• Bourgeoisie
• Proletariat
•White Collar v. Blue Collar
• Declining since the 50’s
Bullet 1- Boug- Owners, Pro.-Workers (Can’t Get Along) MarxismBullet 2- Democratic Socialists
Common Ownership• Problems stem from private property
• Property is unjust
• Encourages materialism
• Divisive
• Right to property balanced with community
Common Ownership
• Nationalization popular with Lenin
• Soviet Union adopted state property
• Nationalization has occurred in the western world
• Very Selective
Bullet 1- Extension of state ownership over privateBullet 3- UK Nationalized energy producers in 1945-51 to help regulate economy
Roads to Socialism•2 arguments in
socialism
•What goals should socialism strive for?
•How do we achieve socialism?
1. Revolutionary Socialism
• Early socialist said only way possible
• Either small group or entire class
• Industrialzation brought poverty
•Working class had no political influence
• Democracy restricted
Bullet 2- Blanqui vs MarxBullet 5- Property Requirement
Revolutionary Socialism
•The bourgeois is always favoring the wealthy
•Proletariat have no choice but violent revolution
Bullet 1- Marx
Revolutionary Socialism
• Very successful in China and Latin America
• Revolution allows you to “wipe the slate clean”
• Force allowed new leadership to emerge
• Military style takes over
Bullet 2- Khmer Rouge and Year 0 in 1975Bullet 3- “Power resides in the barrel of a gun” Mao
2. Evolutionary Socialism
• Revolt fever waned in 19th century
• Working class gains rights in 20th century
• Political Action and education would allow socialism to emerge peacefully
• Democratic socialists advocate working inside the government
Bullet 2- Removal of property requirements, unions, social clubs, etc
Evolutionary Socialism
• Democracy has merit
• Extend francise, brings about equality
• Equality works for the majority
• Socialism is home of workers
• Soacialists will carry out reform
Evolutionary Socialism
• To appeal in democracies, must water down
• None have held majority power
• Reformed Capitalism
Bullet 1- Have been in all democracies except US
Evolutionary Socialism•Manual Working
Class has begun to decline
•Socialist have had to adapt
•Bourgeiouis Ideology pervades society
Bullet 1-Socialism has suffered as a resultBullet 3- People avoid their own best interests
Communism •No Private
Property
•Common of Collective Ownership
•3 Types of Marxism/Communism
1. Classical Marxism• Developed by Karl Marx
• Capitailism will eat iteslf, Socialism will replace
• Hopes to predict future events
• Historical Materialism-Economy Structures Society
Bullet 2-Scientific analysis
Classical Marxism
• Progress occurs because of internal conflict
• Conflict between upper and lower class would lead to progress
• Human History has long been marked by conflict
Bullet 2- Progress means socialismBullet 3- Slavery (Masters and Slave), Feudalism (Land Owner and Serf), Capitalism (Bourgeoisie and Proletariat)
Classical Marxism: Economics
• Capitalism separates people from what they produce
• Class is defined by economic power
• Class are in charge of change
• Relationship between classes is antagonistic
Bullet 4-Can never be reconciled
Classical Marxism: Politics
• Capitalism overgrown by the people
• As division increased, people recognize their power
• Revolution would be spontaneous
• Strict Gov’t controlled by people, maintain progress
Bullet 3-Upper class unable to stop itBullet 4- As socialism takes hold, no need for gov’t
2. Orthodox Communism
• Developed by Lenin
• Successful in Russia, China, and Cuba
• Rural areas were the root, not urban
• Leninism develops-New political party
• Anyone not in the party, against it
Bullet 3- Went against what Marx thoughtBullet 4- Only the party could lead to revolution (Lead by devoted people)
Orthodox Communism• Stalin changes Lenin’s
ideas
• Stalin institutes 5 year plan
• Capitalism is completely done away with
• Disloyalty means purges
Bullet 2-Rapid Industrialization, Agriculture Collectivized, must join state farmsBullet 4- Locked in Gulags in Siberia, Millions killed
Neo-Marxism• Eastern Marxism became secular
•Western Marxism tries to bring back classical Marxism
• 2 Factors
• Capitalism Never Fell Apart
• Neo-Marxists rejected Orthodox Communism
• People have more power
Bullet 4- Churches, Civic Groups, Unions, etc
Death of Marxism• 1989- Marxism begins to decline
• Communism is now blended with economic capitalism
•Marxism hasn’t collapsed, Lenin-Stalinism has
• Social Democracy has emerged in place
Bullet 1- Tiananmen Square, then fall of USSR
Ethical Socialism• Socialism is superior because humans are
ethical creatures
• Draws heavily on Christianity
• Caused socialist revolutions in Latin America
• Collective Ownership of wealth is important
Bullet 2- “Love thy neighbor”Bullet 3- After 1968, church backed poor over dictators
Revisionist Socialism• Capitalism wasn’t defective
• Middle Class was becoming more powerful
• Want to reform capitalism rather than abolish
• Mixed Economy Good, Economic Management and Welfare State is important
Bullet 1- Capitalism is both capable and flexible Bullet 2-Stock MarketBullet 4- Private and Public Ownership, Keynesianism Good, Welfare is key way to reform capitalism
Neo-Revisionism/3rd Way
• Started in 1980s, Western Europe
• Third way is an active center
• Top Down Socialism is dead
• Community and Moral Responsibility
Bullet 2-State Socialism and Free Market Bullet 4- Free for all of free market undermines society
Neo-Revisionism/3rd Way
• Consensus View of Society
• Social inclusion of classic socialism
•Welfare of “cradle to grave” unacceptable
• Competition state vital
Bullet 1-Community ties everyone together Bullet 2- Rights, skills, and opportunities to take part in societyBullet 3- Focus on socially excludedBullet 4- Improving infrastructure and work force vital to society
Socialism in the Global Age
• Orthodox Communism has been great weakened
• Pro-capitialism has increased around world
• Social democracy has struggled
• Socialism survives because of capitalism
• Socialism may grow with globalization
Bullet 3- Economy more globalized, can’t control that, only stateBullet 4- InequalityBullet 5- More people exposed