Social Welfare Administration in Japan : Focusing on …repository.osakafu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10466/6680/1/...《研究ノート》 Social Welfare Administration in Japan —Focusing

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TitleSocial Welfare Administration in Japan : Focusing on the Elderly in the

Municipal Level

Author(s) Yoshihara, Masaaki

Editor(s)

Citation 社會問題研究. 1994, 43(2), p.409-427

Issue Date 1994-03-31

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10466/6680

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《研究ノート》

Social Welfare Administration in Japan

—Focusing on the Elderly in the Municipal Level

Masaaki Yoshihara

Introduction

This paper intend to offer basic information about the Socia

Welfare Administration in Japan to the Swedish Researchers and

Social Workers. I will focus on the Elderly Situation in the Munici.

pal Level.

First, I will describe the Structure of the Local Governmenl

and the Health and Welfare System in Japan briefly. And then

will point out their Problems from the critical points of view.

Next to that I will add a few words about my own experiences

concerning to the some kinds of Social Welfare Planning at the

Municipal Level. Finally, I will add a short Concluding Remark.

Before describing the Main Contents I will point out some basic

features of Japan and Sweden. See the Table 1 .

Japan and Sweden are comparatively rich industrialized coun-

tries with similar Size. But you can easily find the big differences

in the Population. The Population in Japan is more than 14 times

Table 1 Basic Statistics about Japan and Sweden

Surface Population in 1990 Population per 1 k4

Japan 372,769k 123,612,000 332/a

Sweden 449,731a 8,591,000 19/kii

— 409 —

社会問題研究・第43巻第2号('94.3.31)

as Sweden. In fact the Population in Sweden is about the same to

the Osaka Prefecture where I live.

Propotion of the Population over 65 years old are 12.6% in

Japan (in 1991) and 18.1% in Sweden (in 1990).

1 . Brief Sketch about the Local Government in Japan

(1) History

Until the middle of the 19th Century, Samurai Clan had ruled

Japan. In 1868 the Meiji Restoration started and then the industri-

alization growed rapidly. This was lead by the state in a very

centralized and authoritarian way. Central Government did not

want Democracy and Local Autonomy. So Japan was a "Economy

and Military" State before the end of the World War Two.

After the war, we made the New Constitution in 1946. Chapter

8 of the Constitution and Local Government Act in 1947 had created

the new local government system. In this system, all the residents

age over 20 can vote in local elections and the Local Government

has autonomy.

(2) Size, Structure and Inter-Governmental Relationship

In general, we have two tier local government system. We have

47 Prefectures. And according to the laws, we have 5 different

kinds of Municipalities as follows. See the Table 2.

We can say that C), 0, ® are urban and ® , C are rural. Now

78% of Japanese live in 0, ® or ®. I will call 0, C), 0 "Urban

Municipality" and compare with Swedish Kommune. See the Table 3.

And I will point out some other notable facts. In Sweden,

about 88% of the Kommunes have a population less than 50,000.

— 410 —

Social Welfare Administration in Japan(Yoshihara)

Table 2 Numbers of the Municipalities in Japan (5 types)

Name (translated in English) Numbers

lO Shi (City) 650

C) Tokubetsushiteitoshi (Delegeted City) 12

C) Tokubetsuku (Delegeted Wards in Tokyo) 23

® Cho (Town) 1993

0 Mura (Village) 581

Total 3259

Table 3 Size and Population of the Municipality in Average

Surface Population

Japan (Urban Municipality only) 1531d 140,000

Sweden 1,572ki 30,000

But in Japan, we have 100 urban municipalities with 200,000 people

or more. These big urban municipalities are located next to the

Megalopolis like Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama. For example in Osaka

Prefecture, there are 32 cities and 8 of them have residents over

200,000. All of them located very near to Osaka City which has

2,500,000 residents.

Here I will add some words about Inter-Governmental Relation-

ship. State (Central Government) can control the Prefectures and

Municipalities by laws, rules, regulations, subsidies, policy guide

lines, policy statements and so on. State utilize those control func-

tions very much. And also the state controls the local governments

by authoritarian and un-democratic ways like personnel control etc.

In my view Japanese cenral government is patriachal and emphasize

— 411 —


the uniformity of the system so much. We can say that Japanese

local governments function mainly as the "Agent" of the central

government. And the prefectures also tend to control the munici-

parities like the central government do. In general for the most of

the civil servant, "top-down thinking" is more common and confort-

able than democracy and "bottom-up thinking".

(3) Political and Administrative Structure of Municipality

Residents in the municipality elect the mayor and the members

of the municipal board. The Mayor employs various kinds of civil

servants. Civil Servants (Staff) are organized in line with the de-

partmental structures. Many cities have social welfare department,

health department, education department, planning department,

environmental department and so on. Mayor works to accomplish

the legal responsibilities of the municipality. Municipal board will

discuss various kinds of issues and consult with the Mayor. Munic-

ipal board can create the "municipal rule" about some kinds of

issues. Ideally, municipal boards functions to control the strong

power of the mayor and make the whole administrative process

responsive to the needs of the residents. I think that it can function

as the board of grass roots democracy which can construct the local

consensus by bottom-up process. But it is obvious that it func-

tions another way now.

In 1960's residents in the urban cities suffered the pollution

from many factories. But the central government, mayors and

municipal boards had done nothing about it. So some residents

formed "residents organization" and initiated the protecting activi-

ties. They negotiated with the mayor, politicians and owners of

the factories and so on. After these movements they elected some

— 412 —


new "socialist" mayors and politicians. So after 1960's residents

organization or "Citizen Group" became important for the munici-

pal politics. And after 1970's we can say that "Labour Union of

the Employees of the Municipality" become also important for the

decision making process in the municipality. So now we have

somewhat democratized municipal system compared with before.

(4) Financing System

Financing system of Japanese government is centralized one.

About two thirds of the tax revenues are collected by the central

government and the rest by local governments. And almost half

of the central government's tax revenue are distributed to local

governments as the general and specific grants. Please look at the

Table 4.

An expert of public finance Professor Junichi Fujioka mentioned

that Japan has a smaller public sector compared with Europian

courtries. He also pointed out that Japanese government likes "Investment" spendings eg. roads, harbours, drains.

Table 4 Financing of local welfare expenditures Prefecture

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 national specific grants 36.0 36.1 35.8 34.9 34.6 29.8 25.4 25.2 24.7 25.1 general resources of revenue 53.8 53.4 53.3 54.4 54.9 59.4 64.7 65.1 65.9 65.2

local debts 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 others 8.6 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.1 9.1 8.8 9.1

Municipality

national specific grants 43.8 43.1 43.1 39.2 39.2 34.5 30.5 29.4 28.3 27.9 prefecture grant 8.5 8.4 8.2 6.6 6.5 6.9 7.6 7.6 7.9 7.9

general resources of revenue 37.2 38.0 38.3 43.1 43.6 48.3 51.3 52.2 53.1 53.7 local debts 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 others 8.1 8.2 8.4 9.3 9.3 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.5 9.4

- 413 -


2 . Health and Welfare System in Local Government

(1) Functions and Responsibilities

In general, division of the functions about social policy in Japan

is as follows. Please look at the Table 5 .

Table 5 Division of the Functions about Social Policy in Japan

State ©Establish the Law and Standards, ©National Plannig, ©Economic Support (Pension, Allowance etc), C)Health Insurance System, ©Financial Support for the Local Gov-

ernments Prefecture ()Health and Medical Care Plannig, ©Social Welfare

Institutions and Organizations, ©Public Health Services (Health Check etc). ®Child Protection and Child Care,

)Social Welfare Services for the Handicapped (Mental Handicapped especially), ©Higher Education, ©Housing,

®Labour Market Municipality C)Economic Assistance for the Poor People, ©Day Care

for the Children, ®Social Welfare Services for the Elderly and Handicapped, ®Education (5-15 years old), ()Health

and Medical Services

(2) Service Delivery System

One important feature of the social welfare system in Japan is

its Service Provider. Beside the child nurseries about 76% of the

social welfare services are provided by "Shakaifukushihojin" the

nongovernmental non-profit organizations. Local government con-

tract with these organizations. For example 89% of the Old Peoples

Homes are run by these kinds of organizations. Some "Shakaifuku-

shihojin" has religious background (Christian, Buddist). But some

other organizations are dominated or "owned" by rich people and

— 414 —


landlords. I should say that some of these organizations are man-

aged in undemocratic way. The social welfare personnel is low-

paid although their job is hard. Because only about 5 % of them

have trade unions. And the user participation in management is

also insufficient in many organizations.

So in Japan, the main function of the social welfare depart-

ment are "decision making about service delivery" and "financing".

About 14,500 social workers are working in the social welfare office

but they functions as the "gate-keeper" of social welfare system.

And most of them are not graduates from the department of so-

cial welfare in the university. They are not trained as a social

worker but as a general bureaucrats. They move around the de-

partments every three or four years. Some "social workers" are

coming from the drain department or the park-maintenance depart-

ment and then move away to the water-supply department for ex-

ample.

And most of the medical care services is also provided by "Iryohojin" not the government . "Iryohojin" is also nonprofit organ-

ization. Public health services like health examinations or surveil-

lance are done by local government. Prefectures and municipalities

have their public health centres and employ the public health

nurses.

(3) Financing System

Social welfare services are financed by tax and charges. State,

prefecture and municipality sharea sertain proportion of the "cost"

by specific grant, general grant and general revenue ( eg. Municipal

Tax). And the state and the municipality decide the charges of the

users. In my view charging system in Japan is unfair. In general

— Lt1R —


charges are decided by the income of the user themselves. But gov-

ernment also levys the certain amounts of charges from the "respon-

sible family carer". For example if my father will enter the old

peoples home, the "responsible family carer" me(his son) have to

pay the charges according to my income. If we get the home help

services in my house, I must pay the charges for my father too.

And it is also unfair that charges are also linked to the quanti-

ties of the service directrly. People who need home help or day

care services everyday have to pay a huge amount of charges. It

is unfair that people who need much support have to pay much.

Another issue about charging system is called "full-cost" princi-

ple. The State and the municipalities increase the charges frequently.

They revise and make a new standards every two or three year.

In these years charges are increasing rapidly. Please look at the

Table 6 . Especially the charges of the child nursery, home help,

Table 6 Charges of a special nursing home*

1981 1984 1987 The aged themselves

persons who paid (persons) 22 25 44 sum of charges (yen per month) 128,100 274,200 958,100

average charge (yen per month) 5,823 10,968 21,775 maximum charge (yen per month) 30,000 43,600 120,000

minimum charge (yen per month) 100 1,000 1,000 persons who did not pay (persons) 28 25 6

persons responsible for dependent family members persons who paid — 21 27

sum of charges — 242,600 529,200 average charge — 11,552 19,600 maximum charge — 50,500 102,900

minimum charge — 4,200 4,500 persons who did not pay — 29 23

* An example of Keiaien in Iwate prefecture

— 416 —


day care services for the aged, respite services become rather "ex-

pensive" services for the users and their families. In my view gov-

ernment's policy on charging is levying the "full cost" from users

and their families. Government's idea is that family should take

care of their old parents and handicapped relatives. If someone

will use the social welfare services, they are regarded as "profitted

from the government". So charging for the family members are

similar to the "punishment" for them.

Most of the cost of the medical services are financed by health

insurance. But users have to pay some charges. Health insurance

system are financed by contributions from employers (companies )

and employees and the tax. Mainly central government support

the financing on health insurance system but prefectures and munic-

ipalities are also funding certain proportions of it.

Public health services are free in general.

(4) Current Changes in Laws

June 1990 eight major social welfare laws were revised. Main

points of this reform are as follows.

0 Some responsibilities about care of the elderly and handica-

pped were shifted from the prefectures to the rural municipal-

ities.

0 Every municipality and prefecture have to establish their own "fi ve year plan of the health and welfare services (from 1994

to 1999)" in line with the national guideline.

(5) Planning Mechanism

In 1989 government established the "Gold Plan", 10 years plan

of the health and welfare services. Please look at the Table 7 .

— 417 —

社会問題研究。第43巻第2号('94.3.31)

Table 7 Main Goal of the Gold Plan (National Plan)

1989 1992 2000 For Community Care

Home Helper (persons) 31,405 46,405 100,000 Short Stay (beds) 4,274 15,674 50,000 Day service Center 1,080 3,480 10,000 Center for supporting

the family caring0 1,200 10,000 For Institutional Care

Special Nursing Home (beds) 162,000 * 171,267 240,000 Half Way House of 27

,811 * 42,061 280,000 Health Care (beds)

Care (or Service) House (persons) 200 * 715 100,000 Welfare Center in Sparsely 0 400

Populated Area * 1991

As I mentioned above every municipaly and prefecture have to

establish their own five year plans in accordance with this national

plan. Now in 1993 many personnel are working hard to create this

five year plan in every municipality and prefecture.

In 1985 government revised the laws in order to stop the rapid

increase of the numbers of the bed in the hospitals. In my view it

was the first national planning about medical care services. But it

only aimed to limit the numbers of the beds in the hospitals.

Main ideas behind this policy is retaining the medical care spend-

ing at certain levels. These kinds of reform and planning initia-

tives came from financial aspects.

From the rate 1970's municipalities, prefectures and government

had started to spend certain amounts of money for public health

services. Various kinds of health examinations, preventive health

activities, rehabilitation programs, health promotion activities, health

education activities and so on. Prefectures and municipalities have

— 418 —


employed public health nurses in their public health centres. Prefec-

tures and municipalities had started to establish their own "health

planning (often five year plan)" in 1980's.

3. Some Problems in the Social Welfare Administrations

today

(1) Heavy burden on Family Carers

Most of the care for the frail elderly are provided by family.

According to the survey in Suita City(1989), 75% of the family carers

are women (wives, "daughters in law", daughters). Some 70% of

them are age over 50. Some 20% of them had a paid job, but some

of them quit their job to take care of their old relatives. Family

carers have economic ploblems, housing problems, care-giving prob-

lems. They are exausted both physically and mentally. Many of

them are ill themselves.

(2) Inadequate Medical Care Systems

As I already mentioned above, Japanese medical care system

does not have adequate planning systems. In some ares especially

in some big urban cities, there are too much hospitals and doctors.

On the other hand some rural municipalities do not have any doctors,

clinics and hospitals. In such village there are lots of old people

who need medical care.

Another problems in medical care system are as follows.

C) Shortage of the nurses in the hospitals

(because of the very bad working conditions)

C A little spending on medical care in the community

(too much spending on high-tech in-hospital care)

— 419 —

社会問題研究。第43巻第2号('94。3.31)

0 Lack of rehabilitation and discharge planning

(shortage of PT, OT, ST, social workers in hospital)

C) Some long stay hospitals and mental hospitals are bad

(non-skilled staffs, elderly abuse, drug abuse, locked out)

And the shortage of the social welfare services and heavy bur-

den among family carers forced the frail elderly staying in the hos-

pital longer. There are limited choice for them and their families.

(3) Lack of Services for the Elderly living in the Community

In 1990 some 26,800 elderly peoples ( +65) lived in Suita City

(about 7.8%). At that time only 85 households had got the home

help services(about 0.3%). Because of the shortage of the home

helps, users get only two hours support each week. Participants

on the day care programs and rehabilitation programs are also

limited.

(4) Lack of the Dignity in Institutional Care

We have national standards for the social welfare institutions.

According to that, four people have to share one room(40nnin the

old peoples home. In this room they do not have a toilet neither

the telephone. Because of the limited space they can not bring

their own tables, chairs and dishes to the old peoples home.

Because of the shortage of the institution elderly people can not

choose their old peoples home. And in one old peoples home 50 or

100 elderly are living together. Some institutions have 300 "beds".

It is awful.

(5) Lack of the "Community Concept"

As I mentioned above we have so many big urban municipalities.

- 420 -


But in such municipalities they have only one or two social welfare

office, day care centre for the elderly, public health centre, old peo-

ples home if they have 300,000 residents. And in some small rural

municipalities there are several big old peoples home. So many

urban municipalities "export" the frail elderly to the rucal munici-

palities.

(6) Lack of Cooperations and Coordinations

I had already pointed out the lack of discharge planning. In

the municipal level cooperation between medical, health and social

welfare personnel is not so good. And Cooperation between state,

prefectures and municipalities are also problematic.

In the historical views we had failed to create nice "partnership"

between government and the voluntary initiatives. In these 15 years

government has tried to utilize and colonize the voluntary activities.

And at the same time government emphasize the "privatization of

welfare". As I discribed above we have very fragmented social

welfare system. And since the government emphasized "privatization

of welfare", care system became more fragmented than before.

We need more cooperations and coordination if we want integrated,

high quality care services.

(7) Inadequate Financial Mechanism

As I already mentioned Japanese government is spending much

money on "Investment", for example construction of roads, bridges,

drains and so on. And in the municipal level financial support for

the medical services are rather much compared with social welfare

finance. And also social welfare finance in the municipality is not

used in a efficient way. Lack of funding is a fundamental problem

— Li91 —


in Japanese welfare system.

(8) Centralized Systems and 'Ideas'

Social welfare adminstration in Japan is centralized one as l

described above. Main reasons are as follows.

0 We do not have a long tradition of "local autonomy" and

grass-roots democracy

0 Centralized financing system and detailed control by laws and

regulations

C)Local governments also enjoy the centralized culture them-

selves. (they also ignored democratic decision making process,'

I would add some words about centralized culture. In 1985 Cen-

tral Government decided to decrease the number of the personnel

working in the Local Government. And the almost all the prefec-

tures and the municipalities have followed this stupid idea. This

was started in 1986.

(9) Lack of Citizen Participation in Planning Process

As I written above every municipality in Japan is creating their

health and social welfare plan now. But citizen group and users of

the services are not involved in these planning process. Some mu-

nicipalities have contracted out the planning to the private companies.

In general, political participation in the municipal decision waking

process is very low in Japan. I am so sorry to say that local

politics in Japan is as collapsed as our cabinet and parliaments.

— 422 —


4. Some Initiatives I am Involved with

Social Welfare Planning for Stimulating the Welfare Activities

of the Residents

(1) Social Welfare Planning and Social Welfare Council

In each prefectures and municipalities we have "Shakaifukushi-

kyogikai". This is also a non-governmental non-profit organization.

You can call it "Social Welfare Council" because its steerinig board

and managing committee consist of the governmental agencies and

social welfare institutions and vaious kinds of citizen groups. And

it is financed by both voluntary and governmental money. In gen-

eral these kinds of organization employ at least one or two commu-

nity workers. This organization would functions as "coordinating

body" and initiate various kinds of developmental work. And at

the same time this council would stimurlate the citizen participation

and grass roots democracy in social welfare administration. But

in reality there are lots of problems in these kinds of organization.

In general this body functions as a "council of local boss" and em-

phasized very conservative ideas. Grass roots residents organizations,

handicapped organizations and carers organization do not have

enough power.

But from the middle of the 1980's in some municipalities "Sha-

kaifukushikyogikai" initiate some kinds of social welfare planning

mainly focusing on the elderly. These plans are not governmental

ones. These kinds of planning mainly aimed to develop various

kinds of citizen activities in cooperation with governmental agencies

and social welfare institutions.

— 423 —


(2) Social Welfare Planning in Neyagawa City, Suita City and

Kaizuka City

In these Years, I am involved with some kinds of Social Welfare

Planning Process in three cities. Although all of these three cities

located in the sub-urban area, they have different specific features.

But all of these Planning Initiatives I am involved was based on "Shakaifukushikyogikai" . And they have their own local boards or

committees which consist of various kinds of Citizen Groups. Plase

look at the Table 8 .

Table 8 Social Welfare Planning in Three Cities

Population Local Planning Implementation in 1992 Boards Process of the Plan

Neyagawa City 255,800 26 1988-90 1990-94 Suita City 333,300 30 1990-92 1992-96 Kaizuka City 79,300 9 1992-94 1994-98

It was notable that Social Welfare Planning Committee in

Neyagawa City included some important Citizen Groups. Association

of the Family Carers, Association of the Elderly living alone and

Chairman of the Local Welfare Committee were involved. Of cource

this Planning Committee also included Medical Doctors, Social

Workers, Nurses and Researchers and so on. But it was crucial

that Citizens with Social Needs organized themselves and discussed

various kinds of issues with Social Workers, Doctors and so on.

They discussed and defined the Social Needs and then created the

Goals and the Action Programs together. New way of cooperation

in activities had developed through this Planning Process.

It was also remarkable that all of these three Planning Initia-

- 424 —


tives had some aspects about "Locality". Social Welfare Planning

Committee had tried to analyse their City based on the small areas.

It happens that all of these three cities had their own Local Boards

or Committees, they utilized those areas. Most of those areas were

based on elementary school areas. Planning Committee had find

various kinds of Social Ploblems and Citizens or Voluntary Activi-

ties in each areas. They thought they need "Locality-Based Strate-

gies" for Social Welfare Planninig. So in Suita City 29 Local Com-

mittees had established their own "Action Plan from 1992 to 1996"

in 1992 in accordance with City Planning. But it was somewhat 'top-

down' way. So in Kaizuka City, they stimulate the "Residents

Meeting" when they create the 'Local' Welfare Plan. In each area,

residents will discuss about their plan several times. In Kaizuka

City the Planning Committee had aimed these kinds of grass-routs,

bottom-up Planning Process.

5. Concluding Remarks

As I already described, Urban Municipalities in Japan had many

people in a small area and Political Participation in decision

making process is low. Although we had the new Cabinet from this

August and huge Corruptions and Political Scandals in several Local

Governments were revealed this year, I can not find any evidence

about the real Democratization of Japanese Local Government. The

old system are functioning very well. Lots of Mayors and Govern-

ners enjoyed their elections without opposition long time. Voting

Rate of the Mayor election of Kobe City (1,460,000 residents) was

20% and of Kawasaki City (1,162,000 residents) was 30%. After the

big Political Scandal, a National Government Personnel became the

- A9C -


Mayor of the Miyagi Prefecture. All of these three elections were

held in this Autumun.

I think that low Level of Political Participation in the Munici-

palities keeps the old Centralized System alive and Welfare System

irresponsive and irresponsible. We need the Strategies of Decen-

tralization "to" the Municipalities and Decentralization "within" the

Municipalities. At the first hand we should stimulate the Citizen

Participation in Social Welfare Planning Process. And we need

Locality-Based Strategies in those Process. Community Work meth-

ord is vital in the Urban Setting in Japan. Although my own

experiences are limited ones, I believe that we can change the situ-

ations through the 'interacting' process of Planning.

REFERENCES

Koseitokeikyokai ; "Kokumin no Fukushi no Doko", 1992.

Jichisyo ( Ministry of Home Affairs ) ; "Zenkoku Shichoson Yoran",

Daiichihoki, 1992.

Koseisho ( Ministry of Health and Welfare ) , "Shakaihosyo Nyumon",

Chuohoki. 1993.

JunichiFujioka;"FinancingofWelfareSysteminJapan",

KochiUniversityReview,No.48,November1993.(表4、6、7はいずれ

も藤岡論文から引用)

本稿は、本年8月25日スウェーデン、エスキルストゥナ市で行なわれた「日本の社会福

祉に関する講演会」の際に吉原が用いたペーパーに加筆、修正したものである。講演会は、

CentrumforValfardsforskninginEskilstuna(エスキストゥナ福祉研究所)の

主催で行なわれた。この福祉研究所は、国と2っの地方自治体の出資により、1992年7月

に開設されている。

-426一


筆者は今夏、本学が中心となって1990年より推進している「日米北欧の福祉制度とそれ

らを支える価値にっいての国際比較研究プロジェクト(通称:VAWEプロジェクト)」

の第3回国際会議に参加するため、メキシコ及びスウェーデンを訪れた。メキシコでは、

8月上旬にアメリカの主催で今年度の国際会議(全体会議)が行なわれ、その後、8月下.

旬にスウェーデンにおいて日本と北欧3ヶ国(スウェーデン、フィンランド、ノルウェー)

の研究者による作業会議が持たれた。筆者は、これら一連の会議に参力[するとともにスウェー

デンの自治体福祉システムを研究するため、エスキルストゥナ布に約2週間滞在した。こ

の間、ホスト役をっとめていただいた研究所のH邑kanKarp専任研究員がこの講演会

を企画し、筆者は現地で手持ちの資料を用いて約4日間で本稿を作成したものである。本

稿のねらいは、既にIntroductionに記したとおりである。なお、引用及び参考文献は

最小限のものしか記していない。

報告の機会を与えていただいた研究所所長MatsForsberg及び学術アドバイザー

HaraldSwedner名誉教授、講演会の参加者ことにMattsEkermo専任研究員、

HakanKarp専任研究員、執筆の際に支援していただいた橋本義郎先生(大阪国際女子

短大)、衣笠一茂(同志社大学大学院)、清水弥生(大阪府立大学大学院)の諸氏に感謝

いたします。最後に、帰国後、本稿を加筆修正する際に貴重な御指導をいただいた本学の

右田紀久恵教授及びストックホルム大学SvenHessle教授に感謝いたします。

〈1993年11月24日〉

吉原雅昭(同志社大学大学院博士後期課程、日本学術振興会特別研究員)

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Social Welfare Administration in Japan : Focusing on …repository.osakafu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10466/6680/1/...《研究ノート》 Social Welfare Administration in Japan —Focusing