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Involves all aspects/areas of society Political Systems Economic Systems Natural Resources Human Resources Military Resources & Talents **initially the South appeared to be in a better position**
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Total War The Civil War of the
United States, 1861-1865Social Studies Department
Ms. Jennifer L. Blank
Timeline: 1860◦ South Carolina Secedes
1861◦ Deep south secedes◦ Confederacy formed◦ Battle of Fort Sumter◦ Upper South secedes◦ 1st Battle of Bull Run
1862◦ Grant captures Forts Henry &
Donelson◦ Farragut captures New Orleans◦ McClellan loses Richmond◦ South wins 2nd battle of Bull Run◦ Battle of Antiedam◦ 1st Emancipation Proclamation◦ Battle of Fredericksburg
1863◦ Final Emancipation
Proclamation◦ Battle of Chancellorsville◦ Battle of Gettysburg◦ Battle of Vicksburg◦ Battle of Chattanooga
1864◦ Atlanta falls to Sherman◦ Lincoln Re-elected◦ Sherman marches through GA
1865◦ 13th amendment◦ Grant captures Petersburg &
Richmond◦ Lee Surrenders @ Appomattox◦ Lincoln assassinated◦ Confederacy Surrenders
You only have to write down the events in red
Total War: Involves all aspects/areas of society
Political Systems
Economic Systems
Natural Resources
Human Resources
Military Resources & Talents
**initially the South appeared to be in a better position**
North SouthFarming Small farms
Family laborLivestock, basic food crops
No slaveryFree-Soil System
PlantationsCash crops
Small # of small farmsSlavery
Industry Factories not homesFabric & shoe production
Industrial Revolution
AgricultureLittle industry
Labor Free labor-no slavesWomen then immigrants
Paid hourly wagesSlavery
Cities Crowed-tons of peopleSeveral
Primary location of factories
Few citiesPrimarily Rural
Transportation CanalsSteamboats
Railroads
Few canalsFew railroads
Social Organization
WealthyWorking class
Servants & urban poorFree Blacks
Wealthy Plantation Owners
Yeoman FarmersSlaves
Plans of Attack:North: South:
Offensive War Use large population Use better resources Take Richmond Anaconda Plan
◦ Blockade southern coasts◦ Seize control of Mississippi
River◦ Cut off supplies
Two-Front War◦ Keep pressure on VA◦ Take Mississippi River◦ Blockade the coast
Defensive War Wear out the North Take advantage of
military leadership Use knowledge of
terrain Define cause as defense
of the homeland Control the time &
location of battles Seek help if needed
from Britain & France
Results of these plans: initial Union got trounced
Bad leadership
Underestimated Southern military capability
Lacked knowledge of terrain
Both sides had trouble getting & retaining troops
Governors resisted centralized control of forces
Results of these plans: a bit later Both sides struggled to pay for war
◦ South kept printing $$ = BAD inflation◦ North floated bonds = inflation, but sustainable
Confederate economy could not produce necessary supplies
Union was just fine on supplies Runaway inflation in the South (just like Weimar) Union ok b/c of strong economy Tide turns in favor of Union
◦ Early 1863
Key Battles to know … Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Bull Run I Battle of Bull Run II Battle of Antiedam Battle of Gettysburg Sherman March through
Georgia Battle of Richmond Battle of Appomattox
Know the following:1.Who won2.Year3.Location
Civil War Battles: Battle of Fort Sumter
◦ South◦ 1861◦ South Carolina
Battle of Bull Run I◦ South◦ 1861◦ Virginia
Battle of Bull Run II◦ South◦ 1862◦ Virginia
•Battle of Antietam▫Draw▫1862▫Maryland
•Battle of Gettysburg▫North▫1863▫Pennsylvania
•Sherman March through Georgia▫North▫1864▫Georgia
Battle of Gettysburg
Sherman’s March Through Georgia
Civil War Battles: Battle of Richmond
◦ North◦ 1865◦ Virginia
Battle of Appomattox (last battle of CW)◦ North◦ 1865◦ Virginia
Reasons for Union Victory: Economy
◦ Union had infrastructure & capital◦ South had none
Political leadership◦ Union was centralized◦ Confederacy was like the A of C
Manpower◦ Partially due to the Emancipation proclamation
Resources ◦ North had industry◦ South had none
Lack of decisive Southern military victory◦ Resulted in no foreign support for South◦ North did not need any—just needed people to stay out of it
Key Ideas from CW: African-Americans• Over 200,000 served in union army• Others used as laborers for the war effort• Used as front line• Paid less• Under command of white officers
Effects of the War◦ 618,000 men dead◦ 4,000,000 blacks freed◦ Wartime inflation◦ Federal government won the battle of sectionalism◦ Organizational revolution of government
And the biggest consequence of the CW …
Instead of The United States are …
it became The United States is …
Reconstruction
Social Studies DepartmentMs. Jennifer L. Blank
Reconstruction: central questions What system of labor should replace slavery?
What rights should freedmen receive other than emancipation?
On what terms should the confederate states be reunited with the union?
How far should the Federal government go to settle these concerns?
Comparison of Presidential Reconstruction Policies: Lincoln
Middle ground—compromise
The South should not be punished
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
10 Percent Plan
States could return to the union w/o a problem
Individuals violated the Constitution, not the states themselves
Vetoed Wade-Davis Bill
Comparison of Presidential Reconstruction Policies: Johnson
Appointed provisional governors
States had to hold new constitutional conventions
Only “loyal” whites could vote
Required Oath of Allegiance to the Union
Confederate leaders were excluded
Apply for presidential pardon to regain political & property rights
Southern states had to ratify the 13th amendment
Repudiate the national debt
Declare ordinances of secession illegal
Comparison of Presidential Reconstruction Policies:
Lincoln:
Middle ground—compromise
The South should not be punished
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
10 Percent Plan States could return to the
union w/o a problem Individuals violated the
Constitution, not the states themselves
Vetoed Wade-Davis Bill
Johnson:
Appointed provisional governors States had to hold new
constitutional conventions Only “loyal” whites could vote Required Oath of Allegiance to
the Union Confederate leaders were
excluded Apply for presidential pardon to
regain political & property rights Southern states had to ratify the
13th amendment Repudiate the national debt Declare ordinances of secession
illegal
Lincoln’s 10 % plan: Once 10% of population took oath of allegiance
states would be readmitted to the union
Proposed during the war
Meant to weaken southern rebellion and play on southern exhaustion and devastation from war
Never enacted—Republicans claimed it did not go far enough by guaranteeing black male suffrage
Johnson’s background: White southerner
Loyal to union
Against planter class (wealthy southerners)
Racist
Pro-slavery … for everyone
Endorsed emancipation only to reduce power of wealthy planter class
Worse relationship with Congress than Lincoln
Sectionalist divides …. again
Initially, Republicans & Northerners happy with Johnson
This changed when Johnson:◦ Pardoned confederate officials
◦ Allowed passage of black codes
◦ Denied blacks the right to vote
◦ Vetoed 2 bills designed to extend the Freedman’s Bureau and nullify Black Codes
Response & Rebellion to Johnson:
Congress refused to seat the Southern Congressional Delegation
Established joint committee to reevaluate Reconstruction Policy & set further conditions for re-admission to the Union
2/3 majority passed Civil Rights Bill
Passed the 14th amendment
Enacted Radical Reconstruction policies
Black codes: Illegal for blacks to be unemployed
Poll taxes
Apprenticeships for blacks mandatory
Resulted in extended servitude very similar to slavery
Community and private enterprise segregation
Limits on property ownership
Radical Reconstruction: Extended period of military rule over southern states
Passage of 15th amendment ◦ Denial of franchise because of race, color, or previous
servitude illegal
Tenure of Office Act◦ President could not dismiss cabinet members whose
appointments required congressional approval
Impeachment of Johnson◦ Not convicted in Senate trial
Problem # 1: Economics Plantation based economy no longer viable
Contract Wage Labor System
Sharecropping◦ A system of agriculture in which a landowner
allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land
◦ System did not improve Southern economy◦ Resulted in stagnation of farm economy
Problem # 1: Economics Country devolved into severe depression
Republicans blamed for mismanagement◦ Instituted several social reform programs that
resulted in huge state debt
Conservative Democrats elected to Congress
Southern Reactions: Black Codes enforced through private
enterprise and community pressure
KKK – founded in 1865
By 1866 KKK = Democratic Party
President Grant (1868) responded with arrest & prosecution of Klan members, military intervention & martial law
Southern Reactions: Supreme Court ruled in 1872 that fed. Govt.
exceeded its authority—overturned Grant’s initiatives
Dealing with racial and reconstruction problems was a state issue
SC declared Civil Rights Act unconstitutional in 1883
Conclusions: North grew weary of Reconstruction problem
Stopped viewing reconstruction as a moral imperative
Black codes remained and were followed by Jim Crow Laws
Southern economy and landscape devastated by war
Racist attitudes unchanged and continued into the 21st century
Websites…please visit them & take notes! Southern Economy
◦ http://southerneconomyreconstructionand.weebly.com/the-southern-economy-during-reconstruction.html
PBS◦ http://
www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/sharecrop/sf_economy.html Virtual Textbook
◦ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section3/section3_intro.html
◦ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section4/section4_intro.html\
◦ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section5/section5_intro.html
◦ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/epilogue.html