Social Studies 8 Class Notes Pathways Mr. Bausback Slide 2 Three
major religions dominated Europe after the fall of Rome: 1.
Christianity 2. Judaism 3. Islam 1. Religion & Europe Slide 3
Founded by apostles of Jesus Christ in Palestine Believed Christ
was the Son of God and savior of the Jewish people Believed in
loving God and your neighbor as yourself Outlawed by the Romans
Bible outlines world history, story of Christ, and acts as
religious text for Christians Many branches- Roman Catholic,
Orthodox, and Protestant; Missionaries and crusades attempted to
spread Christianity throughout history. Christianity Slide 4 Slide
5 Founded 3000 years ago in Palestine Seen as the chosen people of
God Uphold the Ten Commandments given to Mosses from God The Torah
is the most important holy book; the Talmud establishes guidelines
for belief and living Goal to overcome Diaspora or scattering from
Palestine and prosecution throughout history Judaism Slide 6 Slide
7 Founded in Central Asia and spread to Eastern Europe in the 7th
Century Based on the writings of the Quran or word of God as
revealed to the prophet Mohammed Belief in notion of submission
Islam Slide 8 Slide 9 In 410 C.E. Rome, the city that centered
civilization for Europe for 500 years and stretched from Britain to
the Middle East and Europe to north Africa had fallen to the
Germanic people ( Teutones, Anglos, Saxons, Jutes, Goths &
Franks) known as Barbarians to the Romans. 2. Fall of Rome Slide 10
Rome fell because slaves were abused, Romans wasted money on
entertainment and other luxury items, contagious diseases brought
back by the Legions, tyrannical rule of the Emperors, stronger
belief in Christianity and other religions, the sheer size of the
Empire and the difficulty in defending this massive Empire. The
legacy of the Romans and their Empire continued throughout historic
Europe and even the World today (architecture, roads and
infrastructure, military and strategy, government & laws, etc)
Slide 11 Slide 12 The Franks: As the Roman Empire fell,the Franks (
meaning free or the franchise) conquered Gaul( France) and waged
and won wars throwing their franciscas (axes) The Merovingian
Family ruled the Franks under corruption and murder The Franks put
a monetary value (Salien Code) on a person and property Franks had
social classes with serfs, peasants, farmers, workers, and lords)
3. The Barbarians Slide 13 Charlemagne or Charles the Great came to
power in 768 C.E. Was interested in rebuilding civilization and had
the power and intelligence to do this. Was crowned Emperor in 800
C.E. and his empire that controlled most of Central Europe was
called the Carolingian Empire or the Holy Roman Empire Governed
from his palace at Aachen in Germany Charlemagne & The
Carolingian Empire: Slide 14 His reforms included: local
governments with freedoms; sending out missi dominoci or messengers
to ensure people were treated properly; created a single code of
laws; improved conditions for serfs and trades people; established
schools and improved education in Latin; built churches in France
and Germany; promoted a renaissance or rebirth in the arts. He
waged wars against the Saxons in the name of Christianity The
Carolingian Empire suffered from Viking raids Slide 15 Slide 16
After the fall of Rome, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes pushed the
Celts out of Britain to Wales, Cornwall, and Scotland The Celts had
once been a powerful people inhabiting much of Europe from Spain to
Russia The Anglo-Saxon ( Germanic peoples) or the English
eventually dominated Britain Anglo-Saxons were: farmers,
industrialists, great storytellers and jewellery sculptures
Anglo-Saxons suffered from the Viking raids Anglo-Saxons & The
Celts: Slide 17 The Celts practiced Druidism: a pagan religious
practice that involved bloody battles, slavery, and human
sacrifices St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland introduced both
Christianity and a healthy respect for learning in the 5th Century
Ireland with all its monastic ( Monastery) communities became the
center of learning in Europe Irish monks played a major role
training missionaries and the spread of Christianity and the
writing out of texts such as the Bible St. Brendan was believed to
successfully traveled to North America in the 5th Century Slide 18
Slide 19 Originated from Scandinavia ( Norway, Sweden, &
Denmark), the Vikings were farmers and fishermen living in small
coastal villages on the end of Fjords Men and women shared in all
work Women did most domestic work and had many rights under the
law- own property and sue in court Vikings looked to colonize
elsewhere because of their growing population and shortage of good
farmland In Viking society, landowners owned slaves called thralls
that had been taken captive or sold into slavery because of debt;
the children of thralls became slaves too. Vikings Slide 20 Viking
culture was rich with skilled woodworkers and sculptures and
artwork that paid homage to the great Gods Thor, Odin, and Freya
Skalds were the keepers of Viking legends carried through an oral
story-telling tradition Laws were memorized and not written down-
the worst punishment was to be declared an outlaw who could be
killed by anyone who then could take their possessions Invaded
Paris, the heart of Charlemagnes Empire in 855 War parties
mercilessly raided and devastated Low Europe (Netherlands &
Belgium), Ireland, and England, Spain and Italy and throughout the
Mediterranean while traveling in their long ships Slide 21 Raids
were savage, severe, and destructive killing all and burning all to
the ground\Some monarchs were so frightened that they made payments
to the Vikings- Dane geld Only Charlemagne and Alfred the Great
were successful in slowing but not stopping the Viking raids
Eventually, in the 11th century (1200s) monarch became strong
enough to fight off Viking threats and the age of the Vikings came
to an end English monarchs gave Dane law to Viking Lords who then
helped protect Anglo-Saxon Britain from other Viking invaders.
Slide 22 Slide 23 In 1066, William the Conqueror of Normandy
(Modern Day France) defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of
Hastings and England and the most of Western Europe came under the
control of Norman feudal laws or a social system based on the 3 Fs:
Fief- Land, Fealty- Loyalty, Faith- Religion The center of feudal
life was the manor or self- sufficient community where most people
lived out their life as serfs or free land-holders Feudalism
quickly evolved in a social system that established a clearly
defined hierarchy within medieval society 1.Feudalism & The
Feudal Contract: Slide 24 Knights would offer or rent out their
land to freeholders or serfs who would then collectively offer
their allegiance to the king and his commitment to the Church in
the defense of the Christian Holy Lands during the Crusades Under
feudalism, land- the basis of wealth- was given to nobles, who were
all knights Faithful nobles/knights exchanged their fealty or
loyalty to the king for their fiefs or parcels of land Slide 25
Knight loyalty was demonstrated in 4 ways: 1.They served in the
Kings army for 40 days 2.They supplied the King with additional
knights in the time of war 3.They served in the kings court and
advise on political matters 4.They had to give the king money on
special occasions Slide 26 For performing these duties, knights had
the right to their monarchs protection and justice Under the
feudalism, a relationship grew between the King and his vassals or
subjects The relationship between the lord and the vassal was
sealed in the feudal contract in which both parties was expected to
live up to their end to maintain peach Under the king were the
barons or greater nobles who became the vassals of their lord or
the king Slide 27 The barons or greater nobles were considered the
tenants-in-chief of the estates and established a land distribution
hierarchy including other lesser nobles and commoners Under the
greater nobles were lesser nobles and under these lesser nobles the
surf and freehold commoners All nobles had land and were a lord of
a manor that they profited from The serfs and freeholders were kept
outside of the circle of power and had few rights Freeholders paid
a yearly amount to own their land while serfs essentially worked on
the land of others Slide 28 Slide 29 A. The Commoners: Commoners
such as serfs and freeholders made up 90% of the population of a
feudal manor Village houses of commoners were very small,
single-roomed and made of wattle and daud (sticks and clay)
Commoner families were large and houses were overcrowded and often
overrun by vermin and louse Plumbing, electricity, and proper
furniture including mattresses to sleep on were non-existent
2.Medieval Life, Customs, Religion & Law: Slide 30 Men, women,
and children worked hard together Babies went to work with their
mothers and children did not attend school Along with tending to
the fields, women were in charge of domestic duties such as
cleaning, cooking, gathering firewood, and tending to home gardens
Men did most of the physical labors such as ploughing, planting,
weeding, and harvesting of crops- all by hand Slide 31 Slide 32
Serfs were considered part of the property of the estate and were
not free to come and go as they pleased Serfs had to donate 3-4
days of planting, weeding, and harvesting the lords property each
week Serfs could use a small strip of the land for their own food
for sustenance Serfs handed over a small percentage of their
produce to the lord as well B. The Serfs: Slide 33 Slide 34 Paid
the lord for the use of the land Could come and go as they pleased
Did not have to work for the lord C. Freeholders: Slide 35 Slide 36
The Lord and Lady of the manor lived very, very well when compared
to the commoners Manor houses were large with many rooms Rooms were
elaborately decorated with furniture, tapestries, and paintings
Lords and ladies had such privileges as house servants, many
possessions, taking part in hunting, and entertainment by
troubadours Lords also had certain obligations such as providing
the tenants- in-chief with knights in the time or war and to marry
and have children- a failure to keep up with these obligations
could result in the manor being taken away Women had few rights and
were subject to arranged marriages controlled by their fathers
After marriage, husbands controlled their wives and only gained
some freedom if windowed D. Lord & Lady: Slide 37 Slide 38
Medieval people lived in a religious world of signs and symbols
Almost all of Medieval Western Europe had embraced Christianity
People believed in an ongoing struggle between good and evil and
that sinners would be judged after death and suffer in hell for an
eternity Sickness, death, good health, long lives, rain or drought
were seen as direct consequences on ones actions Saints were
recognized on the medieval calendar (St. Valentines and Dt.
Patrick) The church played an important role and one could be
excommunicated for not following church practices and principles
Churches were supported by a tax called the tithe representing
about i/10 on ones income in cash or crops E. Belief &
Devotion: Slide 39 Slide 40 Many of our present legal traditions
and practices have been handed down to us from the Middle Ages
Courts, judges, trials by ordeal or battle, prosecution, and to use
all were practiced in the Middle Ages F. Feudal Law: Slide 41 Manor
Courts dealt with minor issues or disputes mainly involving farming
or property issues, assaults, and public disobedience; Royal Courts
dealt with major issues like murder, rape, or treason Church Courts
dealt with issues involving church people such as bishops, deacons,
priests, and, nuns and usually gave out more lenient sentences
Slide 42 Slide 43 The Crusades were wars in which the Christians of
Europe fought against the Muslims for control of the Holy Land- the
area around modern-day Israel or the place believed to be the
birthplace of Jesus Christ and the home of many sacred places and
pilgrimage sites This area was once controlled by Christian
Byzantine Empire but came under control of Seljuk Muslim Turks in
the 11th century who believed it also to be sacred because
Jerusalem was the place where Mohammad rose to heaven from 3. The
Crusades Slide 44 There were 7 Crusades between 1096-1254 C.E.
though the most noteworthy ones were in 1096, 1147, 1189 Medieval
knights fiercely fought with Muslim warriors to gain control of
their Holy Land and secure their place in heaven The First Crusade-
1096-1099 C.E. created a Christian kingdom that lasted 100 years
The Third Crusade in 1189 C.E. saw the Muslim leader Sultan Saladin
recapture Jerusalem and essentially bring the Crusades to an
eventual end The Crusades did not bring the long-term military
victories that the Pope and Christian kings envisioned Europe
gained a new level of respect for the advanced and culturally rich
civilization that existed in the Muslim world The cultural
exchanges that took place between Christian and Muslim world would
eventually lead to the Renaissance in Europe and sparked trade
relationships and the European quest for silk, spices, incense, and
fruit of the Middle East and Asia Slide 45 Slide 46 410 C.E.- The
Goths sack Rome. 481-511 C.E.- Clovis becomes ruler of the Franks.
800 C.E.- Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne. 855 C.E.- The Viking
leader Ragnar attacks Paris. 912 C.E.- The Viking Leader Rollo
settles in Normandy. 1066 C.E.- William of Normandy conquers
England; the Battle of Hastings begins. 1070 C.E.- End of the
Viking Age. 1085 C.E.- The Domesday Book is made. 1096 C.E.- The
first Crusade begins. 1147 C.E.- The Second Crusade begins. 1169
C.E.- Saladin becomes Sultan. 1170 C.E.- Murder of Thomas Becket.
1189 C.E.- The Third Crusade begins. 1215 C.E.- King John signs the
Magna Carta. 1227 C.E.- Death of Ghengis Khan Important Dates Slide
47 -Germanic Peopl Pope Barbarians Celtic People Anglo-Saxon Ward
Vikings Franks Charlemagne Monarch Merovinigans Nobles Pilgrim Lord
Apostles Commoners Key Terms Slide 48 Quran Baron Vassal King Great
Noble Lesser Noble Knight Serf Whigs Troubadour Key Terms Slide 49
B.C.E C.E. Renaissance Crusade Legacy Epic Roman Empire Carolingian
Empire Gospels Normandy Plague Monastery Shrine Feudalism Manor
Holy Land Teutones Dane Law Key Terms Slide 50 Christianity Baptize
Islam Judaism Buddhism Hinduism Sikhism Relic Magna Carta Treason
Excommunicate Allegiance Convert Prosecute Tall Tale Justinian Code
Chastity Alienate Canonize Thing Key Terms
