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list of social schemes
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Some Social Sector Schemes + Poverty methodology – Might have missed many schemes, but have tried
to include those in news recently.
MGNREGS
This scheme aims at enhancing livelihood security of households in rural areas of the country by providing at least
one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members
volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
It also mandates 1/3 participation for women.
The primary objective of the scheme is to augment wage employment. This is to be done while creating durable
assets and also focus on strengthening natural resource management through works that address causes of
chronic poverty like drought, deforestation, and soil erosion and thus encourage sustainable development.
MNREGS – A critical Appraisal
A study of the best performing water harvesting assets in Bihar, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Kerala show a majority of
the assets studied had a return on investment of well over 100 per cent, with investment costs recovered in less
than one year
Perception-based surveys, including those carried out by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) in
three States showed that the vast majority of assets were being used, and the people found them useful.
Different studies have shown that scheme has provided livelihood and income security, decreased the incidence of
poverty, increased food intake, reduced mental depression, positively affected health outcomes, and been
successful as a self targeting scheme — as the poorest and most marginalised communities have sought work.
In many States, it has decreased gender differential in wages accompanied by an increase in agricultural
productivity and growth. This increase in agricultural productivity could be due to the watershed and water
harvesting works, as well as the land development work on the fallow private lands of SC, ST and BPL families to
make them productive.
The report also shows that there is poor implementation in many places. Average wages paid are lower than
minimum wages; there is a distressing delay in the payment of wages; demand is not properly captured (an NSSO
survey found 19 per cent of people who wanted work did not get it); dated receipts for work applications are not
properly given; and the payment of unemployment allowance is a rarity. There is a shortage of staff, and there are
many instances of irregular flow of funds. Non-compliance with proactive disclosure provisions such as muster
rolls being available at worksites continues to be a problem in some States. As a result, leakages and corrupt
practices continue to exist. While social audits in Andhra Pradesh have significantly increased awareness and
identified fraud, they are a facade in most other States.
National Rural Health Mission
Bhartiya Mahila
Bank
Women’s Bank with an allocation of `1000 announced in 2013 budget.
Bank will lend mostly to women and women run businesses, that supports women Self
Help Groups and women’s livelihood, that employs predominantly women, and that
addresses gender related aspects of empowerment and financial inclusion.
One of its primary goals is the financial inclusion of India’s unbanked, more
specifically, rural wome
It will lend to women or to businesses which are either managed by or make products
for women.
There will also be emphasis on funding for skills developments to help in economic
activity. Moreover, the products will be designed in a manner to give a slight concession
on loan rates to women.
Usha Ananthasubramanian will be the Boss (CEO). Before joining the Bharatiya Mahila
Bank, Usha Ananthasubramanian was executive director of Punjab National Bank.
National Urban
Health
Mission
The Union Cabinet gave its approval to launch a National Urban Health Mission
(NUHM) as a new sub-mission under the over-arching National Health Mission
(NHM). Under the Scheme the following proposals have been approved :
o One Urban Primary Health Centre (U-PHC) for every fifty to sixty thousand
population.
o One Urban Community Health Centre (U-CHC) for five to six U-PHCs in big
cities.
o One Auxiliary Nursing Midwives (ANM) for 10,000 population.
o One Accredited Social Health Activist ASHA (community link worker) for 200
to 500 households.
The scheme will focus on primary health care needs of the urban poor.
The interventions under the sub-mission will result in
o Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
o Reduction in Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
o Universal access to reproductive health care
o Convergence of all health related interventions.
National Food
Security Bill
75% of rural and 50% of the urban population are entitled for three years from
enactment to five kg food grains per month at INR3 (4.6¢ US), INR2 (3.1¢ US), INR1
(1.5¢ US) per kg for rice, wheat and coarse grains (millet), respectively;[5]
The states are responsible for determining eligibility;
Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a nutritious "take home ration"
of 600 Calories and a maternity benefit of at least Rs 6,000 for six months;
Children 6 months to 14 years of age are to receive free hot meals or "take home
rations";
The central government will provide funds to states in case of short supplies of food
grains;
The current food grain allocation of the states will be protected by the central
government for at least six months;
The state governments will provide a food security allowance to the beneficiaries in case
of non-supply of food grains;
The Public Distribution System is to be reformed;
The eldest woman in the household, 18 years or above, is the head of the household for
the issuance of the ration card;
There will be state- and district-level redress mechanisms; and
State Food Commissions will be formed for implementation and monitoring of the
provisions of the Act.
Rashtriya
Uchchatar
Shiksha
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the Rashtriya Uchchatar
Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for reforming the state
higher education system.
Abhiyan
(RUSA)
The important objectives of the scheme are:
Improving the overall quality of existing state higher educational institutions by
ensuring conformity to prescribed norms and standards and adoption of accreditation
as a mandatory quality assurance framework.
Correct regional imbalances in access to higher education through high quality
institutions in rural and semi urban areas as well as creating opportunities for students
from rural areas to get access to better quality institutions.
Setting up of higher education institutions in unserved and underserved areas.
Improve equity in higher education by providing adequate opportunities to socially
deprived communities; promote inclusion of women, minorities, SC/ST and OBCs as
well as differently abled persons.
Ensure adequate availability of quality faculty in all higher educational institutions and
ensure capacity building at all levels.
Create an enabling atmosphere in higher educational institutions to devote themselves
to research and innovation.
Integrate skill developments efforts of the government with the conventional higher
education system through optimum interventions.
National Urban
Livelihood
Mission
(NULM)
The Mission of NULM is to reduce poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor
households by enabling them to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage
employment opportunities, resulting in an appreciable improvement in their
livelihoods on a sustainable basis, through building strong grassroots level institutions
of the poor.
The mission would also aim at providing shelter equipped with essential services to the
urban homeless in a phased manner.
In addition, the Mission would also address livelihood concerns of the urban street
vendors also by facilitating access to suitable spaces, institutional credit, social security
and skills to the urban street vendors for accessing emerging market opportunities.
NULM will rest on the foundation of community mobilization and women
empowerment.
Under the Mission, City Livelihood Centres (CLCs) will be established in Mission cities
to provide a platform whereby the urban poor can market their services and access
information on self-employment, skill training and other benefits.
Through the Self-Employment Programme (SEP), NULM will provide financial
assistance to individuals and groups of urban poor to set up gainful self-employment /
micro-enterprise ventures.
Universal
Immunizatio
n
Programme
Under UIP, Govt. gives children vaccine for seven diseases
o Polio
o Measles
o Childhood TB
o Hepatitis B
o Tetanus
o Diphtheria
o Pertussis (whooping cough)
BIBCOL is the public sector undertaking (PSU) which manufactures Oral polio vaccine
for Universal immunization program.A
Government has declared year 2012-13, as Year of Intensification of Routine
Immunization.
Government is setting up the Integrated Vaccine Complex under Universal
immunization program. It’ll provide vaccines at affordable prices and also manufacture
Pentavalent Vaccine. It will be located in Kanchipuram, TN.
Penta-valent includes vaccine for following diseases
o Diphtheria
o Pertussis
o Tetanus,
o Hepatitis-B
o Hib. (Hib Haemophilus Influenzae Type B). It is Responsible For Pneumonia,
Meningitis And Epiglottitis)
National Rural
Livelihood
Mission
(Ajeevika)
The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana has been restructured as the National Rural
Livelihoods Mission (NRLM). The NRLM aims at reducing poverty by enabling poor
households to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment
opportunities.
The salient features of the NRLM are
Ajeevika will be a demand driven programme and the states will formulate their own
poverty reduction action plans under it based on their past experience, resources and
skill base.
It will provide for a professional support structure for programme implementation.
at least one member from each identified rural poor household, preferably a woman, to
be brought under the SHG network in a time-bound manner, the ultimate target being
100 per cent coverage of BPL families;
ensuring 50% beneficiaries are from SC/ST , 15% from minorities and 3% from
disabled.
to work towards universal financial inclusion beyond basic banking services to all poor
households, SHGs, and their federations on both the demand and supply sides of
financial inclusion;
in order to ensure affordable credit, the NRLM has a provision for subsidy on interest
rates above 7 per cent per annum for all eligible SHGs who have availed of loans from
mainstream financial institutions, based on prompt loan repayment;
to develop backward and forward linkages and support business plans;
to pursue skill upgradation and placement projects through partnership mode, with the
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) being one of the leading partners in
this effort and 15 per cent of the central allocation under the NRLM earmarked for this
purpose;
Establishment of Rural Self Employment Training Institutes in every district in
partnership with banks.
Linkage of SHGs with corporate.
Aam Aadmi
Bima Yojana
The Janashree Bima Yojana (JBY) has now been merged with the AABY to provide
better administration of life insurance cover to the economically backward sections of
society.
The scheme extends life and disability cover to persons between the ages of 18 and 59
years living below and marginally above the poverty line under 47 identified
vocational/occupational groups, including 'rural landless households'.
It provides insurance cover of a sum of `30,000 on natural death, 75,000 on death due
to accident, `37,500 for partial permanent disability due to accident, and `75,000 on
death or total permanent disability due to accident.
The scheme also provides an add-on benefit of scholarship of `100 per month per child
paid on half-yearly basis to a maximum of two children per member studying in Classes
9 to 12 (including ITI courses).
The total annual premium under the scheme is `200 per beneficiary of which 50 per
cent is contributed from the Social Security Fund created by the central government
and maintained by the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC). The balance 50 per
cent is contributed by beneficiary/state governments/union territory (UT)
administrations.
The scheme is being implemented through the LIC.
Rashtriya
Swasthya
Bima Yojana
(RSBY)
RSBY has been launched by Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India
to provide health insurance coverage for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. The
objective of RSBY is to provide protection to BPL households from financial liabilities
arising out of health shocks that involve hospitalization.
In Budget 2013, the Finance Minister has extended Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana to
rickshaw, auto-rickshaw and taxi drivers, sanitation workers, rag pickers and mine
workers.
Beneficiaries under RSBY are entitled to hospitalization coverage up to Rs. 30,000/-
for most of the diseases that require hospitalization.
Pre-existing conditions are covered from day one and there is no age limit. Coverage
extends to five members of the family which includes the head of household, spouse
and up to three dependents. Beneficiaries need to pay only Rs. 30/- as registration fee
while Central and State Government pays the premium to the insurer selected by the
State Government on the basis of a competitive bidding.
RSBY provides the participating BPL household with freedom of choice between public
and private hospitals
A beneficiary of RSBY gets cashless benefit in any of the empanelled hospitals
(beneficiary can avail services in any RSBY hospital across India). He/ she only needs to
carry his/ her smart card and provide verification through his/ her finger print.
The premium is shared on 75:25 basis by the centre and state governments (90:10 in
Jammu and NE states)
Unorganized
Workers
Social
Security Act
(2008)
The Act came into force from 16 May 2009 with the objective of providing social
security to unorganized workers
National Social Security Board looks into administration of unorganized sector Act,
formulation of policies at the national level and mobilization of finances and allocating
them to state boards. It reviews the working including auditing of State-level Social
security boards every four years and makes recommendations for further improvement.
The state level boards are the key implementing agencies that will ensure the delivery of
the social security entitlement
A National Social Security Fund for Unorganized Sector Workers with initial allocation
of ` 1000 crore has been set up. This Fund will support schemes for weavers, toddy
tappers, rickshaw pullers, bidi workers, etc
Bharat Nirman
Yojana
This scheme was launched in 2005-06 for building infrastructure and basic amenities in
rural areas. It has 6 components
Water Supply - Every habitation to have a safe source of drinking water.
Housing - Construction of 1.2 crore houses by 2014.
Telecommunication and Information Technology - Increase rural tele-density to 40%
and provide broadband connectivity and Bharat Nirman Seva Kendras to all
Panchayats.
Roads - Provide road connections to all villages with population of 1000 or 500 in case
of hilly or tribal areas.
Electrification – Every village to be provided electricity.
Irrigation – 10 million hectares of additional irrigation capacity.
Provision of
Urban
Amenities in
Rural
Arewas
(PURA)
Concept of PURA was promoted by President Kalam. It aims to bridge the rural-urban
divide and achieve balanced social economic development. It aims to meet the gaps in
physical and social infrastructure in rural clusters around town with population of one
lakh or less to further their growth potential. Identified areas are:
o Road, transportation and power connectivity
o Electronic connectivity
o Knowledge connectivity (good schools etc.)
o Market connectivity to enable farmers to get best prices.
o Provision of drinking water supply and upgradation of health facilities.
Indira Awaas
Yojana
It is one of the six components of the Bharat Nirman Programme.
It is a Government of India social welfare programme to provide housing for the rural
poor in India.
Under the scheme, financial assistance worth Rs. 70000/- in plain areas and Rs.
75000/- in difficult areas (high land area) is provided for construction of houses. The
houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife.
The construction of the houses is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary and
engagement of contractors is strictly prohibited.
Sanitary latrine and smokeless chullah are required to be constructed along with each
IAY house for which additional financial assistance is provided from Total Sanitation
Campaign and Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana respectively
Another significant change is the extension of the scheme to the urban poor who got
displaced from rural areas.
The increment of unit assistance for homestead site to rural below poverty line (BPL)
households who have neither agricultural land nor a house site has been raised from Rs
10,000 to Rs 20,000
Jalmani
Programme
It is a scheme to provide 100 per cent assistance to states for installing stand-alone
water purification systems in schools in rural areas was launched in 2008. Operated by
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyaan
Studies conducted by World Health Organisation and UNICEF have found that with
626 million people defecating in the open, India has the largest population without
access to toilets (only 32.7% of rural households have latrines).
Encouraged by the success of Nirmal Gram Puraskar(NGP), the Total Sanitation
Campaign (TSC) has been renamed as “Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan” (NBA).
The objective is to accelerate the sanitation coverage in the rural areas. Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan (NBA) envisages covering the entire community for saturated outcomes with a
view to create Nirmal Gram Panchayats with following priorities:
o Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas
o Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Nirmal
Bharat by 2022 with all gram Panchayats in the country attaining Nirmal
status.
o Provision of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL) for both Below Poverty Line
(BPL) and Identified Above Poverty Line (APL) households within a Gram
Panchayat (GP).
o Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions promoting sustainable
sanitation facilities through awareness creation and health education.
Extensive capacity building of the stake holders like Panchayati Raj Institutions
(PRIs), Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) and field
functionaries for sustainable sanitation.
o To cover the remaining schools not covered under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(SSA) and Anganwadi Centres in the rural areas with proper sanitation
facilities and undertake proactive promotion of hygiene education and sanitary
habits among students.
o Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe and
sustainable sanitation.
o Develop community managed environmental sanitation systems focusing on
solid & liquid waste management for overall cleanliness in the rural areas.
National Rural
Drinking
Water
Programme
JNNURM It is a programme meant to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities.
Projects pertaining to following are not eligible for JNNURM assistance:
Power
Telecom
Health
Education
Wage employment
JNNURM has two sub-missions
Mission for Urban Infrastructure and governance with a focus on water supply
and sanitation, solid waste management, road network etc. It is implemented by urban
development ministry.
Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor with a focus on integrated
development of slums. It is administered by ministry of housing and urban poverty
alleviation.
JNNURM has further components.
Mission for urban infrastructure development of small and medium towns
– It will subsume schemes of Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns
(IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP).
Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) seeks to
supplement the efforts of the government through the JNNURM to comprehensively
address the housing shortage
Rajiv Awaas
Yojana
It seeks to provide support for shelter and redevelopment and creation of affordable
housing stock to states that are willing to assign property rights to slum dwellers
primarily in urban areas. It is to be implemented in two phases.
Phase 1 will start from 2011-13. In order to address the credit enablement of
economically weaker sections government has approved establishment of a credit risk
guarantee fund with an initial corpus of 100 crores.
Integrated Low
Cost
Sanitation
Scheme
(ILCS)
The ILCS aims at conversion of individual dry latrines into pour flush latrines, thereby
liberating manual scavengers from the age-old, obnoxious practice of manually carrying
night soil.
The scheme is on an all-town coverage basis irrespective of the population criterion and
is limited to EWS households. The scheme is funded on a sharing basis, i.e. central
subsidy 75 per cent, state subsidy 15 per cent, and beneficiary share 10 per cent.
Sarva Siksha
Abhiyaan
(SSA)
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is Government of India's flagship programme for
achievement of Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time bound
manner, as mandated by 86th amendment to the Constitution of India making free and
compulsory Education to the Children of 6-14 years age group, a Fundamental Right.
Main features are :
o Opening of new schools in those habitations which do not have schooling
facilities and strengthen existing school infrastructure through provision of
additional class rooms, toilets, drinking water, maintenance grant and school
improvement grants.
o Existing schools with inadequate teacher strength are provided with additional
teachers, while the capacity of existing teachers is being strengthened by
extensive training
o SSA seeks to provide quality elementary education including life skills.
o SSA has a special focus on girl's education and children with special needs.
o SSA also seeks to provide computer education to bridge the digital divide.
Centre shares 68% of the funds after the 13th finance commission allocated additional
resources.
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya scheme (KGBV) which aimed to set up residential
schools with boarding facilities at elementary level for girls belonging predominantly to
the SC, ST, OBC and minorities in difficult areas has been merged with SSA.
National
Programme
for
Education of
Girls at
Elementary
Level
(NPEGEL)
This is a focused intervention for reaching out to the hardest to reach girls. It provides
additional support for enhancing girls' education over and above the investments for
girls' education under the SSA, including gender sensitization of teachers, development
of gender-sensitive material, and provision of need-based incentives. The scheme is
implemented in educationally backward blocks (EBB) where rural female literacy is
low.
National
Programme
for Midday
Meals
Under this scheme cooked midday meals are provided to all children attending Classes
I-VIII in government, local body, government-aided schools and other institutions
supported under SSA.
At present the cooked midday meal provides an energy content of 450 calories and
protein content of 12 grams at primary stage and an energy content of 700 calories and
protein content of 20 grams at upper primary stage.
Adequate quantity of micro-nutrients like iron, folic acid, and vitamin A are also
recommended for convergence with the NRHM.
Saakshar
Bharat
Saakshar Bharat is a government of India initiative launched by Prime Minister, Dr.
Manmohan Singh to create a literate society through a variety of teaching learning
programmes for non-literate and neo-literate of 15 years and above.
The National Literacy Mission, recast as SB, reflects the enhanced focus on female
literacy
The government has taken focused measures for reducing the disparities in backward
areas and target group
Mission has been envisaged as a people's programme, stakeholders, especially at
grassroots level i.e. PRIs, have due say and role in its planning and implementation.
Set up Lok Shiksha Kendras
Inclusive
Education
for the
Disabled at
Secondary
Stage
(IEDSS)
While inclusive education for disabled children at elementary level is being provided
under the SSA, this scheme provides 100 per cent central assistance for inclusive
education of disabled children studying in Classes IX-XII in mainstream government,
local body, and government-aided schools.
The aim of the scheme is to facilitate continuation of education of children with special
needs up to higher secondary level. The scheme provides for personal requirements of
the children in the form of assistive devices etc. and scholarship for the girl child up to
3000 per disabled child per annum. In addition, assistance is also provided for salary
of special teachers, capacity building of teachers etc.
The IEDSS scheme has replaced the earlier Integrated Education for Disabled Children
(IEDC) scheme.
Selected Health
Indicators
MMR (per 100,000 live births)– 212
IMR (per 1000 live births)– 46
HUNGaMA
Survey in
100 Focus
Districts on
Hunger and
Malnutrition
A reduction in the prevalence of child malnutrition is observed - Prevalence of child
underweight has decreased from 53 per cent to 42 per cent
Child malnutrition is widespread across states and districts and starts early in life - 42
per cent of children under five are underweight and 59 per cent are
stunted. Of the children suffering from stunting, about half are severely stunted; about
half of all children are underweight or stunted by age 24 months.
Birth weight is an important risk-factor for child malnutrition - Prevalence of
underweight in children born with a weight below 2.5 kg is 50 per cent
while that among children born with a weight above 2.5 kg is 34 per cent.
Household socio-economic status has a significant effect on children's nutrition status -
Prevalence of malnutrition is significantly higher among children from low-income
families. Children from Muslim or SC/ST households generally have worse nutrition
indicators.
Girls' nutrition advantage over boys fades away with time - Nutrition advantage girls
have over boys in the first months of life seems to be reversed over time as they grow
older, potentially indicating neglect vis-à-vis girls in early childhood
AYUSH The Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy
(AYUSH) is a part of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of the Government of
India.
The Suśruta Saṃhitā and the Charaka Saṃhitā are among the foundational and
formally compiled works of Ayurveda
Yoga is one of the six systems of Vedic philosophy. Maharishi Patanjali, rightly called
"The Father of Yoga" compiled and refined various aspects of Yoga systematically in his
"Yoga Sutras" (aphorisms). He advocated the eight folds path of Yoga, popularly known
as "Ashtanga Yoga" for all-round development of human beings. These steps are
believed to have a potential for improvement of physical health by enhancing
circulation of oxygenated blood in the body, retraining the sense organs thereby
inducing tranquillity and serenity of mind.
Naturopathy, or Naturopathic Medicine, is a type of alternative medicine based on a
belief in vitalism, which posits that a special energy called vital energy or vital force
guides bodily processes such as metabolism, reproduction, growth, and adaptation.
Modern Naturopathy movement was started in Germany and other western countries
with Water Cure (Hydrotherapy) therapy. Gandhiji was a proponent of Naturopathy.
Unani system originated in Greece. The foundation of Unani system was laid by
Hippocrates. The system owes its present form to the Arabs who not only saved much
of the Greek literature by rendering it into Arabic but also enriched the medicine of
their day with their own contributions
The term Siddha means achievements and Siddhars were saintly persons who achieved
results in medicine. Eighteen Siddhars were said to have contributed towards the
development of this medical system. Siddha literature is in Tamil and it is practised
largely in Tamil speaking part of India and abroad. The Siddha System is largely
therapeutic in nature.
Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine originated in 1796 by Samuel
Hahnemann, based on his doctrine according to which a substance that causes the
symptoms of a disease in healthy people will cure that disease in sick people. Scientific
research has found homeopathic remedies ineffective and their postulated mechanisms
of action implausible.
IMR
Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of children less than one year of age
per 1000 live births. Neonatal or newborn death is mortality occurring within 28 days
postpartum. Neonatal death is often attributed to inadequate access to basic medical
care during and after the mother delivers her newborn. It accounts for 40-60% of infant
mortality in developing countries.
Post-neonatal infant mortality occurs when the child is 29 days to a year old. Biggest
contributors to post-neonatal deaths are malnutrition, infectious disease, and home
environment.
Peri-natal mortality occurs in the late fetal period, which typically occurs after 28 weeks
gestation and the first week postpartum.
Janani
Suraksha
Yojana (JSY)
It is a safe motherhood intervention program under the National Rural Health Mission
(NRHM) being implemented with the objective of reducing maternal and neo-natal
mortality by promoting institutional delivery among the poor pregnant women. JSY is a
100 % centrally sponsored scheme and it integrates cash assistance with delivery and
post-delivery care. The success of the scheme would be determined by the increase in
institutional delivery among the poor families
The Yojana has identified ASHA, the accredited social health activist as an effective link
between the Government and the poor pregnant women in l0 low performing states and
the remaining NE States.
Indira Gandhi It is a new scheme for pregnant and lactating women. It aims at providing cash
Matritva
Sahyog
Yojna
(IGMSY)
incentives (4000) for improved health and nutrition to pregnant and lactating mothers.
It attempts to partly compensate for wage loss to pregnant and lactating women both
prior to and after delivery of the child. The scheme will be implemented by using the
infrastructure of ICDS including support of health systems.
It is not available to women who get paid maternity leaves.
Janani Shishu
Surakhsa
Karyakram
The new initiative of JSSK would provide completely free and cashless services to
pregnant women including normal deliveries and caesarean operations and sick new
born (up to 30 days after birth) in Government health institutions in both rural and
urban areas.
JSSK supplements the cash assistance given to a pregnant woman under Janani
Suraksha Yojana and is aimed at mitigating the burden of out of pocket expenses
incurred by pregnant women and sick newborns. Besides it would be a major factor in
enhancing access to public health institutions and help bring down the Maternal
Mortality and Infant mortality rates. Presently it is noted that, out of pocket expenses
and user charges for transport, admission, diagnostic tests, medicines and
consumables, caesarean operation are being incurred by pregnant women and their
families even in the case of institutional deliveries.
The Free Entitlements under JSSK would include: Free and Cashless Delivery, Free C-
Section, Free treatment of sick-new-born up to 30 days, Exemption from User Charges,
Free Drugs and Consumables, Free Diagnostics, Free Diet during stay in the health
institutions – 3 days in case of normal delivery and 7 days in case of caesarean section,
Free Provision of Blood, Free Transport from Home to Health Institutions, Free
Transport between facilities in case of referral as also Drop Back from Institutions to
home after 48hrs stay.
Integrated Child
Development
Services
The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme was launched in 1975 with
the following objectives:
o to improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-group 0-6
years;
o to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school
dropout;
o to achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the
various departments to promote child development; and
o to enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and
nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education.
The above objectives are sought to be achieved through a package of services
comprising:
o supplementary nutrition,
o immunization,
o health check-up,
o referral services,
o pre-school non-formal education
o nutrition & health education
The Anganwadi is the delivery centre of ICDS and is mainly managed by the Anganwadi
worker. She is a health worker chosen from the community and given 4 months
training in health, nutrition and child-care. She is in-charge of an Anganwadi which
covers a population of 1000.
Appraisal
The scheme suffers from discrepancies and a lack of commitment. Its focus has been
mainly on quantitative coverage, food distribution to the 3-5 age group and pre-school
education. The most critical period of a child’s development is from conception to the
first two years but funds allocated are the least for this group.
To break the intergenerational cycle of under-nutrition, ICDS should enable anganwadi
workers to concentrate on high-risk group. Community participation in terms of
creating focus groups for pregnant women and young mothers to educate them on
healthy practices should also be encouraged.
Provision of conditional food coupons instead of the nutritious powder can help combat
under-nutrition more effectively. Such a model has been successful in the United States
in the form of the WIC program.
The ICDS has contained severe protein-energy malnutrition, but failed to alleviate mild
to moderate under-nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies.
Involvement of 3 tier panchayat in ICDS has so far been nil. The guidelines should be
revised to give an effective role to PRIs.
Rashtriya Bal
Swasthya
Karyakram
The initiative is to provide comprehensive healthcare and improve the quality of life of
children through early detection of birth defects, diseases, deficiencies, development
delays including disability.
With the launch of the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram, regular health screening of
children in public health facilities, Aanganwadis and Government and Government
aided schools for defects at birth, diseases, deficiencies and development disorders will
be done now. This programme will cover 25 crore children all over the country in a
phased manner and provide for free follow up management and treatment at the
district hospitals and at tertiary levels. Program will be covered under NRHM.
Integrated Child
Protection
Scheme
It seeks to contribute to improvement of children in difficult circumstances, to reduce
vulnerability of children. It also seeks to provide preventive, statutory and
rehabilitation services to various socially disadvantaged children.
Ujjawala It is a comprehensive scheme for prevention of trafficking launched in 2007 with
following major components: Prevention, Rescue, Rehabilitation, Reintegration and
Repatriation (Priyadarshini is a similar scheme, may be the two are same?)
Rajiv Gandhi
Scheme for
Empowerme
nt of
Adolescent
It is a merger of Kishori Shakti Yojna (KSY) and National Programme for Adolescent
girls (NPAG). SABLA aims to empower adolescent girls of 11 to 18 years by improving
their nutritional and health status, up gradation of home skills, life skill and vocations
skills. The girls are to be equipped with information on health and family welfare,
hygiene and guidance on existing public services. The scheme also aims to mainstream
Girls (Sabla) out of school girls into formal education or non-formal education. Aanganwadi centers
will be focal point for delivery of services.
Swadhar Greh Swadhar and Short Stay Home schemes have been merged into the 'Swadhar Greh'
scheme in order to reach out to those women who are victims of unfortunate
circumstances and are in need of institutional support for rehabilitation, so that they
can lead their lives with dignity. Under the new scheme, women are provided emotional
support and counselling to enable them to become self-reliant and get rehabilitated
socially and economically through education, skill upgradation, and personality
development.
Swabhiman It is a nationwide program on financial inclusion. It is focused on bringing the deprived
sections of society in banking network to ensure that the benefits of economic growth
reach everyone at all levels. The scheme will facilitate opening of bank accounts,
provide need based credit and help to promote financial literacy in rural India.
Swayamsiddhya It is flagship programme of Ministry of Women and Child Development for women
empowerment. It aims to mobilize women through self help groups, clusters and
federation for income generation activities. The long term objective of the scheme is to
achieve an all round development especially socially and economically by ensuring their
access and control over resources through a sustained process of mobilization and
convergence of all ongoing sectoral programs.
NPS New Pension System (NPS) was started in 2004, for the new recruits in Government of
India (except the armed forces). In 2009 New Pension System (NPS) was opened up for
any citizens in India who wanted to subscribe, even if they are not in Government
service.
Any person in the age group 18-60 can join. NRI's can also join.
“Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN)” is a unique account number given to
subscribers.
PFRDA is the regulator for NPS.
National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) works as the Central Record keeping
Agency for NPA. It maintains record of every subscriber, based on his PRAN number.
ICICI, UTI, SBI, Kotak etc are the fund managers for NPS. Subscribers can choose fund
managers. Money can be invested in either equities or debts (Corporate
bonds+Government securities. One can decide how much they want to invest in each of
them. (with some caveats).
NPS Lite was introduced for economically weaker sections of the society. Minimum
contribution is 100 compared to 500 in NPS. An aggregator (e.g. NGO or Microfinance
agent) comes to subscribers and collects money. In NPS lite by default 85% of money is
invested in debt and 15% in equities.
Swavalamban
To encourage the people from the unorganised sector to voluntarily save for their
retirement and to lower the cost of operations of the New Pension Scheme (NPS) for
such subscribers, Government will contribute Rs. 1000 per year to each NPS account
opened in the year 2010-11. This initiative, “Swavalamban” will be available for persons
who join NPS, with a minimum contribution of Rs. 1000 and a maximum contribution
of Rs. 12000 per annum during the financial year 2010-11. The scheme will be available
for another three years. It will benefit about 10 lakh NPS subscribers of the un-
organised sector. The scheme will be managed by the interim Pension Fund Regulatory
and Development Authority.
Support to
Training and
Employment
Programme
for Women
(STEP)
It seeks to impart training for up gradation of skills which would lead to their
sustainable employment. The target group is marginalized, asset-less rural women and
urban poor. It covers traditional sectors of employment such as agriculture, husbandry,
handlooms, and waste land development.
Schemes under
National
Social
Assistance
Programme
Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme - All persons of 60 years (and
above) and belonging to below the poverty line category according to the criteria
prescribed by the Government of India time to time, are eligible to be a beneficiary of
the scheme. The pension amount is INR 400 (for persons above 80 years of age amount
is 500) per month per person and states are supposed to contribute an equal amount.
The death of a pensioner is immediately reported to the appropriate sanctioning
authority by the village panchayats and municipalities and the payments are promptly
stopped by the same
Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme - A pension of Rs. 300 per
month to be granted to widows aged 40–59 living below poverty-line conditions.
Pradhan of Gram panchayat shall review the list of widows and report in case of any re-
marriage
Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme - A pension of Rs. 300 per
month to be granted to physically/mentally handicapped individuals aged 18–59, living
below poverty-line conditions. Beneficiary should be 80% disabled.
National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) - In case of the death of the "primary
breadwinner" of a household living below poverty line conditions, a lump sum grant of
Rs. 20,000 is provided to the household. Beneficiary should be in the age group of 18 to
64 years
Annapurna Scheme - It is a 100 % centrally sponsored scheme. It aims at providing
food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who though eligible for
pension under the National Old Age Pension Scheme are not getting the same. Under
this 10 Kg of food grains per person per month would be supplied free of cost.
I have got conflicting search results on the amount of pension that is provided – Please
verify and use accordingly
Grain Bank
Scheme
Launched with the objective of extending food security to remote regions of the country
which cannot be covered under the formal PDS i.e. basically tribal areas. It is handled
by Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Allocation of food grains was made for the first time
during 2002-03 under the scheme
Valimiki Scheme seeks to ameliorate the conditions of urban slum dwellers living below poverty
Ambedkar
Awaas
Yojana
(VAMBAY)
line
Rashtriya
Madhyamik
Shiksha
Abhiyan
(RMSA)
The RMSA was launched in March 2009 with the objective of enhancing access to
secondary education and improving its quality.
To increase the enrollment rate from current 52% (2005-06′s number) to 75% within
five years.
Provide secondary school within reasonable distance from any habitation.
Provide affordable (not free) secondary education to all. Universal access to secondary
education by 2017 universal retention by 2020.
It provides States support for construction of new school buildings and to existing
secondary schools for strengthening of infrastructure, salary of teachers and staff
sanctioned under the RMSA, learning enhancement programmes, equity interventions,
etc
Model Schools
Scheme
A scheme for setting up of 6000 high quality model schools as a benchmark of
excellence at block level at the rate of one school per block was launched in November
2008 to provide quality education to talented rural children.
The scheme has two modes of implementation, viz. (i) 3500 schools are to be set up in
as many EBBs through state governments and (ii) the remaining 2500 schools are to be
set up under PPP mode in blocks which are not educationally backward
PMSSY Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) aims at correcting regional
imbalances in the availability of affordable/reliable tertiary health-care services and
augmenting facilities for quality medical education in the country.
It aims at (i) construction of 6 AIIMS-like institutions in the first phase at Bhopal,
Bhubaneswar, Jodhpur, Patna, Raipur, and Rishikesh and in the second phase in West
Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, (ii) upgradation of 13 medical colleges in the first phase and
6 in the second phase.
Balshree Launched by National Bal Bhavan.
Identify kids in four areas of creativity : art, performance, science, writing
And then train and nurture them.
Babu Jagjivan
Ram
Chhatrawas
Yojana
Provides hostel Facilities to SC boys and girls in Middle and Higher Secondary Schools,
Colleges, Universities. Funds given to states, NGOs to create infrastructure.
School Health
Programme
A wide range of activities to target healthiness among school students. Biannual health
screenings and early management of disease, disability etc. Weekly Iron and Folic Acid
Supplement (WIFS) to tackle anemia in boys and girls. Immunization schemes etc.
Rajiv Gandhi
Grameen
Vidyutikara
Electrifying all villages and habitations as per new definition
Providing access to electricity to all rural households
Providing electricity Connection to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families free of charge
n Yojana
(RGGVY)
Under the programme 90% grant is provided by Govt. of India and 10% as loan by
Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) to the State Governments.
REC is the nodal agency for the programme.
Poverty Estimates in India
Planning commission is responsible for poverty estimation in rural and urban areas. It makes estimates based on
National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data. The Ministry of Rural Development conducts BPL census to identify
individual households.
Initially poverty estimates in India were done on the basis of Lakadwala methodology. This methodology is based
on calorific intake. Calorie requirements for rural/urban populations were defined and people whose intake fell
short of these requirements were considered as poor.
The Tendulkar committee submitted its report in 2009 on the methodology for poverty estimation. It
acknowledged the multidimensional nature of poverty and recommended moving away from calorie intake norms
to adopting estimates of consumption expenditure as basis for future poverty lines. It measured rural head count
ratio as 41.8 %, urban at 25.7% and overall at 37.2%.
The state-wise estimates of poverty as recomputed by the Tendulkar Committee show that the highest poverty
headcount ratios (PHRs) for 2004-5 exist in Odisha (57.2 per cent), followed by Bihar (54.4 per cent) and
Chattisgarh(49.4 per cent) against the national average of 37.2 per cent.
Government in May 2012 formed the Rangarajan committee to look into the matter of estimating the number of
BPL households. The problems associated with Tendulkar committee methods are:
o It is difficult to come up with credible estimate of what can be considered a consumption basket and level
of expenditure that would provide a definition of poverty
o Few are willing to accept the official position that Rs. 32 a day in urban areas or Rs. 26 a day in rural areas
in 2010-11 was adequate to lift a person out of poverty
o While the Lakdawala committee had anchored the poverty estimate on a minimum calorific intake, the
current poverty line excludes from the poor those whose calorific intake falls far short of the Lakdawala
minimum.
o Estimates of the incidence of poverty at the level of the nation and the States yielded by the official
poverty lines are seen as too low to be acceptable
Focus of the new committee should be to:
o Find in the current historical and social context what could be considered a minimally acceptable level of
consumption expenditure.
o Identify a defensible anchor (like calorific intake) or set of anchors to which poverty line estimates would
be tethered for a reasonable period into the future.
o Find a robust methodology that would generate estimates that allow inter-temporal comparisons of
poverty incidence so as to assess the impact that the path of development being pursued has had on
poverty levels
N.C.Saxena Committee
o It was constituted by Ministry of Rural Development to advise it on the suitable methodology for BPL
census and not estimation of poverty.
o The report maps “gross errors of exclusion and inclusion” that have crept into the system because of the
flawed methodology of BPL identification, and argues that “errors of inclusion are far better than the
errors of exclusions.
o It recommends a new methodology of score-based ranking, besides recommending parameters for
“automatic inclusion” and “automatic exclusion” for some categories of households.
o Families owning phones, refrigerators etc, and farmers with credit limit more than 50k would be
automatically excluded. Destitute and tribal people would be automatically included. For others, a set of
seven deprivation indicators would be used. A few of them are households with only one room and kutcha
roof, female headed households with no adult male, households with disabled members etc.
o P. Sainath a member of committee argues against the system of targeted welfare schemes for food, health
care, education and decent work. He points out that Public Distribution System (PDS) has worked best
when it has been for decades closer to universal as in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. He argues that targeted
systems are very expensive and call for a huge and expensive apparatus leading to corruption and black-
marketing.”
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is the nodal ministry for issue of guidelines to
identify BPL families in urban areas. An expert group under Chairmanship of Prof S.R.Hashim has been
constituted by Planning Commission to suggest a methodology for identification of BPL families in urban areas.
o In urban areas BPL families would be identified through an ‘inclusion criteria’ based on a) place of
residence b) social vulnerability c) occupational vulnerability.
o Those who are houseless, live in temporary houses where usage of dwelling space is susceptible to
insecurity of tenure and is affected by lack of access to basic services should be considered residentially
vulnerable.
o Households headed by women or minors or where the elderly are dependent on the head of household or
where the level of literacy is low or members are disabled or chronically ill should be considered socially
vulnerable
o Houses with people unemployed for a significant proportion of time or with irregular employment or
whose work is subject to unsanitary or hazardous conditions or those who have no stability of payment for
services should be regarded occupationally vulnerable.
Government Social Sector Schemes
Central government finances these programmes, and actual implementation is carried out by state government
agencies. As one would expect, the effectiveness of implementation varies greatly from state to state. The failures
can be traced to one or all of three problems: poor design ab initio, underfunding and poor implementation.
Problems of poor design and inadequate funding can and should be addressed by the central government. Central
government guidelines are often inflexible and not tailored to the requirement in particular states. Furthermore,
many areas involve cooperation between different arms of government, e g, of agriculture, irrigation and rural
development or the departments of health, education and women and child development. Unfortunately,
government typically works in silos which makes effective interdepartmental cooperation very difficult.
As far as adequacy of funding is concerned, scarcity of resources is a genuine problem. The solution lies in better
prioritisation. It is much better to fully fund schemes that are working well and squeeze other rather than spread
resources thinly. However, this is easier said than done and enforcing prioritisation in this way will be a major
challenge in the Twelfth Plan.
Improving implementation on the ground has to be a major objective in the Twelfth Plan. A committed political
leadership at the state level, working with an effective administration, can make big difference. Devolution of
decision-making and accountability to panchayati raj institutions (PRIs) is also a potential instrument improving
accountability. Some progress has been made in devolution, but most state governments have devolved functions
with very little devolution of either funds or functionaries. The central government can help in this area by
structuring its schemes of assistance in a way which increases the role of the PRIs. For this to work, it will also be
necessary to build capacity at the PRI level. Earmarking some portion of central funds for capacity building may
be necessary. Greater participation by civil society organizations promoting greater involvement of the
community, with a greater awareness of its rights, will also help. The Right to Information Act is an important
new initiative which empowers civil society and individual stakeholders to hold government at all levels
accountable.
The benefits of the rural development programmes do not seem to reach the intended targets and they fail to serve
full the purpose for which they were launched. There is a lacuna in the identification of the really poor, with the
result that the rich farmers have benefitted much more from these programs.
Most of the experiments in rural development emanate at the top. It is necessary that emphasis is laid on planning
from the bottom and the exclusive reliance placed on pyramidal structure approach is given up. Because of this
approach to planning, the programmes also tend to have very high administrative cost. The involvement of rural
poor in the process of rural development is critical, particularly in the planning and implementation of such
programmes
Most of the experiments in rural development emanate at the top. It is necessary that emphasis is laid
on planning from the bottom and the exclusive reliance placed on pyramidal structure approach is
given up. Because of this approach to planning, the programmes also tend to have very high
administrative cost.
Organizational dimensions need a reappraisal. With a number of models of rural development
administration experimented with and applied during the past few years, it is time that respective
efficacy of each is intensely examined.
Restructuring of Schemes
While the special focus various Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) thus bring to sectors that need extra attention
has often proved to be an advantage, poor design and implementation with little other than fancy nomenclature
and grand announcements to prop them up, have often proved to be a disadvantage. The ‘branding’ exercise has
not always served the cause.
Some of the schemes have been plagued by overlaps, duplication and bureaucratic mismanagement and
negligence that impinge on efficiencies and lead to wastage. A Group of Ministers has now approved the
restructuring of CSSs, merging some 170 of them into 79, in order to ensure better implementation and
monitoring. At the end of the 11th Plan, in March 2012, there were 173 CSSs and Additional Central Assistance
(ACA) schemes. Hopefully, as the matter comes up before the Cabinet again, competing, even conflicting, interests
among different ministries would not come in the way of making the final push on this key issue — although the
pruning will still not meet the 2011 recommendations of the B.K. Chaturvedi Committee to bring the number
down to 59.
While the share of CSSs in gross budgetary allocations has gone up significantly over the last three Plans, the
number of such schemes has come down. Yet, CSSs tend to pre-empt resources available to States, given that fund
packages often get channelled directly for the programmes, sometimes without the tailored flexibility that is
needed to optimise utilisation. In some instances, funds are transferred to district-level bodies, bypassing State
governments. Understandably, several States have complained about the rationale and implementation of CSSs.
The system of flexi-funds that has now been proposed, under which State governments can use 20 per cent (10 per
cent in case of flagship schemes) of the budget allocated for CSSs, within the broader framework of given
programmes, should address part of that problem. The GoM has favoured a system of transferring funds from the
Centre to State consolidated funds, rather than directly to implementing agencies. It has also approved the setting
up of State-specific guidelines for each CSS. Hopefully, the new and improved package will prove to be a more
effective, flexible and efficient instrument to translate Plan objectives into actions. Meanwhile, there is a case to
tighten monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, with each CSS being reviewed at least once in two years, with an
eye on better outcomes and impact.
Misc
So far India has signed 15 Social Security Agreements These SSAs facilitate mobility of professionals between two
countries by exempting them from double payment of social security contributions and enables them to enjoy the
benefits of exportability and totalization
National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT) which aims at providing high speed broadband
connectivity to universities and colleges and development of e-content in various disciplines is under
implementation
National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW): This initiative for holistic empowerment of women
through better convergence and engendering of policies, programmes, and schemes of different ministries was
operationalized in 2010-11. Under the Mission, institutional structures at state level including State Mission
Authorities headed by Chief Ministers and State Resource Centres for Women (SRCWs) for spearheading
initiatives for women's empowerment have been established across the country.
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) - The RMK provides micro-credit in a quasi-informal manner, lending to
intermediate micro-credit organizations (IMOs) across states. It focuses on poor women and their empowerment
through the provision of credit for livelihood-related activities
Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS) includes projects for providing education, vocational training,
and rehabilitation of persons with orthopaedic, speech, visual, and mental disabilities.
The 'Vision-2015' adopted for the LPG sector inter alia focuses on raising the LPG population coverage in rural
areas and areas where LPG coverage is low. The Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitaran Yojana (RGGLVY) for small-
size LPG distribution agencies has been launched in 2009. Under this scheme 75 per cent population is to be
covered by 2015 by releasing 5.5 crore new LPG connections. To ensure that growth of LPG usage is evenly spread,
public-sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) are assessing/identifying locations in a phased manner under the
RGGLVY
Source – Just googled name of the scheme