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SocialNetworks
CollaborationNetworksPaulErdős wasaHungarianmathematicianandoneofthemostprolificofthe20th century.Hehadmorethan500collaborators!
Erdős number=1 Erdős number=4
CollaborationNetworks
RichardBertram
JohnRinzel
WilfredRall
JohnEccles
ArthurSherman
CharlesPeskin
PeterLaxNobelPrize(1963) AbelPrize(2005)
BriefHistoryoftheStudyofSocialNetworks
JacobMoreno(1889-1974)
RomanianimmigranttotheU.S.whostudiedgroupinteractions.PublishedWhoShallSurvive?in1934,whichwasthefirstexamplepublishedexampleofsocialnetworkanalysis.
Hestartedthefieldofsociometry,nowcalledsocialnetworkanalysis,whichusesabstractnetworksandpropertiesofthesenetworkstostudysocialinteractions.Hecalledthenetworkssociograms.
BriefHistoryoftheStudyofSocialNetworks
FromWhoShallSurvive?
Friendshipnetworkbetweenaclassofschoolchildren.Triangles=boys,Circles=girls.
Doesthisnetworkdiagram,orsociogram,leadtoanyinsights?
BoysandGirlsLiveinDifferentWorlds
FromWhoShallSurvive?
Friendshipnetworkbetweenaclassofschoolchildren.Triangles=boys,Circles=girls.
Onecomponent:CangetfromoneVertextoanyother
Anothercomponent
BoysandGirlsLiveinDifferentWorlds
FromWhoShallSurvive?
Friendshipnetworkbetweenaclassofschoolchildren.Triangles=boys,Circles=girls.
A2-core:Eachvertexconnectedtoatleast2verticesinthesubset
Another2-core
A1-core
SomeKidsAreHubs
FromWhoShallSurvive?
Friendshipnetworkbetweenaclassofschoolchildren.Triangles=boys,Circles=girls.
Popularkidshavehighdegreecentrality
SomeKidsConnecttheTwoSubpopulations
FromWhoShallSurvive?
Friendshipnetworkbetweenaclassofschoolchildren.Triangles=boys,Circles=girls.
Thesekidshavehighbetweenness centrality
ShortestPathsBetweenKidsVaries,ButisUsuallyShort
FromWhoShallSurvive?
Friendshipnetworkbetweenaclassofschoolchildren.Triangles=boys,Circles=girls.
Thisisanexampleofasmall-worldnetwork
AffiliationNetworks
FromLuke(2015)
Exampleofabipartitenetworkinwhichtherearetwotypesofvertices:The“actors”connecttothe“groups”,buttherearenoactor-actororgroup-groupconnections
HowDoesOneAcquiretheInformationforaSocialNetwork?
Interviewpeople
“Whoareyourfriends?”afreechoicestudy
“WhoareyourfriendsatFSU?”restrictedtogeographiclocation
“Whoareyour10closestfriends?”afixedchoicestudy
Astudylikethisproducesadirectednetwork.Somedirectededgesbetweenverticesmaybebidirectional.
Limitations:timeconsumingwhatdoes“friend”mean?basedonanindividual’srecall
HowmanyacquaintancesdoesanaveragepersoninU.S.have? 2000
HowDoesOneAcquiretheInformationforaSocialNetwork?DirectObservation
DianFossey studiedgorillasocialnetworksinRwandafrom1966untilherdeath(probablymurder)in1985
JaneGoodallhasstudiedchimpanzeesocialnetworksfor55yearsinTanzania.StartedasasecretaryforLouisLeakey
HowDoesOneAcquiretheInformationforaSocialNetwork?ArchivalRecords
IntermarriagenetworkofrulingfamiliesofFlorencein15th century
HowDoesOneAcquiretheInformationforaSocialNetwork?ArchivalRecords
IntermarriagenetworkofrulingfamiliesofFlorencein15th century
networkhub
GettingNetworkInformationFromHiddenPopulations
TheDirectApproach
Telephoneinterview:“Howoftendoyouuseillegaldrugs?”
Questionproposedfor2020census:“AreyouaU.S.citizenorlegalimmigrant?”
AMoreEffectiveApproach
Snowballsampling:gaintrustofonepersonintargetpopulation,Theninvitethemtogivenamesofcontacts.Nextintervieweachofthese,gettingmorecontacts.Repeatuntilexhausted.Eachiterationiscalledasamplingwave.Thenumberofcontactsgrowsexponentiallywithnumberofwaves.
GettingNetworkInformationFromHiddenPopulations
AnEvenBetterApproachRandom-walksampling:Likesnowballsampling,butateachsteprandomlychooseonenewcontacttointerview,ratherthanallnewcontacts.
Advantageofrandom-walksampling:Thesamplesizegrowslinearlywithsamplingwaves,makingconvergencetoequilibriumstatisticsmuchmorerapidthanforsnowballsampling.
Atequilibrium,theprobabilityofbeinginterviewedisproportionaltothedegree(numberofedges)ofthecontact.
Thehigherthedegree,themorelikelythatthecontact isahiddenpopulation.
RandomWalk?
Randomwalkonagrid.Probabilitiesofbeingateachlocationgivenunbiasedselectionaregivenateachvertex.
UniversityofQueensland
WhereDoesSixDegreesofSeparationComeFrom?
SocialpsychologistStanleyMilgramconductedaseriesof“small-worldexperiments”inthe1960s.
Randomlymail96packages,or“passports”torecipientsinOmaha,Nebraska.
AskeachrecipienttogetthepassporttoafriendofMilgram’swholivedinBoston.Providename,location,andoccupation.
Butdon’tsenditdirectlytohim.Canonlysendthepassporttoafriendwhoyouthinkhasthebestchanceofgettingittothetarget.
Therecipientprovideshis/herownname/location,andmustthenfollowthesamedirections.
Onlysomeonewhoknowsthetargetcansendthepassportdirectlytothetarget.
WhereDoesSixDegreesofSeparationComeFrom?
Thepathlengthfromstartingpointtoendpointisequaltothenumberofnamesinthepassportonceitarrivestothetarget.
Atotalof18passportsarrivedtothetarget.Whatwastheaveragepathlength? 5.9
Similar,andwithgreatersamplesize,experimentshavebeenperformedsincethen.Allgivevaluescloseto6.Thus,average6degreesofseparationfrom2randomlychosenindividualsintheworld.
AlmostcertainlylessifrestrictedtoonelocationlikeTallahassee.Weliveinasmall(social)world.
JoeSchmo,TuscanLindaLight,NewOrleansWendyWing,BostonLouBlue,NewYorkRayDay,Boston
StanleyMilgramisMostFamousforHisObedienceExperimentsatHarvard?
In Milgram's basic paradigm, a subject walks into a laboratory believing that s/he is about to take part in a study of memory and learning. After being assigned the role of a teacher, the subject is asked to teach word associations to a fellow subject (who in reality is a collaborator of the experimenter). The teaching method, however, is unconventional—administering increasingly higher electric shocks to the learner. Once the presumed shock level reaches a certain point, the subject is thrown into a conflict. On the one hand, the strapped learner demands to be set free, he appears to suffer pain, and going all the way may pose a risk to his health. On the other hand, the experimenter, if asked, insists that the experiment is not as unhealthy as it appears to be, and that the teacher must go on. In sharp contrast to the expectations of professionals and laymen alike, some 65% of all subjects continue to administer shocks up to the very highest levels.
FromanarticleinAmericanPsychologist(1990):
KevinBacon
TheRiverWild(1994)
MysticRiver(2003)
Footloose(1984)
Apollo13(1995)
Flatliners (1990) PatriotsDay(2016)
SixDegreesofKevinBaconBaconin1994interview:“IhaveworkedwitheveryoneinHollywoodorsomeonewhohasworkedwiththem”
SixDegreesofKevinBaconBaconin1994interview:“IhaveworkedwitheveryoneinHollywoodorsomeonewhohasworkedwiththem”
MotivatedfourcollegestudentsatAlbrightCollegetocreateanetworkofthosewhohavebeeninmovieswithBacon,orthosewhohavebeeninmovieswiththem
SixDegreesofKevinBaconBaconin1994interview:“IhaveworkedwitheveryoneinHollywoodorsomeonewhohasworkedwiththem”
MotivatedfourcollegestudentsatAlbrightCollegetocreateanetworkofthosewhohavebeeninmovieswithBacon,orthosewhohavebeeninmovieswiththem
KevinBacon
LeVarBurton
PatrickStewart
MaryTylerMoore
RoseanneBarr
ElvisPresley
AnnMargret
EdAsner
Baconnumber=0
Baconnumber=1
Baconnumber=2
Baconnumber=3
Hypothesis: AllcurrentmajoractorsinHollywoodhaveBaconnumber6orlower
WhatAboutFacebookandOtherSocialMedia?
Lotsofdata,butfewstudies.Reasonisthatthesedataareproprietary.
Butitiscertainthatthecompaniesthemselvesemploypeopletoanalyzetheirsocialnetworkdata.
TheEnd