Social Learning and Social Learning and Social, Cognitive, Social, Cognitive,

Affective ApproachesAffective Approaches

RotterRotter

Behavior Potential BP= f( E + Behavior Potential BP= f( E + RV )RV )

ExpectanciesExpectancies Reinforcement ValueReinforcement Value

Locus of ControlLocus of Control

BanduraBandura

Observational learningObservational learning Self-regulationSelf-regulation Self-efficacySelf-efficacy Reciprocal interactionismReciprocal interactionism

Self-regulationSelf-regulation

reinforcement has no direct effectsreinforcement has no direct effects

self reinforcement is as important as self reinforcement is as important as externalexternal

internalized standards and processes of internalized standards and processes of reward and punishmentreward and punishment

***Self-regulation overcomes stimulus ***Self-regulation overcomes stimulus controlcontrol

Self-efficacySelf-efficacy

2 types of expectancies2 types of expectancies Outcome expectancyOutcome expectancy Self-efficacySelf-efficacy SE determines: SE determines: behavior to be performedbehavior to be performedamount of effort expendedamount of effort expendedpersistence in the face of adversity, etc.persistence in the face of adversity, etc.

Reciprocal interactionismReciprocal interactionism

or or Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal Determinism

selecting environmentsselecting environments creating environmentscreating environments transforming environmentstransforming environments

Mischel and CAPS theoryMischel and CAPS theory

basic principles, concepts, basic principles, concepts, assumptions:assumptions:

focus on P X S interactionfocus on P X S interaction include and integrate include and integrate

Cognitive, Emotional, Cognitive, Emotional, Motivational, Biological & Motivational, Biological & Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors

Mischel and CAPS theory Mischel and CAPS theory

CAUs ( person variables)CAUs ( person variables)Encodings (cognitive Encodings (cognitive

constructions)constructions)Expectancies ( “if-then” behavior-Expectancies ( “if-then” behavior-

outcome, self-efficacy)outcome, self-efficacy)AffectsAffectsGoals and ValuesGoals and ValuesCompetencies and Self-regulationCompetencies and Self-regulation

Mischel cont.Mischel cont.

Personality coherencePersonality coherence

individual differences in the individual differences in the “chronic accessibility” of CAUs“chronic accessibility” of CAUs

consistency of variability across consistency of variability across situationssituations

Mischel cont.Mischel cont.

Relative impact of person variables Relative impact of person variables and situation variables (when does and situation variables (when does which take precedent?)which take precedent?)

greater ambiguity and “response greater ambiguity and “response freedom” freedom”

greater influence of person variables greater influence of person variables (indiv. diff.)(indiv. diff.)

The selfThe self

I & meI & me Self-schemas (Markus, etc.)Self-schemas (Markus, etc.) Multiple selves: (Markus, Multiple selves: (Markus,

Higgins, etc.)Higgins, etc.) Self-discrepancies (Higgins: Self-discrepancies (Higgins:

Actual, Ideal, Ought)Actual, Ideal, Ought)

Causal Attributions Causal Attributions

HelplessnessHelplessness Pessimism and OptimismPessimism and Optimism

Pessimism: Stable, Global, due to Pessimism: Stable, Global, due to the Selfthe Self

Optimism: Fleeting, Specific, not Optimism: Fleeting, Specific, not due to personal flawdue to personal flaw