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Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
Quality
Disposition
Process
Role
Realizable DependentContinuant
3
located near
Latrine
Well
‘VT 334 569’
Distance Measurement
Result
Village Name
‘Khanabad Village’
Village
is_a
instance_of
Geopolitical Entity
Spatial Region
GeographicCoordinate
s Setdesignate
s
instance_of
located in
instance_of
has location designates
has location
instance_of
instance_of
’16 meters’
instance_of
measurement_of
4
Types and Instances
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality
Disposition
Information Artifact
Role
Realizable DependentContinuant
5
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Gene Sequence
Specifically Dependent Continuants
SpecificallyDependentContinuant
Quality, PatternRealizable Dependent Continuant
(RDC)
has unique bearer; if this bearer ceases to exist, then the quality or RDC ceases to exist
the color of my skin
the function of my heart
John’s smile
6
Generically Dependent Continuants
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Information Object
Sequence
if one bearer ceases to exist, then the entity can survive, because there are other bearers
(copyability)
the pdf file on my laptop
the DNA (sequence) in this chromosome
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Information artifacts
pdf file
poem
symphony
algorithm
symbol
- can migrate from one information bearer to another
8
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality Information Artifact
9
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Gene Sequence
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity
Continuant
IndependentContinuant
Specifically DependentContinuant
Quality Information Artifact
10
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Material Entity
Information Bearing
Entity
Information QualityEntity
depends_on concretized_by
IAO: information content entity=def. an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in the relation of aboutness to some entity
Problems
Is a work of fiction about something?
Is a fake cover story for a fake terrorist about something?
Is an erroneous entry in a database about something?
12
Generically dependent continuants such as plans, laws …
are concretized in specifically dependent continuants
(the plan in your head, the protocol being realized by your research team, the law being implemented by this government agency)
13
War and Peace is an instance
SpecificallyDependentContinuant
War and Peace quality
14
IndependentContinuant
This bound copy of
War and Peace
GenericallyDependentContinuant
The novelWar and Peace
instance_of instance_of instance_of
depends_on
concretized_by
The novel War and Peace has many bound copiesThe quality spherical has many instances
But having copies and having instances are two different things
Information entities exist in a way which makes them dependent on provenance, and on processors, in a way in which types are not
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Instances vs Copies
Is War and Peace a type or an instance?If War and Peace were a type, and the copies of War and Peace in my library and in your library were instances, then
• there would be many War(s) and Peaces.
Hence War and Peace is an instance.
What is a work of literature?
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There can be two copies of the US Declaration of Independence
There cannot be two US Declarations of Independence
There cannot be subtypes of the US Declaration of Independence
Hence the US Declaration of Independent is an instance and not a type.
There are not two Declarations of Independence
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Rule for types
Their names are pluralizable
There can be three peopleThere cannot be three Michelle Obamas.
Information Content Entities are GDCs = entities which can exist in many copies
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they have a different kind of provenance
◦Aspirin as product of Bayer GmbH◦aspirin as molecular structure◦This Financial Report is submitted to the
SEC
Generically dependent continuants are distinct from types
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Generically dependent continuants
are concretized in specifically dependent continuants
Beethoven’s 9th Symphony is concretized in the pattern of ink marks which make up this score in my hand – this is an information quality entity: a BFO:quality of the material (information bearing entity) that is the score
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Generically dependent continuants (GDCs)
can be concretized in multiple different media (paper, silicon, neuron …)
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Type or instance
ContinuantOccurrent(Process)
IndependentContinuant
human being,protocol document
DependentContinuant
pattern of ink marks
Applying the protocol
Side-Effect …
... .. ..... .... .....26
Continuant Occurrent
IndependentContinuant
DependentContinuant
.... ..... .......
InformationContent
Entity
Action
creating a datum
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Generically Dependent Continuants
GenericallyDependentContinuant
Information Content Entity
Gene Sequence
.pdf file .doc file
instances 29
are concretized in specifically dependent continuants
Beethoven’s 9th Symphony is concretized in the pattern of ink marks which make up this score in my hand
Generically dependent continuants
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Steps towards an email ontology• message has_part header section and body
section• header section has_part a collection of header
fields• header field contains a header name and a
header body• header body may have additional structure
based on the header in question• body may have nested structure and attachments
based on MIME• the body may contain a text version, an HTML
version, or both• the body may contain attachments (files such as
images, documents, other emails, etc• header fields may use MIME to include header
information in other languages/charsets
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email may have_status draft, sentemail may addressee may be in to: field, cc: field,
bcc: fieldemail may be forwardedemail may be read, unreademail may have priority…
Steps towards an email ontology
34
A field is an information structure entity
(comparable to cell, margin, space between words, period, comma, etc.)
This means it is not about anything.
Nearly all information content entities have fields as parts
Address field is an information content entity which has a field as part
But address field is about (in some very attenuated sense) the type: address
Similarly the field in a spreadsheet where you fill in the measurement unit used is an ICE, because it is (in this same attenuated sense) the type: measurement unit.
When you fill in the actual address then the resultant field is an ICE which is about that actual address
BS
Email Address Field
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Good. Well sort of. What is the type "address" here? Below it is another information content entity. Sometimes the address means the "mailbox", i.e. an entity on the other side of a future communication, rather than an entity on the form. Sometimes it is about the target/owner of the email address, for instance when it is used as a user name in an online authentication form.
Email address
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Sometimes, even the idea that the email address is of an addressee fails. For example email can be used as a request for a service. An example is when we send mail to "[email protected]", where it is known that software will intercept such emails, extract the string after "From:", and remove from the mailing list any email address with that form. In that case the email address seems more to be about some kind of role, where the realization of that role is the action taken by the software.
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Descriptive purpose=def. the purpose of describing some portion of realityExamples: scientific paper, newspaper article, diary, experimenter
log notebookPrescriptive purpose=def. the purpose of prescribing or permitting or allowing some
activityExamples: a legal code, a license
Purpose of an Information Artifact
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Directive purpose=def. the purpose of specifying a plan or method for achieving
somethingExamples: instruction, manual, recipe, protocolDesignative purpose=def. the purpose of uniquely designating some entity or the
members of some class of entitiesExamples: a registry of members of an organization, a phone book,
a database linking proper names of persons with their social security numbers.
Purpose of an Information Artifact
Information Content Entity (science)
protocoldatabasetheoryontology gene listpublicationresult...
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Information Content Entity (labeling)
serial numberbatch numbergrant numberperson numbernameaddressemail addressURL...
42