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Social Development Index 2014
Press Release
29 May 2014
Acknowledgement: The Community Chest
Outline of the Release
1. Introduction of Social Development Index (SDI)
2. Report on SDI and sub-indexes with major observation
3. Observations and Recommendations
Introduction of
Social Development Index
Introduction of Social Development Index (SDI)
A system of objective indicators including:
14 Domains of Development
5 Population Groups
By using the data in 1991 (SDI=100) as the benchmark, SDI aims to track local social development and assess overall social and economic needs.
Indexes serve as warning signals, drawing the public attention to specific patterns of development of various domains and groups.
SDI 2014 uses the data in 2012 to describe the social development of Hong Kong in 2012.
Report on SDI and sub-indexes
with Major Observation
Standardized Weighted SDI Scores (2004 – 2014)
146
160
171
173
191
196
0 50 100 150 200 250
2002 (SDI 2004)
2004 (SDI 2006)
2006 (SDI 2008)
2008 (SDI 2010)
2010 (SDI 2012)
2012 (SDI 2014)
-221
132
131
136
153
155
56
98
83
260
-106
303
410
386
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Family Solidarity
Health
Personal Safety
Economic
Environmental Quality
Crime & Public Safety
Art & Entertainment
Sports & Recreation
Political Participation
Civil Society
Housing
Education
Internationalization
Science & Technology
Overview of Social Development Sub-indexes
Family Solidarity
Health Personal
Safety Economic
Environmental
Quality
Crime & Public Safety
Art & Entertain
ment
Sports & Recreatio
n
Political Participat
ion
Civil Society
Housing Education Internationalization
Science & Technolo
gy
2002 (SDI 2004) -158 51 47 50 30 -15 48 60 28 76 120 255 160 138
2004 (SDI 2006) -215 -33 42 45 39 52 65 70 89 107 118 287 204 252
2006 (SDI 2008) -535 32 15 30 46 116 29 110 89 139 97 296 205 320
2008 (SDI 2010) -906 61 78 64 58 87 31 95 60 193 86 357 224 280
2010 (SDI 2012) -311 67 151 118 110 61 29 111 60 250 -5 387 378 372
2012 (SDI 2014) -221 132 131 136 153 155 56 98 83 260 -106 303 410 386
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
Social Development Trends by Sub-index (2002-2012)
Trends of Sub-indexes (Rising parts) Economic sub-index has been on the rise since 2006. The Gross Domestic
Product and foreign reserve keep growing.
Crime and Public Safety sub-index rose remarkably due to the drop of violent and non-violent crime and the number of corruption crime convictions.
There is seen a significant rise of Health sub-index due to the drop of infant mortality rate, tuberculosis cases, number of adults smoking, the deaths from coronary heart diseases and suicide rate of adults.
Environmental Quality rose sustainably as 100% of gazzetted beaches has been ranked as good/fair quality and domestic units fresh water consumption per capital has dropped.
Trends of Sub-indexes (Rising parts) Political Participation sub-index rose as the percentage of district board
candidates with political party affiliations and the turnout rate in the most
recent District Board Elections increased.
Civil Society sub-index rose subject to the growth of the number of
charitable institutions and trusts recognized as qualifying for tax exemption
as well as the number of persons participating in unions.
Family Solidarity sub-index recorded a reversal of decline but still stayed at
negative level because of domestic violence case and the relatively high
divorce rate. Although the number of domestic violence case had dropped,
it is still higher than level before 2004.
Trends of Sub-indexes (Falling parts) Housing sub-index recorded a persistent decline subject to the surge of waiting list
applicants for Housing Authority rental flats, up from 145 thousands people in 2010 to
nearly 190 thousands people in 2012.
There is a dip in Personal Safety sub-index due to the increase of reported food poisoning
cases, number of occupational fatalities and number traffic fatalities
Sports & Recreation sub-index dropped compare with the sub-index in 2012 due to the
reduced size of delegation participating in major games.
Both the percentage of persons aged 20 or above with upper secondary educational
attainment and the percentage persons aged 15 or above having attained post-secondary
education slightly increased, yet the number of adults in continuing education dropped
compare to that in 2010 along with the commencement of new academic structure,
resulting in an overall decline of the Education sub-index.
Social Development sub-Index - Economic
Economic sub-index increased by 15% compared with the last release.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
2002 (SDI 2004)
2004 (SDI 2006)
2006 (SDI 2008)
2008 (SDI 2010)
2010 (SDI 2012)
2012 (SDI 2014)
50
45
30
64
118
136
Social Development sub-Index - Economic Raw Data
Economic sub-index 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Per capita GDP 187,745 209,095 237,755 254,770 262,878 274,670
Gross international reserves (months of import coverage)
22.63 21.14 18.58 22.03 28.66 27.94
Percentage of total household income earned by the bottom 50% of
households 18.1 18 17.7 17.5 16.8 17.6
Per capita GDP increased by 4.5% in 2012 compared with 2010.
The percentage of total household income earned by the bottom 50% of households increased lightly by 1%.
Stock of Foreign Currency Reserve
Source: Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau, 2013
118.39 123.57 124.28 133.20
152.69
182.53
255.84
268.74
285.40
317.36
23.21
21.13 19.75 18.58 19.54
22.04
34.64
28.66 25.92
27.94
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Hong Kong Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD Billion)
Gross international reserves (months of import coverage)
Billion US Dollars No. of Months
Year
Social Development sub-Index - Housing
Housing sub-index recorded a gradual regression since 2002. It has a drop of 20 times compare with the index in 2012.
120
118
97
86
-5
-106
-120 -70 -20 30 80 130
2002 (SDI 2004)
2004 (SDI 2006)
2006 (SDI 2008)
2008 (SDI 2010)
2010 (SDI 2012)
2012 (SDI 2014)
Social Development sub-Index - Housing
The number of waiting list applicants for public rental flat keeps increasing. The number
surged to 230 thousands in 2013 from 190 thousands in 2012.
The percentage of expenditure on housing as share of total household expenditure of
2010 and 2012 is 32.8%, which is at decade high.
Raw Data
Housing sub-index 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
No. of waiting list applicants for Housing Authority rental flats
91,578 92,556 106,575 111,264 145,000 189,500
Percentage of expenditure on housing as share of total household expenditure
32.2 32.2 30.6 30.6 32.8 32.8
Source: Housing Authority, 2013
Waiting list of Public Rental Housing No. of people
No. of Year
Source: Housing Authority, 2013
92,556 94,077
106,575 110,842 111,264
125,300
145,000 152,400
189,500
228,400
15,148 24,682
17,153 7,192 13,726
19,050 15,389 13,672 11,186 13,114
2.1 1.8
2.0 1.8
1.9
1.8 2.0 2.0
2.6
2.7
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
No. of waiting list applicants for Housing Authority rental flats
Actual Public Rental Housing Production
Average Waiting Time (Year)
Year
Change of Rent of Private Permanent Housing
Private Permanent Flats HA Public Rental Housing Flats
43 46 46 50
248
287 306
323
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2010 2011 2012 2013
HK
D/m
2
Hong Kong Island
47 49 49 55
197
230 231 253
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2010 2011 2012 2013
HK
D/m
2
Year
Kowloon
38 40 40 54
142 165
174
189
0
50
100
150
200
2010 2011 2012 2013
HK
D/m
2
New Territories
Year
Year Source: Housing Authority, 2013
Change of Private Domestic Rental Indices
Source: Rating and Valuation Department, 2014
75.5 83.3
90.1 100.5
113.2
102.0
120.7
137.1
149.6
163.6
84.9
96.1 103.0
117.9
136.3
108.8
126.5
139.2
141.5
142.7
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
430 sq ft or below Small Unit
1076 sq ft or above Large Unit
Year
Index
Change of Private Domestic Price Indices
Source: Rating and Valuation Department, 2014
72.7 84.9 86.6
98.5
117.6
120.3
152.5
187.3
217.6
260.3
99.4
121.9 124.9
143.7
163.0 159.0
193.8
219.7 234.5
249.8
115.8
116.1 116.3
115.8 115.3
113.5 113.5 117.9 118.9
118.7
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
430 sq ft or below Small Unit
1076 sq ft or above Large Unit
Real Wage Index
Year
Index
Number of Guesthouses in Hong Kong
Year
No.
Source: The Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2014
440
467 486 511 546
591 619 646
718
818
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Enforcement figures on inspection and prosecution against unlicensed guesthouses
Year
No.
Source: Home Affairs Department, 2014
No.
2,430 2,678 3,125
6,791
9,889
39 38
53
128
171
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Inspection on suspected unlicensed guesthouses
Prosecution on unlicensed guesthouses
Newly registered non-elderly one-person applicants
Age 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Below 30 2,800 (34%) 4,200 (36%) 7,000 (44%) 11,000 (56%) 20,300 (64%) 19,600 (62%)
30 or above 5,500 (66%) 7,600 (64%) 9,000 (56%) 8,500 (44%) 11,400 (36%) 12,600 (38%)
Total 8,300 (100%) 11,800 (100%) 16,000 (100%) 19,500 (100%) 31,700 (100%) 32,200 (100%)
Average age 37 37 35 32 30 30
Source: Housing Authority, 2013
Under the Quota and Points System, the number of newly registered non-elderly one-person applicants continues to grow, particularly applicants aged below 30.
The number and percentage of the newly registered non-elderly one-person applicants aged below 30 edged up to 60% from 30% recorded five years ago.
The average age of applicants remains at 30, much lower when comparing to the period between 2008 to 2011.
Change of Newly Registered Applicants of PRH
2,800 4,200
7,000
11,000
20,300
5,500 7,600
9,000
8,500
11,400
17,200
22,700
25,900 25,400
30,300
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Below 30 Non-elderly One-person Applicants
30 or above Non-elderly One-person Applicants
General applicants
No. of People
Year Source: Housing Authority, 2013
Analysis on Housing Development The rent and the price of private housing has been on the rise since 2004. Its rate of
increase of small unit is higher than the large units whereas the Real Wage Index remains consistently steady. The expenditure of renting a flat in private market rests heavily on the people. It is very difficult for the people to buy their own flat as there is a wide gap between their purchasing power and property price.
Meanwhile, the number of private housing of the grassroots is affected by different factors. For example, the number of cheap old private units dropped significantly due to different urban renewal projects (The Urban Renewal Authority had started 61 projects).
Travel industry develops rapidly. Quite a number of tenders modify their units into guesthouses (both legal or illegal) so as to make greater profit , resulting in a contraction of available cheap housing market in urban area.
Analysis on Housing Development
Public Rental Housing is the only way out for grassroots families.
Middle-class people can only resolve their housing need themselves as they are out of the public housing protection.
Other social development related research conducted by different organizations and institutions also address the housing problem in Hong Kong. The government needs to seek for alternatives other than public rental housing and Home Ownership Scheme.
Social Development sub-Index – Family Solidarity
Family Solidarity sub-index edged up but still stays negative.
-950 -850 -750 -650 -550 -450 -350 -250 -150 -50
2002 (SDI 2004)
2004 (SDI 2006)
2006 (SDI 2008)
2008 (SDI 2010)
2010 (SDI 2012)
2012 (SDI 2014)
-158
-215
-535
-906
-311
-221
Social Development sub-Index – Family Solidarity
Raw Data
Social Development sub-Index – Family Solidarity
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Marriages per 100,000 people aged 15+ 562 714 849 789 849 952
Divorces as percentage of marriages 40.6 37.8 34.7 37.6 34.6 35
Reported domestic violence cases per 100,000 households
80.03 105.68 211.87 319.34 143.56 120.3
Family Solidarity sub-Index rises along with the increase in marriage and the drop of domestic violence cases.
Remark: There is a sharp fall of domestic violence case in 2010 and 2012 compare with the data in 2008 due to the revision of definition of domestic violence. Under the same definition, however, it still recorded a decline of case in 2012 compare to that in 2010.
Source: Census and Statistics Department, 2013
Number of Domestic Violence Cases
799 903
1,274
1,811 2,505 2,341
2,373 2,157 1,928
2,002 1,602 1,386 1,354
2,893
5,004 4,937
1,954
1,181 892 872
2,401 2,289
2,628
4,704
7,509 7,278
4,327
3,338 2,820
2,874
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Domestic Violence (Crime)
Domestic Violence (Miscellaneous)
Total
Source: Hong Kong Police Force, 2013 Year
No.
Number of Domestic Incidents
9275
11,254 11,770 12,181
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: Hong Kong Police Force, 2013
Year
No.
*In January 2009, the Police Force created the “Domestic Incidents” category to include all non-violent incidents involving any persons in a marital or intimate partner relationship (irrespective of the gender). These incidents, such as dispute, nuisance, annoyance, distress or argument, etc. do not have elements of crime, common assault or a breach of the peace.
Number of Child Abuse Cases
Source: Social Welfare Department 2013 Year
No.
481
622
763 806
944 882
993 1001
894 877
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Marriage and Divorce in Hong Kong 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Number of marriages registered 47 453 47 331 51 175 52 558 58 369 60 459
Number of people having first marriage
- - - 35 826 39 979 40 841
Median age at first marriage
Male 31.2 31.1 31.0 31.2 31.2 31.1
Female 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.7 28.9 29.0
Number of divorce decrees 18,403 17,771 17,002 18,167 19,597 21,125
The number of marriages registered continuously increased from 2009 to 2012
The number of divorce decrees also continues to increase over the past three years. In 2012, more than 20 thousands divorce decrees were granted, reaching its historic peak.
Source: Census and Statistics Department, 2013
Number of Children (aged 0-17) with Single Parent
88.2
92
97.4 98.4
96.3
99.6 100.7 100.9
94.9
93.3
80
85
90
95
100
105
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: Social Welfare Department 2013 Year
No.
Median Monthly Domestic Household Income of Single-Parent Family and Hong Kong Family
8,000
12,500
11,200 10,000
10,450 9,964
17,500 18,710
17,250
20,500
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1991 1996 2001 2006 2011
Median Monthly Domestic Household Income of Single-Parent Family (HKD)
Median Monthly Domestic Household Income of Hong Kong Family (HKD)
Year
No.
Source: Census and Statistics Department, 2013
Trend of Social Development of Population Groups
Children Youth Low-income Women Elderly
2002 (SDI 2004) -124 -80 -139 230 198
2004 (SDI 2006) -160 -55 -101 287 264
2006 (SDI 2008) -249 -20 -52 338 361
2008 (SDI 2010) -294 22 -2 365 417
2010 (SDI 2012) -327 10 -44 382 524
2012 (SDI 2014) -279 66 -10 456 675
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Analysis of the Trends of Social Groups
Children Status sub-Index slightly increased compare to that in 2010 due to
the drop of percentage of children in low-income households, the percentage
of children living in single parent households, the number of child abuse cases
and the number of children arrested. However the index still stays at negative.
Low-income group Status sub-Index recorded progression compare to 2010,
attributing to the decline of unemployment rate of this group and the rise of
Real Wage Index but the sub-index still stay at negative as a whole.
Youth Status sub-Index rose compare with 2010 due to the decrease of
percentage of youth in low-income households and youth unemployment
rate. Prevalence of drug use among youth also falls.
Analysis of the Trends of Social Groups (cont’)
Women Status sub-Index has been on the rise due to the increase of
married women’s labour force participation rate and the percentage of
women administrators and managers.
Elderly Status sub-Index continues to increase. Major reasons include
the rise of percentage of elderly with lower secondary education
attainment and turnout rate of elderly voting in most recent district
board election, also the decrease in elderly suicide rate. However the
percentage of elderly living in low income household slightly increased.
Social Development sub-Index – Child Status
A growth is recorded in Child Status, but it is still at negative level.
-124
-160
-249
-294
-327
-279
-350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
2002 (SDI 2004)
2004 (SDI 2006)
2006 (SDI 2008)
2008 (SDI 2010)
2010 (SDI 2012)
2012 (SDI 2014)
Social Development sub-Index – Child Status
Raw Data
Social Development sub-Index – Child Status 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Percentage of children aged 0-14 in low-income households 27.2 25.8 25.8 25.3 24.8 24.8
Percentage of children living in single parent households 6.73 7.39 8.23 8.8 9.31 8.92
Under age 5 child mortality (per 1000 lives births) 3.34 3.62 2.74 3.13 2.67 2.3
Children aged 2-6 enrolled in kinder & child care centers (per 100,000 children)
62,904 67,271 57,793 58,701 61,750 62,397
Aged 0-17 child abuse cases (per 100,000 population) 40 50 67 78 92 85
Percentage of children immunized against diphtheria, tetanus and whopping cough
86.39 80.17 95 95 95 95
Aged 10-15 children arrested (per 100,000 population) 991 971 909 890 844 683
The percentage of children living in single parent households and the number of aged 0-17 child abuse cases dipped in 2012 yet they still stayed at high level for the past decade.
Social Development sub-Index – Low-income Group Status
Low-income Group sub-index reflected a sign of improvement, yet still stays negative.
-139
-101
-52
-2
-44
-10
-150 -130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10
2002 (SDI 2004)
2004 (SDI 2006)
2006 (SDI 2008)
2008 (SDI 2010)
2010 (SDI 2012)
2012 (SDI 2014)
Social Development sub-Index – Low-income Group
The implementation of the Statutory Minimum Wage resulted in the rise of Read Wage Index and the fall of No.
of people in low-income domestic households per 100,000 population
However, the percentage of household expenditure on housing and food for the low-income households is still at
decade high. Despite the Statutory Minimum Wage has come into effect, the improvement of living quality of
the low-income group is still limited as most of the expenditure go to basic necessity such as housing and food.
Raw Data
Sub-Index of Low-income Group 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Number of people in low-income domestic households per 100,000 population 19,200 18,600 18,500 18,200 17,900 17,300
Percentage of household expenditure on housing and food for the low-income households 58.9 58.9 60.5 60.5 62 62
Unemployment rate in low-income households 30 29.1 22.1 17.2 20.1 16.4
Real Wage Index of wage workers 118 115.8 116.3 115.3 113.5 118.9
Homeless people per 100,000 population 12 7 5 5 6 8
CPI (A) at commodity/service group level
96.2 100.4
102.2 106.9
119.1 120.6 123.6
108.4
115 120.3
83.5
100.6 104.4 103.8 103.7 107.4 107.3 108.6 113.5
122.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Food Housing All Items
Source: Social Welfare Department 2013 Year
Index
Observations and Recommendations
The economic growth in Hong Kong is significant over the past decade despite the
two recessions in-between.
However, social development did not align with the economic growth. The pace of
social development slowed down.
The sub-index of the domains related to the livelihood of the people, such as Family
Solidarity sub-index, remained negative for a long period, give a strong signal on the
vulnerability of family functions.
The drastic drop of the Housing sub-index illustrates not only the housing problems
faced by the Hong Kong people, but also the potential risk factor for the stable
development of a society.
Overall Observation
Statistics show that the Housing sub-index keeps falling while the extent of drop keep
expending, the main reasons are the rocketing numbers of the applicants of the Public
Rental Housing, and the increasing burden of Hong Kong people on housing expenditure.
It is a fact that the purchasing power of the Hong Kong people cannot catch up with the
soaring property price. Failing to own their home, some Hong Kong people become
pessimistic about their future, and it caused negative effect to the social development.
“Housing” is the prerequisite for stable development of a society, the government should
seriously tackle the housing problems.
The situation will be worsen if government intervention is absent, and the discontent of
the people will increase, which may cast challenges to the ruling of the Government.
Overall Observation
Family Solidarity sub-index, Child sub-index and Low-income group sub-index remain
broadly negative despite their rise.
It is forecast indexes related to low-income group and poverty would record a sign of
improvement along with the implementation of poverty relief measures such as Low-
income Working Family Allowance.
However, the pick up of Family Solidarity sub-index may not sustain in the next
release. Family function may be weakened and child development conditions may
deteriorate along with the increase of single parents families and cross border
families.
Overall Observation
Recommendations
It is important to meet the housing need of the grassroots, particularly the low-income group who are in urgent housing need. We recommend the government:
• To build more public rental housing (especially in urban area) and housing under Home Ownership Scheme. Evaluation on public sector should be conducted, including the role of Urban Renewal Authority in Hong Kong housing provision
• To consider introducing rental adjustment measures, such as setting a longer length of notice for termination so as to protect the bargaining power of the disadvantageous tenants
To enhance familial function and support the underprivileged families
• To provide supporting service for single-parent families, to minimize the adverse impact on the child through fostering “co-parenting” between father and mother. Support has to be enhanced for the single-parent families, such as the provision of foster care service, so that single-parent could return to labour market if they wish.
• To expand the authority and duty of Family Council, provide resource and confer power to it to conduct Family Impact Assessment for government policies.
• To foster family functions and cohesion, e.g. enhancing support for cross-border families and setting up standard working hours, etc.
To narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, help the poor to get employed and increased
• To evaluate the taxation policy in Hong Kong, enhancing its progressivity and redistributive function so that social unrest can be eased
• To implement universal pension, easing elderly poverty problem.
Acknowledgement (in alphabetical order) • Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department
• Census and Statistics Department
• Civil Service Bureau
• Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
• Correctional Services Department
• Customs and Excise Department
• Department of Health
• Education Bureau Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau
• Home Affairs Bureau
• Hong Kong Law Society
• Hong Kong Monetary Authority Hong Kong Police Force
• Hospital Authority
• Housing Authority
• Immigration Department
• Inland Revenue Department
• Judiciary
• Labour Department
• Legal Aid Department
• Leisure and Cultural Services Department
• Office for Film, Newspaper & Article Administration
• Office of the Commissioner of Insurance
• Office of the Communications Authority
• Radio Television Hong Kong
• Registration and Electoral Office
• Security Bureau
• Social Welfare Department
• Thomson Reuters Corporation
• Tourism Commission
• Transportation Department
• Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong
• Water Supplies Department
