SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEWS of LEARNING

Observational LearningLearning by observing the behavior of others and

the consequences of that behavior. Often involves imitation

Modeling Another name for observational learning. Improved learning when several sessions of

observation precede attempts to perform the behavior

and when repeated in the early stages of practicing it.

Model A person who demonstrates a behavior or

whose behavior is imitated Modeling Effect

Learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses.

Teachers showing how to solve math problems on the board then followed step-by-step until accomplished.

Observational Learning

Elicitation Effect Exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by

a model in an unfamiliar situation Watching someone use appropriate

silverware at an elaborate state dinner so you too act correctly.

Observational Learning

Disinhibitory Effect Displaying a previously suppressed

behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment.

Not belching in public Copying drinking or drug use

seen in movies or TV shows.

Observational Learning

Inhibitory Effect Suppressing a behavior because a model

is punished for displaying the behavior. Slowing down when seeing others receive

speeding ticket A mother’s fear of snakes can be passed on

to toddlers

Bandura and Observed Violence

Demonstrated how children are influenced by aggressive models.

“Bobo Doll” and later studies confirmed exposure to humans on film portraying aggression was the most influential in eliciting and shaping aggressive behavior.

Violent video games increase aggressive behavior Violence in music, music videos, advertising, and on the

Internet also influence behavior Observing consequences for aggressive acts help

preschoolers learn violence is morally unacceptable

Bandura School age children judge rightness or

wrongness of violence based on provocation Retaliation believed morally acceptable even if

punished by authority figures

Individuals who watch the most violence as children were more likely to engage in acts of violence as adults.

Children will also imitate prosocial or helping behavior

Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood and Sesame Street

Social Processes in Learning

Different meanings for different students

Learning is a social process Observation, dialogue, culture affect

learning

© Allyn & Bacon 2007

Elements of Reciprocal Determinism

Environment:-consequences-physical setting

-resources

Environment:-consequences-physical setting

-resources

Personal Factors: Beliefs,expectations,attitudes

Personal Factors: Beliefs,expectations,attitudes

Behavior: -verbal statements

-choices-actions

Behavior: -verbal statements

-choices-actions

Bandura

Social Learning Theory - 1960sObservationModelingVicarious Reinforcement

Social Cognitive Theory - CurrentExpectationsBeliefs

Predictors of Success

Self-Efficacy – Future – Specific Expertise

↑

Self-Concept – Present – General Thought

↑

Self-Esteem – Immediate – Feeling

Factors That Influence Observational Learning

Developmental level of learner Status and prestige of the model Similarity of models Vicarious consequences Outcome expectations Value of the goal Self-efficacy

© Allyn & Bacon 2007

Self-Regulated Learning

Set Goals & Devise Plans

Apply Strategies &

Regulate Learning

Analyze the Task

Self-Regulating Students

Know themselves: Know their learning styles, strengths, interests, & distractions

Know and apply successful strategies:

Skimming – mnemonic devices Recognize & Differentiate contexts:

Connect present goals to future contexts Manage their own volition: Protect

opportunities to reach their own goals

Teacher Strategies to Increase Self-Regulation

Have students set short term goals Teach strategies – outlining/note-

taking Reward achievement not simply

engagement Share the locus of control – offer

choice

Teacher Strategies to Increase Self-Regulation

Teach problem-solving transfer

Employ complex or thematic learning units

Formal and informal self-evaluation

Collaborative work structures

Diversity Social cognitive theory rests on the

power of diversity Reciprocal interactions between

personal environmental & behavioral factors reflect diversity

Social context, culture, personal history, ethnicity, language, & racial identity shape knowledge, beliefs & environmental features for each student differently