Social Capital and Cultural Social Capital and Cultural Participation in the UKParticipation in the UK

Evidence From National and International Survey Data

Liam Delaney

Economic and Social Research Institute

IntroductionIntroductionSocial Capital is an increasingly important

concept in national policy making.Also an increasing emphasis on quantifying

the role and value of the cultural sector.This report examines survey data.Making causal inferences is difficult.However a number of useful inferences will

be derived.Daly (2004) - an excellent recent literature

review of the topic under discussion.

Cultural Sector (DCMS)Cultural Sector (DCMS) Audio-Visual (including film, TV, radio, new

media and music). Books and Press. Heritage (including museums, libraries, archives

and historic environment). Sport. Performance (including theatre and dance). Tourism (includes gambling and betting activities). Visual Arts (including galleries, architecture,

design and crafts).

Civil Renewal/Social CapitalCivil Renewal/Social Capital

A number of diverse theoretical positions.This presentation considers the broadest and

utilises measures across different theoretical streams.

Social trust, trust in institutions, subjective well-being, civic membership, informal group activity, political activity.

Existing Literature on the Role Existing Literature on the Role of the Cultural Sectorof the Cultural Sector

Huge literature on the economic significance of the cultural, heritage and sporting sectors.

Large and growing literature on the subjective valuation of culture and heritage.

Social as well as an economic role.See Daly (2004) for a comprehensive

review of social capital studies.

Data UtilisedData Utilised

European Social Survey 2002.British Social Attitudes Survey 1984-2002.Time Usage Survey 2000.Home Office Citizenship Survey 2001.MORI/ONS Omnibus Survey 2001.

Empirical QuestionsEmpirical Questions

Does Britain have a “social capital deficit” when compared to other EU countries?

What are the patterns of social capital and civil engagement within Britain?

What are the patterns of cultural participation within Britain?

To what extent are these patterns linked?

Civil Mindedness (ESS 2002)Civil Mindedness (ESS 2002)Importance of Civil Attributes

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Be active in politics

Be active in voluntaryorganisations

Form independentopinion

Obey laws/regulations

Vote in elections

Support People WorseOff

Social Trust (ESS 2002)Social Trust (ESS 2002)Trust in Institutions Among EU Citizens

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Denm

ark

Fin

land

Norw

ay

Sw

eden

Sw

itzerland

Luxem

bourg

Italy

Neth

erlands

Gre

ece

Tota

l

Irela

nd

Hungary

Austr

ia

Germ

any

Belg

ium

Isra

el

United K

ingdom

Spain

Port

ugal

Slo

venia

Czech R

epublic

Pola

nd

UN

EU Parliament

Politicians

Police

Law

Parliament

Individual Trust (ESS 2002)Individual Trust (ESS 2002)Individual Trust (ESS 2002)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Poland

Hungary

Greece

Czech Republic

Portugal

Slovenia

Italy

Israel

Germany

Spain

Total

United Kingdom

Belgium

Austria

Luxembourg

Ireland

Netherlands

Sw itzerland

Sw eden

Finland

Norw ay

Denmark

People can be trusted

People try to be fair

People Helpful

Satisfied with Life

Satisfied withdemocracy

Happy

Socialise

Health

Safety

Connectedness (ESS 2002)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Netherlands

Denmark

Italy

Belgium

Germany

United Kingdom

Norw ay

Total

Finland

Austria

Sw eden

Israel

Portugal

Poland

Hungary

Luxembourg

Slovenia

Spain

Greece

Ireland

Sport

Cultural

Trade Union

Professional

Consumer

Humanitarian

Environmental

Religious

Political Party

Education

Social Club

Other

Patterns of Audiovisual Usage (ESS 2002)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Internet

Paper News

Paper

Radio News

Radio

TV News

TV

Levels of Internet Usage (BSAS 2002)Levels of Internet Usage (BSAS 2002) Yes No

E-mail 33.62 12.08 Travel+weather information 19.30 26.40 Shopping 18.63 27.07 Training+education 13.54 32.17 News+current affairs 12.75 32.95 Keeping in touch 5.94 39.77 Chat rooms 2.50 43.20 Other uses 1.69 44.02 Bank+bill paying 0.76 44.95 Sports information 0.44 45.27 Downloading music 0.38 45.33 Job search 0.38 45.33 Games 0.35 45.36 None of these 0.29 45.41

Frequency of Cultural Participation (1)Frequency of Cultural Participation (1) N Mean Std. Deviation

EAT OR DRINK OUT AT A CAFE 8394.0 5.2 5.6 ANY OTHER OUTDOOR TRIPS 4237.0 3.7 4.8 A SHOPPING CENTRE OR MALL 6413.0 3.5 3.6 A LIBRARY 3440.0 3.4 4.2 SOME OTHER PLACE OF ENTERTAINMENT 2340.0 3.4 3.8 A SPORTS EVENT AS A SPECTATOR 1668.0 2.3 2.3 ANY OTHER GIG 922.0 1.9 2.4 A HISTORIC HOUSE, CASTLE 1424.0 1.7 2.9 A CAR-BOOT SALE, ANTIQUES FAIR 1407.0 1.7 1.8 THE CINEMA 2017.0 1.5 1.4 THE BALLET OR TO MODERN DANCE 125.0 1.5 1.9 A MUSEUM OR AN ART GALLERY 1283.0 1.5 1.4 A THEME PARK, FAIRGROUND 1089.0 1.5 1.6 A ZOO, WILDLIFE RESERVE 751.0 1.4 1.7 THE OPERA 71.0 1.3 1.1 THE MILLENNIUM DOME 94.0 1.2 1.5 A PLAY, MUSICAL OR PANTOMIME 1001.0 1.2 1.3 A CONCERT OR PERFORMANCE 370.0 1.2 1.1 ANY OTHER SPECIAL MILLENNIUM EVENT 186.0 1.1 0.9

Frequency of Cultural Participation (2)Frequency of Cultural Participation (2) 1+ 0.0 Once Twice

3-5 times

6-10 times

11-20 times

> 20 times

% % % % % % % Film 51.9 48.1 7.5 9.7 16.4 10.9 5.4 2.0 Library 44.3 55.7 2.3 4.9 7.9 7.8 10.9 10.4 Museum 34.7 65.3 8.6 9.4 9.8 4.5 1.8 0.7 Play 26.5 73.5 9.8 7.2 6.7 2.1 0.6 0.1 Musical 23.7 76.3 11.5 6.3 4.8 0.9 0.2 0.0 Carnival 22.2 77.8 16.0 4.4 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 Art exhibition 18.8 81.2 6.8 4.5 4.5 1.9 0.8 0.3 Craft exhibition 17.4 82.6 6.6 5.2 4.2 1.0 0.3 0.1 Rock/pop concert 17.2 82.8 8.8 4.1 2.9 0.9 0.3 0.2 Classical concert 10.5 89.5 4.6 2.8 1.9 0.8 0.3 0.1 Cultural festival 9.8 90.2 6.3 2.0 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 Other concert 8.8 91.2 4.4 1.9 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 Book event 8.1 91.9 3.5 2.2 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 Other dance 7.0 93.0 3.2 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.5 Video event 6.0 94.0 3.4 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0 Opera 6.0 94.0 3.6 1.3 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 Jazz concert 5.5 94.5 2.7 1.1 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 Contemporary dance 2.6 97.4 1.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 Folk/C&W concert 2.5 97.5 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ballet 1.7 98.3 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 - - African dance 0.4 99.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - South Asian dance 0.3 99.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 -

National Correlations between Cultural National Correlations between Cultural Participation and Social Capital (1)Participation and Social Capital (1)

tv tvnew rad radnew newspap newpapnew People fair -0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.7** 0.5** 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 People help -0.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8** 0.4** 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 Trust parl -0.3 0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.4** 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.1 Trust legal -0.2 0.3 -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5** 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.0 Trust police -0.2 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.5** 0.5** 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 Trust politic -0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5** 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.2 Sat life -0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.6** 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.1 Sat democ -0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5** 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.0 Social friends -0.3 0.6** -0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6** 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.0 Unsafe 0.6** -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.1 Unhealthy 0.1 -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.5** -0.6** 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 Education 0.2 0.5** 0.6** 0.6** 0.6** 0.4** 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

National Correlations between Cultural National Correlations between Cultural Participation and Social Capital (2)Participation and Social Capital (2)

internet sportmem sportpar culmem culpar soccmem soccpar People fair 0.9** 0.8** 0.8** 0.8** 0.7** 0.7** 0.6** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 People help 0.9** 0.9** 0.8** 0.8** 0.7** 0.8** 0.6** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Trust parl 0.8** 0.5** 0.3 0.5** 0.6** 0.6** 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Trust legal 0.6** 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 Trust police 0.7** 0.5** 0.4 0.6** 0.4 0.5** 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 Trust politic 0.8** 0.7** 0.6** 0.6** 0.6** 0.7** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Sat life 0.9** 0.7** 0.6** 0.8** 0.6** 0.7** 0.5** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sat democ 0.7** 0.5** 0.3 0.6** 0.5** 0.6** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Social friends 0.7** 0.5** 0.5** 0.4 0.5** 0.4 0.5** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 Unsafe -0.7** -0.5** -0.2 -0.5** -0.5** -0.4 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Unhealthy -0.6** -0.5** -0.5** -0.7** -0.5** -0.6** -0.6** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Education 0.6** 0.7** 0.7** 0.8** 0.6** 0.7** 0.7** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Correlations between social trust and Correlations between social trust and cultural participation (UK) (1)cultural participation (UK) (1)

tv tvnew rad radnew newspap newpapnew Trusted 0.0 0.0 0.0** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1**

0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

People Fair 0.0** 0.0 0.0 0.1** 0.1** 0.1**

0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

People helpful 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.9 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1

Trust in parliament -0.1** 0.0 0.0 0.1** 0.0 0.1**

0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.0

Trust in the legal system 0.0** 0.0 0.0 0.1** 0.0 0.1**

0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.0

Trust in the police 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1**

0.9 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.0

Trust in politicians 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1** 0.0 0.1**

0.1 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.0

Satisfied with life 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.4 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.1

How often meet with friends 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1** 0.1** 0.0

0.8 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2

Unsafe 0.1** 0.0 -0.1** -0.1** 0.0 -0.1**

0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

Unhealthy 0.1** 0.1** -0.1** 0.0 0.0 0.0

Correlations between social trust and Correlations between social trust and cultural participation (UK) (2)cultural participation (UK) (2)

internet sportmem sportpar culmem culpar soccmem soccpar Trusted 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.0 0.1**

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

People Fair 0.0 0.0** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.0

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

People helpful 0.0** 0.0 0.0 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1**

0.0 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Trust in parliament 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.0 0.1**

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Trust in the legal system 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8

Trust in the police 0.1** 0.0** 0.1** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.7

Trust in politicians 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1

Satisfied with life 0.0 0.1** 0.1** 0.0 0.1** 0.1** 0.0

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3

How often meet with friends 0.0 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1** 0.1*

0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Unsafe -0.2** -0.2** -0.1** -0.1** -0.1** 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9

Unhealthy -0.2** -0.2** -0.2** -0.1** -0.1** 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2

Individual Determinants of Social Individual Determinants of Social CapitalCapital

Civic Trust Personal Trust Well Being

B t sig B t sig B t sig

(Constant) 15.9 7.3 0.0 9.4 6.4 0.0 17.8 15.3 0.0

Age -0.2 -3.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 -0.1 -1.6 0.1

Age squared 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.2 0.0 2.3 0.0

Years of full-time education completed 0.1 1.6 0.1 0.1 3.4 0.0 0.0 -0.9 0.3

Gender -0.6 -1.6 0.1 -0.2 -0.9 0.4 -0.4 -1.8 0.1

Cultural/hobby activity organisation 0.7 1.6 0.1 0.9 2.9 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.4

Sports/outdoor activity club 1.0 2.3 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.7 3.2 0.0

Member of a group discriminated against -3.3 -6.0 0.0 -1.4 -3.9 0.0 -1.5 -5.1 0.0

Household's total net income, all sources 0.2 2.7 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.4 8.5 0.0

Mother's highest level of education 0.3 1.4 0.2 0.5 3.2 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.3

Father's highest level of education 0.3 1.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.5 0.6 -0.1 -0.7 0.5

R-Squared 0.054 0.068 0.085

Individual Determinants of Cultural Individual Determinants of Cultural Participation (1)Participation (1)

Film Library Museum Art

(Constant) 9.24 20.77 -1.77 -1.74 2.54 8.23 1.27 5.73 Number of dependent children in the household -0.76 -9.24 0.84 4.45 -0.15 -2.54 -0.18 -4.29

Sex of respondent -0.02 -0.15 2.40 7.10 -0.11 -1.06 0.01 0.13

Age of Respondent -0.11 -24.31 0.08 7.36 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.26 Age left FULL TIME education 0.05 10.24 0.07 6.03 0.02 4.65 0.01 3.95

White British -0.38 -1.53 0.23 0.41 -0.60 -3.53 -0.33 -2.70

North -1.16 -4.48 -1.68 -2.85 -0.79 -4.42 -0.51 -3.96

Midlands -1.10 -4.29 -1.14 -1.95 -0.97 -5.46 -0.59 -4.66

South west -0.89 -2.86 -1.12 -1.56 -0.80 -3.69 -0.45 -2.92

South east -0.49 -1.74 -0.84 -1.29 -0.69 -3.51 -0.36 -2.52

Individual Determinants of Cultural Individual Determinants of Cultural Participation (2)Participation (2)

Craft Video Book Event Carnival

(Constant) 0.17 1.21 0.85 8.20 0.16 1.16 0.57 8.55 Number of dependent children in the household -0.05 -1.96 -0.03 -1.79 -0.01 -0.30 0.04 3.59

Sex of respondent 0.11 2.46 -0.12 -3.42 0.03 0.67 0.00 -0.20

Age of Respondent 0.00 2.20 -0.01 -5.58 0.00 0.88 0.00 -7.02 Age left FULL TIME education 0.00 1.01 0.00 0.59 0.00 2.85 0.00 -1.07

White British -0.17 -2.17 -0.13 -2.25 -0.17 -2.24 -0.04 -1.12

North 0.15 1.85 -0.10 -1.59 0.04 0.48 -0.01 -0.21

Midlands 0.08 1.02 -0.13 -2.20 0.11 1.44 -0.02 -0.46

South west 0.24 2.47 -0.15 -2.13 0.03 0.34 0.20 4.20

South east 0.08 0.87 -0.07 -1.02 0.01 0.15 0.10 2.40

Individual Determinants of Cultural Individual Determinants of Cultural Participation (3)Participation (3)

Cultural Festival Musical Play Opera

(Constant) 0.50 6.74 0.27 2.31 0.05 0.33 0.02 0.30 Number of dependent children in the household 0.01 0.98 -0.04 -1.81 -0.12 -4.07 -0.03 -2.51

Sex of respondent 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.23 0.29 5.60 0.04 1.77

Age of Respondent 0.00 0.04 0.00 1.94 0.00 1.83 0.00 3.70 Age left FULL TIME education 0.00 5.59 0.01 5.08 0.01 6.76 0.00 2.52

White British -0.45 -11.02 -0.01 -0.21 0.05 0.61 -0.04 -1.14

North -0.02 -0.45 -0.04 -0.62 -0.29 -3.17 -0.08 -2.22

Midlands -0.05 -1.20 0.03 0.38 -0.09 -0.99 -0.09 -2.60

South west -0.02 -0.33 -0.01 -0.16 -0.09 -0.83 -0.05 -1.24

South east -0.01 -0.14 0.15 2.06 0.00 -0.02 0.03 0.85

Individual Determinants of Cultural Individual Determinants of Cultural Participation (4)Participation (4)

Classical Jazz Rock Folk Ballet

(Constant) -0.06 -0.49 0.50 3.13 1.89 10.61 0.14 1.24 0.01 0.67 Number of Children -0.07 -2.85 -0.07 -2.23 -0.17 -5.10 0.01 0.61 0.00 -1.03

Sex of respondent 0.02 0.54 -0.12 -2.36 -0.26 -4.45 -0.07 -1.75 0.02 3.58

Age of Respondent 0.01 5.26 0.00 0.23 -0.02 -11.89 0.00 1.11 0.00 -0.44 Age left FULL TIME education? 0.01 3.80 0.00 0.89 0.00 -0.38 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.87

White British 0.01 0.10 -0.17 -1.98 0.19 1.94 -0.06 -0.89 -0.01 -0.86

north -0.19 -2.51 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 -0.13 0.04 0.58 -0.02 -1.63

midlands -0.07 -0.92 0.01 0.09 -0.03 -0.31 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -1.14

south west 0.00 0.04 0.28 2.53 0.01 0.08 0.09 1.09 -0.03 -1.86

south east -0.01 -0.08 0.05 0.51 0.18 1.60 -0.04 -0.50 0.00 -0.11

ConclusionsConclusions # 1: Levels of social capital in Britain are around average for the EU across

most of the individual measures. However, there is a significant lag when compared to the Scandinavian countries.

# 2: British adults demonstrate higher levels of television viewing, newspaper reading and radio listening than the EU average. This does not translate in to more time spent watching, reading or listening to current affairs, politics and news shows.

# 3: Some evidence for strong cross-country correlations between associational membership and cultural activity and other measures of social capital. This should not necessarily be interpreted in a causal fashion.

#4: Strong evidence that individual measures of social capital are strongly related to socio-demographic characteristics in Britain.

#5: Strong evidence that individual cultural participation is strongly related to socio-demographic characteristics in Britain.  

#6: Some evidence that individual measures of social capital and well being are linked to cultural and sporting associational membership, even when controlling for demographic factors such as age and education.

Future ResearchFuture ResearchDevelop more refined statistical models of

existing measures. Develop refined, agreed upon, and publicised

scales.Track existing measures through time.Do we need domain specific measures of well-

being to tap in to the social benefits of cultural participation?

Disentangling the macro correlation?A role for direct evaluation measures?