Social backgroundDistinguished philosophers and religious

teachers with diverse views on life & goalsExtremes:

- Annihilism after death –end of all –eat, drink & be merry – religion is foolish aberration, mental disease –distrust for good, purity & compassion

- Strict ascetism -emancipation –purely religious –five monks –austerity of self mortification

Middle Path –desert futile austerity –

Departure from austerityChanged unsuccessful hard course –deserted

5 disciples –lost confidence in Buddha, criticised Him returning to life of comfort

Buddha happy alone – persisted in enlightenment –object in life

2 months after enlightenment on Asalha (July) full moon day Buddha delivered First Discourse -5 monks –Deer park in Isipatana near Benares

DhammacakkapavattanaDefinition Dhamma=wisdom or knowledge; truthCakka=founding or establishment; wheel

Dhammacakka= founding/establishment of wisdom

Dhammacakkapavattana=Exposition of the Establishment of Wisdom=Turning /Establishment of the Wheel of Truth

Middle Path

Avoid extremes of self indulgence & self-mortification

-> no perfect peace -retards spiritual progress-> & enlightenment- weakens one’s intellectRealised that both futile Enunciated most practicable, rational and

beneficial path -> perfect purity & absolute deliverance

Five monks

Closely associated with Buddha for 6 yearsOnly humans present at sermonBooks state many devas and brahmins also

presentSermon meant for the monks

Outset of sermon

Avoid extremes“The 2 extremes (anta) which should not be

resorted to by a recluse (pabbajitena)Anta=end/extremePabbajita=one who has renounced the world

Two extremes**Attachment to sensual pleasures

Base, vulgar, worldly, ignoble, profitlessshort-lived delusion Never completely satisfyingResult in unpleasant reactionsWorldly happiness=acquisition of wealth &

enjoyment of possessions -> pleasures for layman –delight in fleeting pleasures

**Renunciation is pleasure

Middle PathMajjhima Patipada

Produces spiritual insight and intellectual wisdom to see things as they truly are –see things in its true perspective

Leads to subjugation of passions ->peaceLeads to attainment of the four

supramundane paths of sainthood, to the understanding of the Four Noble Truths, and finally the realisation of the ultimate goal (Nibbana)

Middle Path=Noble Eightfold Path1.Right understanding2.Right thoughts3.Right speech4.Right action5.Right livelihood6.Right effort7.Right mindfulness8.Right concentration

1. Right Understanding Is the cognitive aspect of wisdomClear doubts to guide them on the right wayDeals with knowledge of oneself as one really isLeads to right thoughtsGrasp the impermanent and imperfect nature of

worldly objects and ideas, and to understand the law of karma and karmic conditioning.

Is not necessarily an intellectual capacity, begins with the intuitive insight that all beings

are subject to suffering and it ends with complete understanding of the true nature of all things.

2. Right Thoughts (a)

Non-attachment or renunciationLoving kindness and harmlessness vs selfishness,

ill-will and cruelty – resulting in right speech - good will, meaning resistance to feelings of anger and aversion –not thinking or acting cruelly, violently, or aggressively, and to develop compassion

Refers the kind of mental energy that controls our actions.

described best as commitment to ethical and mental self-improvement.

2. Right Thoughts (b)Three types of right intentions: 1. the intention of renunciation -

resistance to the pull of desire, 2. the intention of good will, meaning

resistance to feelings of anger and aversion

3. the intention of harmlessness, meaning not to think or act cruelly, violently, or aggressively, and to develop compassion.

3. Right Speechfirst principle of ethical conduct -viewed as a guideline

to moral discipline - essential, for mental purificationWords can break or save lives, make enemies or

friends, start war or create peace. Right speech: 1. to abstain from false speech, especially not to tell

deliberate lies and not to speak deceitfully, 2. to abstain from slanderous speech and not to use

words maliciously against others, 3. to abstain from harsh words that offend or hurt

others, 4. to abstain from idle chatter that lacks purpose or

depth. Positively phrased, this means to tell the truth, to speak friendly, warm, and gently and to talk only when necessary.

4. Right Action Second ethical principle -involves the body as natural

means of expression -deeds that involve bodily actions. Unwholesome actions lead to unsound states of mind,

while wholesome actions lead to sound states of mind. Explained in terms of abstinence: 1. to abstain from harming sentient beings -abstain

from taking life (including suicide) and doing harm intentionally or delinquently,

2. to abstain from taking what is not given -includes stealing, robbery, fraud, deceitfulness, and dishonesty,

3. Abstain from sexual misconduct -act kindly and compassionately, be honest, respect the belongings of others, keep sexual relationships harmless to others – 5 Precepts

5. Right LivelihoodEarn one's living in a righteous way and that

wealth should be gained legally and peacefullyfour specific activities that harm other beings to

avoid: 1. dealing in weapons, 2. dealing in living beings (including raising

animals for slaughter as well as slave trade and prostitution)

3. working in meat production and butchery4. selling intoxicants and poisons, such as alcohol

and drugs. -other occupation violating the principles of right speech and right action should be avoided.

6. Right effortPrerequisite for the other principles of the path –in

itself an act of will, nothing can be achieved, whereas misguided effort distracts the mind from its task, and confusion will be the consequence.

Mental energy is the force behind right effort-can occur in wholesome or unwholesome states - fuels desire, envy, aggression, and violence can on the other side fuel self-discipline, honesty, benevolence, and kindness

Four types of endeavours in ascending order of perfection:

1. prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome states,

2. abandon unwholesome states already arisen, 3. arouse wholesome states that have not yet

arisen, 4. to maintain and perfect wholesome states

already arisen.

7. Right mindfulness (a)Is the controlled and perfected faculty of

cognition -is the mental ability to see things as they are, with clear consciousness

Begins with an impression induced by perception, or by a thought, but does not stay with the mere impression

Conceptualise sense impressions and thoughts immediately -interpret them and set them in relation to other thoughts and experiences -go beyond the facticity of the original impression

7. Right mindfulness (b)mind then posits concepts, joins concepts into constructs,

and weaves those constructs into complex interpretative schemes -happens only half consciously, obscured views

is anchored in clear perception and it penetrates impressions without getting carried away

Enables us to be aware of the process of conceptualisation to actively observe and control the way our thoughts go.

four foundations of mindfulness: 1. contemplation of the body2. contemplation of feeling (repulsive, attractive, or

neutral)3. contemplation of the state of mind, and 4. contemplation

of the phenomena.

8. Right concentrationOne-pointedness of the mind - the development of a

mental force that occurs in natural consciousness, at a relatively low level of intensity - a state where all mental faculties are unified and directed onto one particular object –no distortion

Combination of right effort and right mindfulness to produce Right Concentration

means wholesome concentration, i.e. concentration on wholesome thoughts and actions –through meditation -mind focuses on a selected object -first directs itself onto it, then sustains concentration, and finally intensifies concentration step by step. Through this practice it becomes natural to apply elevated levels concentration also in everyday situations.