Slide 1

FULUGAN, Ceazar Justine L.MENDOZA, Michelle B.REDUBLO, Anne Paulinne P.SIM, Tristan James G.Cold-process Saponification of Glutathione Medicinal Soap with Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) and Apple (Malus pumila) ExtractsINTRODUCTIONMedicinal Glutathionesoap Lightens the skin color Minimizes discolorations and scars Heals skin diseasesOBJECTIVE (GENERAL)To produce a soap with whitening and medicinal properties through cold-process saponificationOBJECTIVES (SPECIFIC)To compare the experimental product to a commercial productTo convert small-scale equipments to large-scaleTo explain the manufacturing process of the productSIGNIFICANCEMedical sectorMarket sectorSports industryFashion and modeling industryRAW MATERIALSREAGENTSROLE IN SAPONIFICATIONTitanium dioxide (TiO2)Aesthetic ingredient that makes soap appears more white or opaqueSodium silicate (Na2O3Si)Source of buffered alkalinity and they provide soil suspensionCastor oilOne of the main ingredients used in soap for lather and cleansing purposesCocodiethanolamide (CDEA)For the formation of bubblesKamias and apple extractMedicinal propertiesRAW MATERIALSREAGENTSROLE IN SAPONIFICATIONLye solution (NaOH solution)Source of heat in cold-processCoconut oilHardening of soap; blends with castor oilGlutathioneWhitening effectFragranceFragrant scentWaterDissolves the various ingredients, causing them to mix better

RAW MATERIALSTitanium dioxideAdds opacity to the soapLightens color of soap

RAW MATERIALSGlutathione powderObtains skin whitening properties

RAW MATERIALSFragranceGives off a pleasant odor

RAW MATERIALSKamias extractHeals skin diseases (e.g. pruritus)

RAW MATERIALSApple extractMaintains skin health (e.g. UV protection)

RAW MATERIALSSodium silicateAbility to remove oils Increases lather

RAW MATERIALSCocodiethanolamide (CDEA)Foaming agent

RAW MATERIALSSodium hydroxideResults to saponification process

RAW MATERIALSOils + NaOH

RAW MATERIALSCastor oilActs as a humectant and an emollientHardens soap

EFFECTS OF CASTOR OIL ON SOAPBubbly latherYesCreamy/Stable latherYesCleansingMildConditioningYesHardnessNoRAW MATERIALSCoconut oilSolidifies the soap

SOAP COMPONENTS

PROCESSINGPreparation of Raw MaterialsMeasurements of raw materials

PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALSRaw MaterialMeasurementTitanium dioxide200 mgCaustic soda15 gKamias extract5 mLApple extract5 mLGlutathione powder500 mgSodium silicate5 mLCDEA5 mLFragrance 1 mLCastor oil10 mLCoconut oil40 mLWater40 mLPROCESSINGDissolutionDissolving of solid particles in water

PROCESSINGExtractionGetting the juice extracts of the fruit

PROCESSINGMixingMixing the rest of the ingredients for molding

PROCESSINGMoldingLeaving the soap mixture in a container for 5-7 hours

PROCESSINGCuringLeaving the soap until its fully hardened

PROCESSINGPackagingCovering the finished product presentably

SMALL TO LARGE-SCALE PROCESSINGUnit OperationSmall-scale ApparatusIndustrial Manufacturing ProcessLarge-scale ApparatusProduct formedDissolutionBeaker; Stirring rodMeteringorDosingCoarse MixerSolution required for the mixing processExtractionBlender; Filtering cloth; ContainerExtractionJuice ExtractorKamias and apple extractsMixingBeaker; StirrerShearingCoarse MixerViscous mixtureMoldingWax paper; MolderRefining, Cutting and StampingMolding Machine; Soap Cutting MachineHardened soap for curingCuringResting placeCuringStorage TanksFinal soapPackagingWax paperPackagingPacking MachinePackaged soap for consumer usePROCESS FLOW

DissolutionExtractionMixingMoldingCuringPackagingDATA AND RESULTSAppearance:Solid state (Triangle-shaped)Color:Flesh (Base RGB: #EBC57F)Formation of suds:YesHazardous decomposition:None knownSolubility:Miscible in waterRaw materials infused:Kamias; appleLathering power:Tap water : Less lather:Distilled water : More latherCleansing power:5 drops of Canola cooking oil placed on hand were completely removed LATHER FORMATIONTrialExperimental GlutathioneGluta-C Whitening SoapTrial 13.74.5Trial 23.44.8Trial 34.14.3Average3.734.53Container: Test tubeVolume of water: 2 mLSize of soap tested: 1 x 0.5 x 0.8Number of shakes: 10 timesLATHER FORMATION

Experimental ProductGluta-CLATHER FORMATION

Experimental ProductLATHER FORMATIONPercentage Difference

| 4.53 3.73 | x 100 % 4.5317.66%PRODUCT TESTINGExperimental ProductGluta-C Whitening SoapRough on outside, but smooth on skin contactTextureSmooth and gentleNot prickly on skinAlkalinityNot prickly on skinNo presence of rashes, red marks, itchinessMild drying of skinSkin reactionNo presence of rashes, red marks, itchinessNo drying of skinFragrantScentFragrantFresh to the skin for the whole day; whitening and lightening effects on skin are not yet provenProlonging effectProven whitening and lightening effects to the skinPRODUCT TESTINGExperimental ProductGluta-C Whitening SoapKamias/Bilimbi fruit propertiesCures skin diseases such as itching (pruritus), mumps, acne, rheumatismApple propertiesVitamin C Helps make collagen (Protein on skin)Copper Melanin production (Protects from UV)Vitamin A Mature and functional skin tissueOther effectsPresence of Vitamin CSun blocking effectMoisturizes skinRemoves dark spots CONCLUSIONThe experimental product is relatively close to commercial product (Gluta-C)Variety of oils affect the hardening of soapWhitening and healing properties of soap are yet to be proven

RECOMMENDATIONSDo not use too much caustic sodaMix the solution in one direction onlyAdd Phenoxy ethanol Divide the coconut oil and other oil evenly

Dry Mixing of Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Extracts for the production of Detergent PowderINTRODUCTIONThe earliest detergent substance was undoubtedly waterDetergent is a cleaning agent that increases the ability of water to penetrate fabric and break down greases and dirt

INTRODUCTIONDetergents act like soap but are made of chemicals obtained from petroleum products.

Detergent molecule with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Attraction of hydrophobic hydrocarbons and a grease particleINTRODUCTIONCleanliness is essential to civilized society for good health, comfort, and for esthetic reasons.The concept of maximum safety for the consumer is the researchers top priority.

OBJECTIVE (GENERAL)To produce an efficient detergent powder with the use of calamansi and tomato extracts through dry mixing. OBJECTIVE (SPECIFIC)To compare the effectiveness in removing stains of the product and commercially detergent powder To determine if the product match up to the standard detergent through bubble formationOBJECTIVE (SPECIFIC)To determine the counterpart large-scale manufacturing process of the unit process done in the laboratory;To distinguish the corresponding equipment used in the industry with the apparatus used in the laboratory.SIGNIFICANCEHealth SectorMarketing SectorChemical Engineering Research SectorRAW MATERIALSSodium Carbonate (Washing soda)Builder water softener;Raise the pH of the detergent powderLinear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS)Surfactant Grease remover and decrease waters surface tensionSodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)Surfactant has emulsifying and foaming propertiesWhite VinergarAnti-bacterialSodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP)Builder has high alkalinity and assist in removal of soil RAW MATERIALSIndustrial SaltFiller - maintain the physical properties of detergent powder

Calamansi extractHas antimicrobial properties, deodorizes bad odor

Tomato extractSkin moisturizerSpecklesColorant. Creates a more aesthetically pleasing productPerfumeFragrance

Surfactant molecules lowering water surface tensionBuilder binding to Calcium and Magnesium ions in water

Extraction of Tomato and CalamansiWeighing raw materialsMixing raw materialsSifting the mixtureDrying the mixtureGrinding lump particlesPackagingAddition of raw materials

PROCESS FLOWUnit OperationApparatusEquivalent Manufacturing ProcessEquivalent EquipmentMeasuring of Raw MaterialsAnalytical balance, pipetMeteringLarge Scale Measuring EquipmentMixingBasin, stirring rod, plastic spoonMixingSlurry Preparation Tank SiftingSifterFilteringCoarse FilterGrindingSifter, HandMillingRoller MachineDryingDryingSpray DryerPackagingPlastic jarPackagingPackaging MachineDATA AND RESULTSAppearance:Solid (Powdered form)Color:White (with blue speckles)Formation of suds:YesHazardous decomposition:None knownSolubility:Miscible in waterScent:CalamansiRaw materials infused:Calamansi; tomatoPRODUCT TESTING (CLEANSING POWER)Experimental ProductSurf Detergent PowderSlightly removedTilapias Fresh BloodMostly removedCompletely removedCooking OilCompletely removedMostly removedHighlighters InkSlightly removedCompletely removedIced TeaCompletely removeda. Protein-based stain: Tilapias fresh blood(2 drops)

AFTER WASHINGBEFORE WASHING*Experimental Product at the Left side, Commercial Product at the rightb. Oil-based stain: Canola cooking oil(2 drops)AFTER WASHINGBEFORE WASHING*Experimental Product at the Left side, Commercial Product at the right

c. Tannin-based stain: Yellow highlighter(3 cm)AFTER WASHINGBEFORE WASHING*Experimental Product at the Left side, Commercial Product at the right

d. Dye stains: Iced Tea (2 drops of 1/2 tbsp + 20 ml water)AFTER WASHINGBEFORE WASHING*Experimental Product at the Left side, Commercial Product at the right

PRODUCT TESTING (FOAM HEIGHT)Experimental ProductSurf Detergent Powder1tbspAmount of detergent powder applied1tbsp50mLVolume of water50mL10shakesNumber of shakes10shakes4.20cmFoam height8.65cmPRODUCT TESTING (FOAM HEIGHT)CONCLUSIONThere is no significant difference in the cleaning power of the experimental product and the commercial productThe amount of SLS included in the formulation is proportional to the amount of bubbles formed. CONCLUSIONThe small-scale processes and the large-scale manufacturing processes both went through measuring, mixing, sieving, grinding, drying and packaging. However, large scale manufacturing industry uses agglomeration or spray drying process instead of dry mixing.

RECOMMENDATIONSAddition of Coco Diethanolamide (CDEA)Increasing the portions of the organic raw materialsEmulsification of Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) and Cocodiethanolamide (CDEA) for the Production of Dishwashing Liquid Infused with Peppermint Oil (Mentha piperita)

INTRODUCTIONIn the Philippines, the dishwashing liquid (DWL) is still the most preferred detergent product for kitchen multipurpose cleaning.Many commercial formulations of dishwashing liquids (DWL) contain chemical-based antibacterial compounds (e.g. triclosan, benzalkonium chloride).A small amount of triclosan can be absorbed by the body (Steckelberg, 2014).OBJECTIVE (GENERAL)To manufacture a commercial-grade dishwashing liquid with degreasing and natural antibacterial properties OBJECTIVE (SPECIFIC)To compare the two experimental products with a commercial one via product testing methods (e.g. number of plates washed, cleansing power).To assess the amount of bubble formation by modifying amounts of CDEA.OBJECTIVE (SPECIFIC)To examine the relationship between the viscosity and the capacity to remove grease on a surface.To gauge the antimicrobial properties of peppermint oil through descriptive research.SIGNIFICANCEHouseholdMaintenance of small-scale industriesSurfactant technology & cleaning researchRAW MATERIALSDistilled waterMain solventSodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) Surfactant & emulsifier, agent for decreasing surface tension of waterCocodiethanolamide (CDEA) Bubble enhancer, adds weight to the bubbles formedIndustrial salt Filler, maintains the physical properties of the DWLDegreaserBuilder, contains water-softening compounds such as NaCO3, STPP, and EDTARAW MATERIALSPeppermint oilAntibacterial agent, soothing for the handsColorantDyeing agentFragranceScent

Weighing

Preparation

EmulsificationPROCESS FLOW78AdditivesBubble EnhancementAddition of the Builder

Addition of the Antibacterial Agent

79

Thickening

Packaging80Unit OperationApparatusIndustrial Manufacturing ProcessIndustrialEquipmentMeasuring of Raw MaterialsAnalytical Balance; Graduated CylinderMeteringLarge-scale Measuring Eqpt.MixingBeakerMixingSlurry Preparation TankAddition of Other ComponentsBeaker; Stirring RodAddition of Builders, Thickeners, and AdditivesMixing TankPackagingPlastic BottlePackagingPacking MachineDATA AND RESULTS(TRIAL 1)Appearance:Liquid Color:Dark Blue (Base RGB: #08447F)Bubble Formation:Yes. 12 mL of CDEA produced 2 1/2 tbsp. of bubbles when mixed with tap water.Hazardous Decomposition:None knownSolubility:Miscible in waterScent:Flower BouquetDATA AND RESULTS(TRIAL 2)Appearance:Liquid Color:Blue (Base RGB: #047075)Bubble Formation:Yes. 15 mL of CDEA produced 3 tbsp. of bubbles when mixed with tap water.Hazardous Decomposition:None knownSolubility:Miscible in waterScent:CalamansiVISCOSITYTrial 1Trial 24.65g/ccDensity of ball4.77g/cc2.55g/ccDensity of dishwashing liquid1.03g/cc9.80m/s2Gravitational acceleration9.80m/s20.005mRadius of ball0.005m0.009m/sVelocity of ball0.005m/s0.0035mLength travelled0.0035m1.27g/cm*sViscosity4.07g/cm*s63.71%%diff (3.50 g/cm*s ave. commercial standard)16.29%NUMBER OF PLATES WASHEDExperimental ProductJoy DWL-LemonTrial 1Trial 2Measurement of each DWL (applied on sponge)1 drop1 drop1 dropGlassware (Diam.: 23 cm)Glassware (Diam.: 23 cm)Type of plate washedGlassware (Diam.: 23 cm)24Number of plates washed7CLEANSING POWERExperimental ProductJoy Dishwashing LiquidTrial 1Trial 2Measurement of each liquid (applied on sponge)1 drop1 drop1 drop7 scrubs5 scrubsPlasticware4 scrubs4 scrubs3 scrubsGlassware2 scrubs3 scrubs3 scrubsChinaware2 scrubs3 scrubs3 scrubsStainless2 scrubs4.253.50Average number of scrubs3.00CONCLUSIONSSignificant differences arose in both of the products viscosity and amount of bubble formation. More viscous, more friction to lever out grease. Trial 2 is almost commercially viable against Trial 1 as the former:Was able to clean more dishes than Trial 1 and;Is almost as efficient in cleaning power as the commercial brand.11.78-mm mean inhibition zone for peppermint oil for common kitchen bacteria such as E. coli and salmonella (Saeed, Tariq, 2006).RECOMMENDATIONSThe addition of other essential oils to increase the antimicrobial property of the dishwashing liquid.The analysis of cleaning ability for a wider range of viscosities and bubbles formed.The analysis of cleaning ability for different kinds of stains.