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SO4063 Lecture 14
Collecting Data
2
Lecture Objectives
bull To outline the requirements of assessment 2 create a data collection instrument
bull To continue questionnaire design workshop
3
Priority readings
Alan Bryman (2008) Social Research Methods 3rd ed Oxford Oxford University Press
bull Chapter 9
OR
Nigel Gilbert (2001) Researching Social Life 2nd ed London SAGE
bull Pages 99-105
4
Data collectionResearch topicResearch questionsResearch methodsNow collect data
First prepare and follow guidelines
The following procedures are recommended for asurveystructured interviewsbull Determine the major questionsbull Draft questionnaire itemsquestionsbull Design the questionnairequestionsbull Pilot test the questionnaireinterviewbull Develop a data-collection strategybull Develop a cover letter and send the questionnaire
5
Cover LetterInformation Sheet
Introduce the researchbull Written rationalebull identify yourself your employer purposes of research
and procedure of interviewbull ethical issues
bull anonymity confidentiality right to withdrawbull opportunity for interviewee to ask questions
6
Collecting the databull know your way around the interview schedulesurveybull keep to the schedule even small variations in wording can
affect responsesbull recording answers write exact words used by interviewee
or use fixed choice questionsbull clear instructions
bull filter questionsbull question order
bull every interviewee must get questions in the same orderbull general questions before specific questionsbull earlier questions may affect salience of later onesbull first questions should be directly related to the topicbull potentially embarrassing or sensitive questions towards
the end
7
In Interviews
probingbull when respondent does not understand question or gives
insufficient answerbull non-directive probes ldquommmrdquo ldquocan you say a bit more
about thatrdquobull repeat fixed choice alternatives
promptingbull interviewer suggests possible answersbull show cards
leaving the interviewbull thank the interviewee
8
Research Training Exercise
bull Each question must have its own answer space a tick-box a space for writing a set of categories
bull For this project use closed questions a fixed set of options AND instructions (ie tick one tick all that apply or rank by importance)
bull Usually allow for lsquoOtherrsquo and a space for people to write lsquoIf other please specifyrsquo
Why closed questionsbull quicker and easier to complete (better response rate
and less missing data)bull easy to process data (pre-coded)bull easy to compare answers (intercoder reliability)
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
2
Lecture Objectives
bull To outline the requirements of assessment 2 create a data collection instrument
bull To continue questionnaire design workshop
3
Priority readings
Alan Bryman (2008) Social Research Methods 3rd ed Oxford Oxford University Press
bull Chapter 9
OR
Nigel Gilbert (2001) Researching Social Life 2nd ed London SAGE
bull Pages 99-105
4
Data collectionResearch topicResearch questionsResearch methodsNow collect data
First prepare and follow guidelines
The following procedures are recommended for asurveystructured interviewsbull Determine the major questionsbull Draft questionnaire itemsquestionsbull Design the questionnairequestionsbull Pilot test the questionnaireinterviewbull Develop a data-collection strategybull Develop a cover letter and send the questionnaire
5
Cover LetterInformation Sheet
Introduce the researchbull Written rationalebull identify yourself your employer purposes of research
and procedure of interviewbull ethical issues
bull anonymity confidentiality right to withdrawbull opportunity for interviewee to ask questions
6
Collecting the databull know your way around the interview schedulesurveybull keep to the schedule even small variations in wording can
affect responsesbull recording answers write exact words used by interviewee
or use fixed choice questionsbull clear instructions
bull filter questionsbull question order
bull every interviewee must get questions in the same orderbull general questions before specific questionsbull earlier questions may affect salience of later onesbull first questions should be directly related to the topicbull potentially embarrassing or sensitive questions towards
the end
7
In Interviews
probingbull when respondent does not understand question or gives
insufficient answerbull non-directive probes ldquommmrdquo ldquocan you say a bit more
about thatrdquobull repeat fixed choice alternatives
promptingbull interviewer suggests possible answersbull show cards
leaving the interviewbull thank the interviewee
8
Research Training Exercise
bull Each question must have its own answer space a tick-box a space for writing a set of categories
bull For this project use closed questions a fixed set of options AND instructions (ie tick one tick all that apply or rank by importance)
bull Usually allow for lsquoOtherrsquo and a space for people to write lsquoIf other please specifyrsquo
Why closed questionsbull quicker and easier to complete (better response rate
and less missing data)bull easy to process data (pre-coded)bull easy to compare answers (intercoder reliability)
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
3
Priority readings
Alan Bryman (2008) Social Research Methods 3rd ed Oxford Oxford University Press
bull Chapter 9
OR
Nigel Gilbert (2001) Researching Social Life 2nd ed London SAGE
bull Pages 99-105
4
Data collectionResearch topicResearch questionsResearch methodsNow collect data
First prepare and follow guidelines
The following procedures are recommended for asurveystructured interviewsbull Determine the major questionsbull Draft questionnaire itemsquestionsbull Design the questionnairequestionsbull Pilot test the questionnaireinterviewbull Develop a data-collection strategybull Develop a cover letter and send the questionnaire
5
Cover LetterInformation Sheet
Introduce the researchbull Written rationalebull identify yourself your employer purposes of research
and procedure of interviewbull ethical issues
bull anonymity confidentiality right to withdrawbull opportunity for interviewee to ask questions
6
Collecting the databull know your way around the interview schedulesurveybull keep to the schedule even small variations in wording can
affect responsesbull recording answers write exact words used by interviewee
or use fixed choice questionsbull clear instructions
bull filter questionsbull question order
bull every interviewee must get questions in the same orderbull general questions before specific questionsbull earlier questions may affect salience of later onesbull first questions should be directly related to the topicbull potentially embarrassing or sensitive questions towards
the end
7
In Interviews
probingbull when respondent does not understand question or gives
insufficient answerbull non-directive probes ldquommmrdquo ldquocan you say a bit more
about thatrdquobull repeat fixed choice alternatives
promptingbull interviewer suggests possible answersbull show cards
leaving the interviewbull thank the interviewee
8
Research Training Exercise
bull Each question must have its own answer space a tick-box a space for writing a set of categories
bull For this project use closed questions a fixed set of options AND instructions (ie tick one tick all that apply or rank by importance)
bull Usually allow for lsquoOtherrsquo and a space for people to write lsquoIf other please specifyrsquo
Why closed questionsbull quicker and easier to complete (better response rate
and less missing data)bull easy to process data (pre-coded)bull easy to compare answers (intercoder reliability)
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
4
Data collectionResearch topicResearch questionsResearch methodsNow collect data
First prepare and follow guidelines
The following procedures are recommended for asurveystructured interviewsbull Determine the major questionsbull Draft questionnaire itemsquestionsbull Design the questionnairequestionsbull Pilot test the questionnaireinterviewbull Develop a data-collection strategybull Develop a cover letter and send the questionnaire
5
Cover LetterInformation Sheet
Introduce the researchbull Written rationalebull identify yourself your employer purposes of research
and procedure of interviewbull ethical issues
bull anonymity confidentiality right to withdrawbull opportunity for interviewee to ask questions
6
Collecting the databull know your way around the interview schedulesurveybull keep to the schedule even small variations in wording can
affect responsesbull recording answers write exact words used by interviewee
or use fixed choice questionsbull clear instructions
bull filter questionsbull question order
bull every interviewee must get questions in the same orderbull general questions before specific questionsbull earlier questions may affect salience of later onesbull first questions should be directly related to the topicbull potentially embarrassing or sensitive questions towards
the end
7
In Interviews
probingbull when respondent does not understand question or gives
insufficient answerbull non-directive probes ldquommmrdquo ldquocan you say a bit more
about thatrdquobull repeat fixed choice alternatives
promptingbull interviewer suggests possible answersbull show cards
leaving the interviewbull thank the interviewee
8
Research Training Exercise
bull Each question must have its own answer space a tick-box a space for writing a set of categories
bull For this project use closed questions a fixed set of options AND instructions (ie tick one tick all that apply or rank by importance)
bull Usually allow for lsquoOtherrsquo and a space for people to write lsquoIf other please specifyrsquo
Why closed questionsbull quicker and easier to complete (better response rate
and less missing data)bull easy to process data (pre-coded)bull easy to compare answers (intercoder reliability)
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
5
Cover LetterInformation Sheet
Introduce the researchbull Written rationalebull identify yourself your employer purposes of research
and procedure of interviewbull ethical issues
bull anonymity confidentiality right to withdrawbull opportunity for interviewee to ask questions
6
Collecting the databull know your way around the interview schedulesurveybull keep to the schedule even small variations in wording can
affect responsesbull recording answers write exact words used by interviewee
or use fixed choice questionsbull clear instructions
bull filter questionsbull question order
bull every interviewee must get questions in the same orderbull general questions before specific questionsbull earlier questions may affect salience of later onesbull first questions should be directly related to the topicbull potentially embarrassing or sensitive questions towards
the end
7
In Interviews
probingbull when respondent does not understand question or gives
insufficient answerbull non-directive probes ldquommmrdquo ldquocan you say a bit more
about thatrdquobull repeat fixed choice alternatives
promptingbull interviewer suggests possible answersbull show cards
leaving the interviewbull thank the interviewee
8
Research Training Exercise
bull Each question must have its own answer space a tick-box a space for writing a set of categories
bull For this project use closed questions a fixed set of options AND instructions (ie tick one tick all that apply or rank by importance)
bull Usually allow for lsquoOtherrsquo and a space for people to write lsquoIf other please specifyrsquo
Why closed questionsbull quicker and easier to complete (better response rate
and less missing data)bull easy to process data (pre-coded)bull easy to compare answers (intercoder reliability)
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
6
Collecting the databull know your way around the interview schedulesurveybull keep to the schedule even small variations in wording can
affect responsesbull recording answers write exact words used by interviewee
or use fixed choice questionsbull clear instructions
bull filter questionsbull question order
bull every interviewee must get questions in the same orderbull general questions before specific questionsbull earlier questions may affect salience of later onesbull first questions should be directly related to the topicbull potentially embarrassing or sensitive questions towards
the end
7
In Interviews
probingbull when respondent does not understand question or gives
insufficient answerbull non-directive probes ldquommmrdquo ldquocan you say a bit more
about thatrdquobull repeat fixed choice alternatives
promptingbull interviewer suggests possible answersbull show cards
leaving the interviewbull thank the interviewee
8
Research Training Exercise
bull Each question must have its own answer space a tick-box a space for writing a set of categories
bull For this project use closed questions a fixed set of options AND instructions (ie tick one tick all that apply or rank by importance)
bull Usually allow for lsquoOtherrsquo and a space for people to write lsquoIf other please specifyrsquo
Why closed questionsbull quicker and easier to complete (better response rate
and less missing data)bull easy to process data (pre-coded)bull easy to compare answers (intercoder reliability)
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
7
In Interviews
probingbull when respondent does not understand question or gives
insufficient answerbull non-directive probes ldquommmrdquo ldquocan you say a bit more
about thatrdquobull repeat fixed choice alternatives
promptingbull interviewer suggests possible answersbull show cards
leaving the interviewbull thank the interviewee
8
Research Training Exercise
bull Each question must have its own answer space a tick-box a space for writing a set of categories
bull For this project use closed questions a fixed set of options AND instructions (ie tick one tick all that apply or rank by importance)
bull Usually allow for lsquoOtherrsquo and a space for people to write lsquoIf other please specifyrsquo
Why closed questionsbull quicker and easier to complete (better response rate
and less missing data)bull easy to process data (pre-coded)bull easy to compare answers (intercoder reliability)
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
8
Research Training Exercise
bull Each question must have its own answer space a tick-box a space for writing a set of categories
bull For this project use closed questions a fixed set of options AND instructions (ie tick one tick all that apply or rank by importance)
bull Usually allow for lsquoOtherrsquo and a space for people to write lsquoIf other please specifyrsquo
Why closed questionsbull quicker and easier to complete (better response rate
and less missing data)bull easy to process data (pre-coded)bull easy to compare answers (intercoder reliability)
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
9
Closed Questions
Disadvantagesbull restrictive range of answers no spontaneity bull difficult to make fixed choice answers exhaustivebull respondents may interpret questions differently
Closed questions can take a number of formsbull Two options tick onebull Many options tick onebull Many options tick zero or morebull Many options rank by importancebull Likert (agreement scale)
The practical organisation of the questionnaire must takequestion structure into account easy to answer and easy toprocess
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
10
Simple closed questions
Example questionnaire extract
1 Gender Male 1 Female 2
2 Age 18 or under 119-23 224-30 331 or older 4
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
11
More complex closed question
3 Marital statusSingle 1Married 2DivorcedSeparated 3Other 4
If lsquoOtherrsquo please specify_______________
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
12
How often
4 How often do you read newspapers
Tick the category that is closest
Never (Skip to question 6)More than 1 per day 1 every day 2-4 per week 1 per week Less than 1 per week
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
13
Variable number of answers
5 Where do you eat out Tick each one that applies
Restaurant Cafeacutecafeteria Pub Other If lsquootherrsquo please specify_____________
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
14
Types of Questions
bull personal factual questionsbull factual questions about othersbull informant factual questionsbull attitudesbull beliefsbull normative standards and valuesbull lay knowledgeAttitudesquestions have already been pilotedknown properties of reliability and validityhelps you to draw comparisons with other studiesbias some positively phrased and some negatively phrased
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
15
Measuring Attitudes
Measurement of attitudes often uses ldquoLikertrdquo scales
a set of statements relevant to the attitude beingmeasured with options indicating agreement
1 Disagree2 Strongly disagree3Neutral4 Agree5 Strongly agree
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
16
Likert Scales6 People have different views about womens role in society Please
indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following things people might say using the categories provided
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
A womans place is in the home
Young children suffer if the mother works outside the home
Women are entitled to the same pay for the same work as men
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
17
Open Questions
Advantagesbull respondents answer in their own termsbull allow for new unexpected responses bull exploratory - generate fixed answer questions
Disadvantagesbull time-consuming for interviewer and respondentbull difficult to codebull more effort required from respondentbull interviewer variation in recording answers
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
18
Pilot Survey
Check that the research instrument worksbull gain practice at using interview schedulebull does each question flow smoothly on to the nextbull identify vague or confusing questionsbull remove any questions that received uniform responses-
no variability
bull open questions can generate fixed choice answers to include in the final study
pilot respondents should not be in final sample
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
19
Assignment 2
Ask yourselfbull Are the questions comprehensiblebull Are the categories in closed questions adequate Do
they cover everything Make the right distinctions No very unlikely ones Will they make sense to the respondent
bull Is the structure okay Not too complicated or illogicalbull Is there anything likely to confuse the respondent or
interviewerbull Exactly how long will it take If too long shorten it
nowbull Piloting will also allow you to create closed categories for
questions using real-world feedback rather than your imagination
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
20
Example Information SheetSurvey of Students views on SULIS
Dear StudentThe survey is part of a research project for my course of study inUL The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess how often youuse SULIS and for what purposesThe survey will take no longer than 5 minutes The informationprovided by you in this questionnaire will be used for research
purposesIt will not be used in a manner which allows identification of yourindividual responses Participation in this study is completely voluntaryand you can withdraw at anytimeIf there are any other concerns or questions please feel free to email
meat _______________ or my lecturer Dr CarmelHannan(carmelhannanulie)
Thank you for your cooperation
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
21
Example Survey
Please tick in the appropriate box1 Do you consent to take part in this survey Yes 1048660 No2 Are you Male Female 3 Which age group do you fit into etc
Thank you for participating in this research
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
22
Assignment 2
Worth 10Due beginning week 10
Your individual Projectbull The samplebull Propose mode of delivery (email internet phone etc) bull Your research collection instrumentsbull Introductory paragraphbull A pilot test reportnoting any changes
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
23
Lecture Plan
Introduction to SPSSLabs begin next week
Essential you all attend
