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““So that others may live”So that others may live”
Some HumorSome Humor
MORE HUMORMORE HUMOR
MORE HUMORMORE HUMOR
Search & Rescue OperationsSearch & Rescue Operations
“Sharing the Airspace”
Brought To You By:Brought To You By:
39th Rescue Squadron39th Rescue Squadron
301st Rescue Squadron301st Rescue Squadron
Orlando FSDO-15Orlando FSDO-15
LocationLocation
Col. Bruce E. DavisCol. Bruce E. Davis(Commander)(Commander)
920th Rescue Group920th Rescue Group
Patrick AFBPatrick AFB
Web Page: Web Page:
http//www.pafb.af.milhttp//www.pafb.af.milFAA Safety FAA Safety CenterCenter
28th parallel28th parallel
OverviewOverview• Civilian SAR OperationsCivilian SAR Operations
• SARSAT SARSAT
• HC-130 and HH-60 “Blackhawk” SAR OpsHC-130 and HH-60 “Blackhawk” SAR Ops
• Space Shuttle Recovery (SRT) Ops.Space Shuttle Recovery (SRT) Ops.
• Night Vision Goggles (NVG)Night Vision Goggles (NVG)
• Pararescue (PJ) ProceduresPararescue (PJ) Procedures
• Low-level flying in FloridaLow-level flying in Florida
Civilian Search and RescueCivilian Search and Rescue(SAR) Operations(SAR) Operations
Lt Col (ret) Bob RaskeyLt Col (ret) Bob Raskey
SAR StagesSAR Stages
• AwarenessAwareness
• Initial ActionsInitial Actions
• PlanningPlanning
• OperationsOperations
• Mission conclusionMission conclusion
SAR StagesSAR Stages
• AwarenessAwareness
AwarenessAwareness
• Flight Service Station (FSS)Flight Service Station (FSS)
• Air Traffic Control (ATC)Air Traffic Control (ATC)
• ELT/SARSATELT/SARSAT
• Dispatch OperationsDispatch Operations
• Friends and FamilyFriends and Family
• After 30 minutes initial search begins:After 30 minutes initial search begins:– FAA Flight plan route (most effective)FAA Flight plan route (most effective)– Phone search to FBO’s at destination and Phone search to FBO’s at destination and
enroute airports.enroute airports.– Check phone numbers on the flight plan.Check phone numbers on the flight plan.– Coordinate with Air Traffic Control (ATC).Coordinate with Air Traffic Control (ATC).– Contact Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) to Contact Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) to
start SAR procedures.start SAR procedures.
Flight Service Station (FSS)Flight Service Station (FSS)
Air Traffic Control Air Traffic Control (ATC)(ATC)
•Radar/Comm. loss without pilot termination:Radar/Comm. loss without pilot termination:– could be treated as a possible SAR emergencycould be treated as a possible SAR emergency– cancel radar services when no longer needed.cancel radar services when no longer needed.
Cospas-Sarsat Cospas-Sarsat ““Saving Lives Via Satellite”Saving Lives Via Satellite”
United States Mission Control CenterUnited States Mission Control Center
Mission Control Mission Control CenterCenter(MCC)(MCC)
USMCCSuitland, MD
U.S.LUTs
Foreign MCCs
Foreign LUTs
U.S.RCCs
SPOCs
Foreign MCCs
Cospas-Sarsat System Cospas-Sarsat System
Polar Orbiting Polar Orbiting SatellitesSatellites
Altitude ~ 600 milesAltitude ~ 600 miles Orbital Period ~ 100min.Orbital Period ~ 100min. Speed ~ 15000 mph.Speed ~ 15000 mph. Doppler shiftDoppler shift SARSAT Satellites:SARSAT Satellites:
121.5 MHz Repeater121.5 MHz Repeater243 MHz Repeater243 MHz Repeater406 MHz Processor406 MHz Processor
COSPAS SatellitesCOSPAS Satellites121.5 MHz Repeater121.5 MHz Repeater406 MHz Processor406 MHz Processor
Geostationary SatellitesGeostationary Satellites No Doppler ProcessingNo Doppler Processing
Immediate AlertsImmediate Alerts
406 MHz Only406 MHz Only
Immediate Alerting Immediate Alerting and and Locating Locating Possible with Possible with Location Protocol BeaconsLocation Protocol Beacons
Cospas-Sarsat Rescue Timeline
Beacon Satellite LUT MCC RCC
Best Case8 min. 6 min. 1 min. 1 min.
Worst Case90 min. 10 min. 10 min. 1 min.
112 min.
16 min.
Cospas-Sarsat SystemCospas-Sarsat System
Locator Beacon TypesLocator Beacon Types
ELTELT(Emergency Locator Beacon)(Emergency Locator Beacon)
EPIRBEPIRB(Emergency Position (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon)Indicating Radio Beacon)
PLBPLB(Personal Locator (Personal Locator Beacon)Beacon)
•406 Mhz Only406 Mhz Only
•Portable/manualPortable/manual
•121.5/406.0 MHz121.5/406.0 MHz
•406 MHz (6 hours)406 MHz (6 hours)
•Phase out 121.5 MhzPhase out 121.5 Mhz
•121.5 /406 Mhz121.5 /406 Mhz
•Fail rate 75%Fail rate 75%
•False alarm rate 97%False alarm rate 97%
EPIRBEPIRB
121.5 MHz ELT12 nm radius452 sq. nm search areaave. 6 hour notification
406 MHz ELT2 nm radius12.5 sq. nm search areaave. 1 hour notification
406 MHz ELT w/ GPS0.05 nm radius0.008 sq. nm search areaest. 5 min. notification
Range of BeaconsRange of Beacons
ELT OperationsELT Operations• TestingTesting
– Avionics shopAvionics shop– Aircraft operational testAircraft operational test
• 121.5/243.0121.5/243.0
• First five minutes after any hour, 3 audible sweepsFirst five minutes after any hour, 3 audible sweeps
• airborne test not authorizedairborne test not authorized
• False alarmsFalse alarms– monitor 121.5 on comm recievermonitor 121.5 on comm reciever
• after shutdown, in flight, mx action, hard landingafter shutdown, in flight, mx action, hard landing
• Inflight monitoring Inflight monitoring (ELT signal first heard)(ELT signal first heard)
• note position, time, altitude, nearest nav-aidnote position, time, altitude, nearest nav-aid
An Air Force review of 325 SAR missions An Air Force review of 325 SAR missions found that time works against people who found that time works against people who
experience a distress and are not on a flight experience a distress and are not on a flight plan, since 36 hours normally pass before a plan, since 36 hours normally pass before a
family member initiates an alertfamily member initiates an alert
Friends and FamilyFriends and Family
Hello, “Big AL’s” insurance. Is my husbands insurance premium up to date ?
““The life expectancy of an injured The life expectancy of an injured survivor decreases as much as 80 percent survivor decreases as much as 80 percent
during the first 24 hours, while the during the first 24 hours, while the chances of survival of uninjured survivors chances of survival of uninjured survivors rapidly diminishes after the first 3 days”rapidly diminishes after the first 3 days”
•File descriptive and accurate flight plans
•Be sure to open and close flight plan.
•Have good contact phone numbers
•Let people know where you are going.
SAR StagesSAR Stages
• AwarenessAwareness
• Initial ActionsInitial Actions
Initial ActionsInitial Actions
• Coordinate the following SAR assets:Coordinate the following SAR assets:– Civil Air Patrol (CAP)Civil Air Patrol (CAP)– U. S. Coast GuardU. S. Coast Guard– Coast Guard AuxiliaryCoast Guard Auxiliary– Local law enforcementLocal law enforcement– Private Volunteer OrganizationsPrivate Volunteer Organizations– U.S. Air Force Search and Rescue UnitsU.S. Air Force Search and Rescue Units
SAR AssetsSAR Assets
SAR Coordinator (SC)
Rescue Coordination Center (RCC)
SAR StagesSAR Stages
• AwarenessAwareness
• Initial ActionsInitial Actions
• PlanningPlanning
PlanningPlanning
• Flight Plan/ Route of FlightFlight Plan/ Route of Flight– Rescue scenario:Rescue scenario:
• General aviation flight from Homestead to Key General aviation flight from Homestead to Key West International.West International.
– Example of bad FAA flight plan.Example of bad FAA flight plan.– Example of good FAA flight plan.Example of good FAA flight plan.
Route Route (intended)(intended)
Key West
Homestead
Bad FAA Flight PlanBad FAA Flight Plan•No flight plan filedNo flight plan filed
•No route of flightNo route of flight
•No contact numbersNo contact numbers
xN1234 PA28/A 110
White
1200 3000
Direct
EYW30
3 30 2
2
Homestead
Route Route (actual vs. filed)(actual vs. filed)
Filed Bad Filed Bad Flight PlanFlight Plan
Actual Actual Route Route FlownFlown
Good FAA Flight PlanGood FAA Flight Plan•Good contact phone numbersGood contact phone numbers
•Accurate time estimatesAccurate time estimates
•Flight plan for each leg (for long cross countries)Flight plan for each leg (for long cross countries)
•Descriptive points for each changes of coursesDescriptive points for each changes of courses
N1234 PA-28/A110 1200 2000
Key West
Ocean Reef Club - Islemorada - Marathon Key - Summer Land Key
2 302 Orange life preservers, Orange life raft, flares
3 30Key Marathon
Dr. Evil, 555-1212, DAB
James Bond, 007-3838 2
White/red trim
xHomestead
Route Route (actual vs. filed)(actual vs. filed)
Filed/Actual Filed/Actual Route FlownRoute Flown
Distressed Distressed Aircraft PositionAircraft Position
SAR StagesSAR Stages
• AwarenessAwareness
• Initial ActionsInitial Actions
• PlanningPlanning
• OperationsOperations
OperationsOperations
• HC-130 Search patternsHC-130 Search patterns– Parallel SearchParallel Search– Route SearchRoute Search– Sector SearchSector Search– Expanding square SearchExpanding square Search
• Target detectionTarget detection• Signaling methodsSignaling methods• Rescue/medical assistanceRescue/medical assistance
Search patternsSearch patterns(Parallel search)(Parallel search)
Filed Filed Flight Flight PlanPlan
Last Known Last Known Position (LKP)Position (LKP)
Search patternsSearch patterns(Route search)(Route search)
Filed Filed Flight Flight PlanPlan
Last Known Last Known Position(LKP)Position(LKP)
Search patternsSearch patterns(Sector search)(Sector search)
Filed Filed Flight Flight PlanPlan
Last Known Last Known Position(LKP)Position(LKP)
Radius 20 - 30Nm
Search patternsSearch patterns(Expanding square search)(Expanding square search)
Last Known Last Known Position(LKP)Position(LKP)
Filed Filed Flight Flight PlanPlan
Target detectabilityTarget detectability
Target Motion
Contrast
Size, shapedistance
Duration of exposure
Probability of detectionProbability of detection
SSeeaarrcchh VViissiibbiilliittyyTTrraacckkssppaacciinngg
11 mmii.. 22 mmii.. 33 mmii..
00..55 mmii.. 3355%% 6600%% 7755%%11..55 mmii.. 1155%% 2255%% 3355%%22..00 mmii.. 1100%% 2200%% 3300%%
SSeeaarrcchh VViissiibbiilliittyyTTrraacckkssppaacciinngg
11 mmii.. 22 mmii.. 33 mmii..
00..55 mmii.. 2200%% 3355%% 5500%%11..55 mmii.. 55%% 1155%% 2200%%22..00 mmii.. 55%% 1100%% 1155%%
(Search performed at 500’)(Search performed at 500’)
Flat terrainFlat terrain
Trees and HillsTrees and Hills
Signaling methodsSignaling methods•Electronic means (ELT, Hand held radio, GPS, aircraft radio)Electronic means (ELT, Hand held radio, GPS, aircraft radio)
•Visual means (hand signals, smoke, flares, terrain, mirror, aircraft)Visual means (hand signals, smoke, flares, terrain, mirror, aircraft)
•Refer to AIM Section 6-2 for other signalsRefer to AIM Section 6-2 for other signals
Signal MirrorSignal Mirror
Signaling MethodsSignaling Methods(Most common one)(Most common one)
Help !!Help !!
SAR StagesSAR Stages
• AwarenessAwareness
• Initial ActionsInitial Actions
• PlanningPlanning
• OperationsOperations
• Mission conclusionMission conclusion
Mission conclusionMission conclusion
• Team EffortTeam Effort
• ““You” play an active role in the rescue process.You” play an active role in the rescue process.
““Have you filed your Have you filed your flight plan today ?”flight plan today ?”