SNV 2006 1

Johan Mellqvist, Johan Mellqvist, (jome@rss.chalmers.se(jome@rss.chalmers.se

Elisabeth Undén and Elisabeth Undén and Anders StrandbergAnders Strandberg

Radio and Space ScienceRadio and Space Science Chalmers University of TechnologyChalmers University of Technology

GöteborgGöteborg Sweden Sweden

Solar FTIR measurements atSolar FTIR measurements at Harestua, Norway since 1994Harestua, Norway since 1994

SNV 2006 2

ORS group, Radio and Space, ORS group, Radio and Space, Chalmers University of TechnologyChalmers University of Technology

High resolution FTIR HarestuaHigh resolution FTIR HarestuaLong path FTIR+tracer gasLong path FTIR+tracer gas– Methane emissions from waste depositsMethane emissions from waste deposits– Emission factors from trafic (Mexico Milano)Emission factors from trafic (Mexico Milano)

Mobile solar FTIR Mobile solar FTIR – CO/H2CO-Megacities (Mexico City, Milano) CO/H2CO-Megacities (Mexico City, Milano) – Industrial emissions VOCs (alkenes, alkanes) Industrial emissions VOCs (alkenes, alkanes) – Volcanic emissions (HCl, HF, SO2)Volcanic emissions (HCl, HF, SO2)

UV/visibleUV/visible– Ship emissions (SO2, NO2)Ship emissions (SO2, NO2)– Volcanic emissions (15 volcanoes-NOVAQ)Volcanic emissions (15 volcanoes-NOVAQ)– Industrila emissions (NO2, SO2)Industrila emissions (NO2, SO2)

SNV 2006 3

Harestua, Norway (68 N, 11E) Complimentary Harestua, Norway (68 N, 11E) Complimentary NDSC site since 1994NDSC site since 1994

SNV 2006 4

Measurements since 1994 within NDSCMeasurements since 1994 within NDSC– 1 meas/week1 meas/week– Yearly report to NDSC databaseYearly report to NDSC database– Quality assurance and control Quality assurance and control

Stratospheric studies Stratospheric studies (Cl(Clxx, F, Fxx, N, O, N, O33))– Seasonal (polar ozone depletion, chlorine activation, model Seasonal (polar ozone depletion, chlorine activation, model

comparison)comparison)– Long term studies (model, trend)Long term studies (model, trend)– Financed by Swedish EPA EU-Geomon (previously Financed by Swedish EPA EU-Geomon (previously

Sesame,Theseo) Sesame,Theseo) Troposheric studies Troposheric studies (CO, C2H6, O3, CH4, N2O)(CO, C2H6, O3, CH4, N2O)– Model comapriosn, trendModel comapriosn, trend– Finananced by EU-HYMN (prev EU-UFTIR)Finananced by EU-HYMN (prev EU-UFTIR)

Satellite validation Satellite validation – Schimachy, MIPAS, ACE-FTS, Haloe)Schimachy, MIPAS, ACE-FTS, Haloe)– Financed through EU-HYMN. (previous Swedish spaceboard Financed through EU-HYMN. (previous Swedish spaceboard

and EU-COSE)and EU-COSE)

SNV 2006 5

FTIR (Bruker) 0.0025 cm-1 resolution

New Solar tracker

SNV 2006 6

HalogenesHalogenesHCl and HF total columns at Harestua year 1994-2006

-1.0E+15

0.0E+00

1.0E+15

2.0E+15

3.0E+15

4.0E+15

5.0E+15

6.0E+15

19940104 19960104 19980103 20000103 20020102 20040102 20060101

HC

l mo

lec

ule

s/c

m2

1.0E+15

1.5E+15

2.0E+15

2.5E+15

3.0E+15

3.5E+15

4.0E+15

4.5E+15

5.0E+15

HF

mo

lec

ule

s/c

m2

HClHFPoly. (HCl)Poly. (HF)

SNV 2006 7

O3 and HCl total columns at Harestua year 1994-2006

0.0E+00

2.0E+18

4.0E+18

6.0E+18

8.0E+18

1.0E+19

1.2E+19

1.4E+19

19940104 19960104 19980103 20000103 20020102 20040102 20060101

O3

mo

lec

ule

s/c

m2

1.E+15

2.E+15

3.E+15

4.E+15

5.E+15

6.E+15

7.E+15

8.E+15

9.E+15

1.E+16

1.E+16

HC

l mo

lec

ule

s/c

m2

O3HClPoly. (HCl)Linear (O3)

O3 and HClO3 and HCl

O3

HCl

SNV 2006 8

CO column data all UFTIR stations

CO

SNV 2006 9

CTM2 Model and FTIR comparisonCTM2 Model and FTIR comparison

SNV 2006 10

C2H6 FTIR and Model comparisonC2H6 FTIR and Model comparison

Model underestimates C2H6 observed columns by about 40-50% in winter/spring ; by about 25-35% in fall; esp. at high latitudes as Harestua

Changing the C2H6 emissions in the model seems to correct this problem, similar all stations, original emissions to low

SNV 2006 11

Tropospheric O3 and model Tropospheric O3 and model comparisoncomparison

SNV 2006 12

Tropospheric HCFC22Tropospheric HCFC22HCFC22 increasing fast

SNV 2006 13

Tropospheric N2OTropospheric N2O

SNV 2006 14

The Solar Occultation Flux method (SOF) The Solar Occultation Flux method (SOF) (alkenes & alkanes) (alkenes & alkanes)

FTIRSun tracker

SNV 2006 15

Solar Occultation Flux (SOF) measurements around Solar Occultation Flux (SOF) measurements around the Houston Ship Channel and other source areas, the Houston Ship Channel and other source areas,

SOFBox

SNV 2006 16

Ethylene mass measured downwind of HSC by mobile Ethylene mass measured downwind of HSC by mobile solar FTIR (SOF) on Aug 30 2006 solar FTIR (SOF) on Aug 30 2006

SNV 2006 17

• Improvement of the Swedish landfill methane budget• Development of a measurement tool for regulatory control of landfill emissions (CH4)• Model validation• Verification of improvement measures taken at the different landfill sites

FTIR measurements of methane emissions from

Swedish landfills

SNV 2006 18

Analysis of landfill plumeCH4 by FTIR spectroscopy

The amount of CH4 oxidation bymethanotrophic bacteria in the cover soil is determined by observing the isotopic ratio of13CH4/12CH4 in the landfill gasboth in the anaerobic zone andin the plume.

TracerTracer

CHCHTracerCH

44

4 MC

MCQQ

QX = Emission rate of methane

respectively tracer gas, (kgh-1) CX = Concentration of CH4 resp.

tracer gas, expressed as mixing ratio (ppb)MX = Molecular weight

SNV 2006 19

14:38:24 15:07:12 15:36:00

Time

0

2000

4000

6000

CH

4 (p

pb)

0

20

40

60

80

N2O

(pp

b)

N2OCH4

Win

d di

rect

ion

Measurement distance1-3 km from landfill

Source of tracer gas (N2O)

SNV 2006 20

Car emission factorCar emission factor

Ratios of various Ratios of various species towards species towards CO2 in morning rush CO2 in morning rush hour plume in hour plume in Milano (FORMAT) Milano (FORMAT)

Measurements by Measurements by Long path FTIRLong path FTIR

(Same meas. have (Same meas. have been done in Mexico been done in Mexico city)city)

SNV 2006 21

Emission factorsEmission factors g / g fuelg / g fuel

COCO 0.0480.048

COCO22 3.13.1

HH22COCO 0.000280.00028

NONO 0.00660.0066

AlkanesAlkanes 0.00520.0052

AlkenesAlkenes 0.00230.0023

BTEXBTEX 0.00510.0051

Total HCTotal HC 0.0130.013

Emission factors for fresh emissions (morning) at Bresso

(for HC based on speciation by JRC which gave that FTIR overestimated alkane mass by 14%. Ratios for alkenes, BTEX and total HC based on assumption that

JRC speciation valid for fresh emissions and constant over the time period)