SNEAK PEEK: Reconstructing a Shattered Egyptian Army: War Minister Gen. Mohamed Fawzi's Memoirs, 1967-1971

7/21/2019 SNEAK PEEK: Reconstructing a Shattered Egyptian Army: War Minister Gen. Mohamed Fawzi's Memoirs, 1967-1971

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6/41

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15/41

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17/41

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tlo Bopertcoft g Ljstgry et tlo _.]. Cjajtery Emebocy et Post Xgjft, gr somur-

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18/41

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efb jf pertjmuaer tlo jcpemt tlo Ered-Jsreoaj Per leb gf pogpao ajvjf` jf tlo mjty

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gvor mgoo. Jt wes gfo g tlgso jfgrcea obumetjgfs tlet mgcos rgc e ajotjco jf

tlo sorvjmo g tlo _fjtob ]tetos, dgtl es e mjvjajef efb jf tlo _.]. Ercy. Ro aeto

Xotor P. Tgbcef (b. 488


19/41

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20/41

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tlo tjco J oftorob tlo Cerjfo Mgrps es e somgfb ajoutofeft uftja J rotjrob tljrty-sovof yoers

aetor es e ajoutofeft òforea, obumetjgf wes e mgftjfugus prgmoss. Burjf` cy meroor J

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edao burjf` cy mgcdet tgurs. _fborstefbjf` torrejf js ef jcpgrteft espomt gi e cjajtery

obumetjgf> efgtlor js tlo edjajty tg òt jfsjbo tlo cjfb gi ioaagw mgccefbors efb tlojr

bomjsjgf-cenjf` prgmossos. Mgccefbor Edgua-Ofojf les prgvjbob gur murroft efb iuturo

aoebors wjtl e troesuro trgvo gi jfigrcetjgf tlet obumetos efb lj`laj`lts Eredjm wgrns

gi cjajtery sj`fjstmefmo. Rljs ossey tenos ef jftjceto aggn et @oforea Cglecob Iewzj,

wlg giiors e mefbjb essosscoft gi O`ypts iejauro jf tlo 5:90 ]jx-Bey Per efb ljs

jftoremtjgfs wjtl Xrosjboft @ecea Edboa Fessor burjf` tlo romgfstrumtjgf gi tlo O`yptjef

cjajtery eitor jts mrusljf` boioet. Toebors wjaa òt e rjf`sjbo soet tg wetml bomjsjgfs tlet

slepob cjajtery ljstgry jf tlo Cjbbao Oest. J eppaeub tlo _.]. Ercy JfieftryCeèzjfoigr

prgvjbjf` Mgccefbor Edgua-Ofojf e igruc tg obumeto gur cjajtery aoeborsljp gf Ered

streto`jm, gporetjgfea, efb temtjmea tljfnjf`. Rljs mleptor giiors us eaa ef jfsj`lt jftg tlo

lucef torrejf gi tlo Cjbbao Oest.

Jftrgbumtjgf

Jf Iodruery 4888 grcor O`yptjef òforea Cglecob Iewzj bjob jf Mejrg et tlo

eò g oj`lty-gur. Burjf` ljs ajo lo leb loab tlo tjtaos g ercob grmos mljo

g ste efb wer cjfjstor ufbor Xrosjboft @ecea Edboa Fessor efb Xrosjboft


29/41

9 Mleptor Gfo

Efwer ]ebet. Lo sorvob es mgccefbeft g O`ypts cjajtery emebocy rgc 5:?0

uftja 5:94, wlof lo wes soft tg loeb O`ypts cjajtery cjssjgf jf tlo Mgf`g.5Iewzj

leb e rjf`sjbo soet gr tlo temtjmea, gporetjgfea, efb streto`jm bomjsjgf cenjf` g tlo

O`yptjef ercob grmos rgc 5:2< uftja ljs cjajtery meroor ofbob, wjtl tlo boetl gFessor jf ]optocdor 5:08 efb Iewzjs jfvgavocoft e yoer aetor jf e mgfspjremy tg

rocgvo ]ebet rgc pgwor. Lo js dost rococdorob jf cgborf Ered cjajtery ljs-

tgry es tlo aoeb ermljtomt g tlo rodujabjf` g tlo O`yptjef ercob grmos eior tlo

bocgreajzjf` booet g O`yptjef ercs jf tlo 5:90 ]jx-Bey Per (nfgwf jf Eredjm

es ea-Fensel^tlo sotdemnS efb magsoay tjob tg tlo 5:2< Ered-Jsreoaj Per, ea-Fendel

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Xeaostjfjefs). Jf 5: mgfvoftjgfea werero snjaas

leb doof aoi tg etrgply. Efgtlor prgdaoc rgc O`ypts ògstreto`jm porspom-

tjvo wes e sjfào-cjfbob gmus gf cor`jf` tlo òforea mgccefbs g ]yrje efb

O`ypt jftg tlo _fjstob Ered Mgccefb> tlo coròr meusob cjajtery trejfjf` tg dofoàomtob jf O`ypt. Eatlgu`l tloso mleaaofòs woro jcpgrteft emtgrs jf tlo O`yp-

tjef booet, gfo g tlo cgst bodjajtetjf` jftorfea woenfossos wes tlo ufmgfstrum-

tjvo efb fopgtjstjm roaetjgfsljp dotwoof Fessor efb ljs wer cjfjstor, Ijoab Cerslea

Edboa-Lenjc Ecor.

Ro Ecor-Fessor roaetjgfsljp eomtob tlo queajty g properetjgfs gr tlo

5:90 ]jx-Bey Per. Rrgu`l Iewzjs cocgjr, wo bjsmgvor tlet Ecor wes ufedao tg

emmopt mguftorvejajf` vjows efb bovoagpob e muat g porsgfeajty agyea tg ljc efb

fgt tg tlo fetjgf. Rjs muat g porsgfeajty prgvob etea gr O`ypt. Gvor tjco, Fessor,et Ecors ur`jf`, mgfmoftretob cgst oaocofts g O`ypts somurjty jfstjtutjgfs jf

Ecors lefbs. Ro O`yptjef cjajtery essucob rospgfsjdjajty gr mjvja somurjty, wjtl

boofbjf` eèjfst oxtorfea tlroets e aossor prjgrjty, efb put ovor cgro rosgurmos


30/41

Xrgdaocs Aoebjf` tg tlo 5:90 Boioet 0

tgwerb mgcdettjf` jftorfea tlroets efb mguftormgups. Ro O`yptjef ercys pgpuaer

jceò eior tlo 5:?4 rovgautjgf doèf tg orgbo es tlo cjajtery domeco e steto wjtljf

e steto, e mgfbjtjgf tlet stjaa oxjsts wjtljf tgbeys O`yptjef ercob grmos.

Iewzj wrjtos, Ro roaetjgfsljp dotwoof Fessor efb Ecor doèf tg botorjgretojf 5:94. Lo prosuppgsos tlet ljs roebor js ecjajer wjtl tlo Fessor-Ecor roaetjgf-

sljp, wljml js pert g cgborf O`yptjef pgajtjmea agro. Ro stgry js e pgajtjmea treòby

g twg gmors wlg rgso tlrgu`l tlo refns tgòtlor, paeffob tlo 5:?4 rovgautjgf,

fecob gfo efgtlors sgfs eior tlo gtlor, efb aob O`ypt, wjtl Ecor rjsjf` rgc

tlo refn g cekgr tg stoab cerslea jf e cettor g e ow yoers. Ecessjf` pgwor,

Ecor meco jftg mgfffljmt wjtl Fessor. Lo cebo e sorjos g streto`jm daufbors tlet

Fessor jfjtjeaay gvoraggnob domeuso g tlojr rjofbsljp. Ro ]jx-Bey Per wes tlo

stfea strew. Ecor ettocptob e mguftormgup eèjfst Fessor tlet ofbob wjtl tlo stoab

cersleas sujmjbo ufbor suspjmjgus mjrmucstefmos.

Iewzj wrjtos tlet wlet Postorf cjajterjos torc oomts-desob paeffjf` wes

aemnjf` gf e cjajtery-pgajtjmea aovoa wlof Fessor, et tlo ur`jf` g Ecor, bomjbob tg

magso tlo @ua g Eqede tg Jsreoaj sljppjf`. Ecor tlof bopagyob cessjvo grcetjgfs

jf tlo ]jfej Xofjfsuae gf tlo ovo g tlo 5:90 ]jx-Bey Per. Iewzj wrjtos, Roro

woro fg gdkomtjvos gutajfob gr tloso bopagyob grmos, fg gporetjgfea jfstrumtjgfs,

aoebjf` tg ef jcprgvjsetjgf g cjajtery paefs. Rjs jcprgvjsetjgf aob tg e mlefò g

cjajtery paefs fg aoss tlef gur tjcos. E pgsjtjvo rosuat g tlo 5:90 wer wes tlet tlo

mrjsjs g pgwor dotwoof Ecor efb Fessor wes rosgavob gfmo efb gr eaa, wjtl Ecor

dojf` bjsmrobjtob dy tlo bjscea porgrcefmo g O`yptjef ercs.

E sorjgus romgfstrumtjgf g tlo O`yptjef cjajtery mguab tlof do`jf ufbor tlo

ùjbefmo g Iewzj, wlg mgfmoftretob gf ajfnjf` tlo ercob grmos tg mjvjajef sup-

pgrt, ufjyjf` mjvja efb cjajtery eutlgrjty, efb bovoagpjf` O`ypts strst mggrbjfetob

fetjgfea streto`y. Iewzj ebvgmetob gr tlo jfto`retjgf g O`ypts boofso ostedajsl-

coft wjtljf tlo medjfot. Ro strst mleptors g ljs cocgjr jcpay tlet O`ypt wes

ettocptjf` tg roetteml gfo oaocoft g pgwortlo cjajterytg gtlor oaocofts g

fetjgfea pgwor. Ro O`yptjef Lj`l Mgccefb eior tlo 5:90 wer usob tlo duzz-

wgrbs mgfsgajbetjgf, mgfrgftetjgf, efb mgcdettg slepo tlo tljfnjf` gr tlo bovoa-

gpcoft g gporetjgfea efb streto`jm paeffjf` gr tlo 5:0= Zgc Njppur Per.

Ecors Xrosjboftjea Bomroos;Oflefmjf` Xgwor efb _fborcjfjf` Mjvjajef Gvorsj`lt

g sey tlet Ecor coroay usob stroot prgtosts tg òt ljs wey wguab do e `revo cjs-teno, efb Iewzjs cocgjr prgvjbos ef efeaysjs g tlo boopor streto`jos Ecor usob tg

mgfsgajbeto pgwor jf ljs lefbs; Lo ÊcorS usob ljs jfffluofmo, mlerc, efb rjofb-

sljp wjtl Fessor tg òt ljc tg sj`f Xrosjboftjea Bomroo 4


31/41

< Mleptor Gfo

boputy suproco mgccefbor g tlo ercob grmos rospgfsjdao tg tlo prosjboft efb

Xrosjboftjea Mgufmja gr eaa eejrs g tlo ercob grmos, dgtl cjajtery efb ebcjfjs-

tretjvo. Dy ajfnjf` tlo prosjboft efb Xrosjboftjea Mgufmja, Ecor cer`jfeajzob tlo

Xrosjboftjea Mgufmja, es Ecor oat lo mguab bjromtay eppoea tg Fessor. Rjs coeftEcor rotejfob jf oomt tlo stetus qug wloro lo mgftjfuob tg do sgaoay rospgfsjdao

gr prgcgtjgfs, porsgffoa essj`fcofts, efb cjajtery oqujpeò. Lo wguab rocejf

O`ypts somgfb-cgst pgworua cef eior Fessor efb pormojvob lojr epperoft tg tlo

O`yptjef aoebor.

Iewzj bosmrjdos lgw jf 5:92 Xrosjboftjea Bomroo 550/5:92 mgfmoftretob tlo

pgwors g tlo wer cjfjstor jf tlo lefbs g tlo boputy suproco mgccefbor, wlg

et tlo tjco wes Ecor. Rjs bomroo eaagwob Ecor tg mgftrga tlo ercy dubòt, efb

wjtl tljs pgwor lo mroetob e ufbjf` sjto gr tlo cjajtery ebcjfjstretjgf g @eze,

wljml ofedaob ljc tg ljbo ufbs. Jf 5:99 Xrosjboftjea Bomroo 5:?9/5:99 ettocptob

tg bjcjfjsl tlo jfbopofbofmo efb pgwors g tlo wer cjfjstor pgsjtjgf. Ecor

rospgfbob tg tljs bomroo dy eppgjftjf` ljs boputy, ]lecs Debref, es wer cjfjstor.

Eppgjftjf` Debref, ef Ecor symgpleft, ofedaob Ecor tg j`fgro tlo 5:92 mgfstj-

tutjgf, es woaa es tlo 5:99 prosjboftjea bomroo, efb ceno tlo wer cjfjstor sudgr-

bjfeto tg ljc. Ecor wguab gfmo eèjf evgjb dojf` ao`jsaetjvoay gr mgfstjtutjgfeaay

rostrejfob, cejftejfjf` ljs gwf moftor g pgwor ergufb ljs porsgfeò.

G eaa tlo bomroos Ecor puslob tlrgu`l jf ef ettocpt tg mgfmoftreto pgwor

jf ljs lefbs, Iewzj mgfsjbors Xrosjboftjea Bomroo =90/5:99 tlo cgst befòrgus

domeuso

jt èvo Per Cjfjstor ]lecs Debref êfb tlorody ef Ecor prgt` efb

aemnoyS

tlo pgrtgajg gr cjajtery somromy>

ebcjfjstretjgf g cjajtery mgurts ^jf 5:99 Cjajtery Bomroo 4?

stjpuaetob tlet j e mjvjajef `gt jftg e bjsputo wjtl e cjajtery

cocdor, jt wguab do rosgavob dy cjajtery trjdufeaS>

ebcjfjstretjgf g cjajtery jftoaaj ofmo>

^rospgfsjdjajty grS cgreao efb woaero g tlo ercob grmos>

gvorsj`lt g dubòtery eejrs>

^rospgfsjdjajty grS mustgcs efb mgestea boofso>

^rospgfsjdjajty grS cjajtery jfbustrjos>

gvorsj`lt g tlo prgmurocoft gmos jf Cgsmgw efb Mgag`fo,

@orcefy>

^rospgfsjdjajty grS mofsus gr tlo brei>


32/41

Xrgdaocs Aoebjf` tg tlo 5:90 Boioet :

ajfneò dotwoof tlo Gmo g tlo Per Cjfjstor efb O@J] ^tlo

O`yptjef @oforea Jftoaajòfmo ]orvjmo, tlo mjvjajef jftoaajòfmo

eòfmyS>

gvorsj`lt g cjajtery bjstrjmts Ô`ypt wes bjvjbob jftg cjajtery

bjstrjmts tlet mguab do bosmrjdob es stetos wjtljf tlo stetoS.

_sjf` tljs bomroo efb tlo protoxt tlet tlo fetjgf wguab dofostt rgc cjajtery aoeb-

orsljp oxportjso, Ecor efb Debref tggn gvor noy jfbustrjos. Roy eppgjftob cjaj-

tery gmors tg noy ecdessebgrsljps, usurpjf` tlo kgd g tlo groj`f cjfjstry, efb

doèf cejftejfjf` e prosofmo jf O`yptjef lj`l smlggas efb ufjvorsjtjos jf grbor

tg gvorsoo tlo pgajtjmea jfbgmtrjfetjgf g tlo ygutl. Ecor bjstefmob Fessor rgc

tlo cjajtery epperetus efb doèf orgbjf` tlo prosjbofts eutlgrjty es suprocomgccefbor. Jt js ufmaoer wly Fessor sj`fob tloso bomroos nfgwjf` tlet ljs pgwor

wguab do orgbob. Gfo oxpaefetjgf js tlet lo mguab fgt sey fg tg ljs dost rjofb.

Es ef oxecpao g Ecors pgwor, Iewzj wrjtos tlet Fessor ettocptob tg levo

co rocgvo ljs EcorsS mrgfjos, efb mjtos e 5:98 jfmjboft wlorody Fessor bomjbob

tg trevoa tg ef Ered succjt cootjf` jf Mesedaefme gf dgerb tlo prosjboftjea yemlt

Lurrjyel ÎroobgcS. Ro prosjboftjea yemlt wes tg do osmgrtob dy twg O`yptjef

fevea bostrgyors, dut tg Fessors ocderresscoft, dgtl bostrgyors mguab fgt mgc-

paoto tlo cjssjgf domeuso g ceaufmtjgfs efb leb tg put jf tg Ea`jors gr ropejrs.Fessor meaaob gr tlo roajo g ljs fevea mljo, dut Ecor j`fgrob tloso meaas.

Es cgro g O`ypts mjvja ajo, jfmaubjf` tlo mofsus, mustgcs, efb pudajm trefs-

pgrtetjgf, wes paemob ufbor cjajtery gvorsj`lt, aoss ettoftjgf wes pejb tg gofsjvo

efb boofsjvo mgcdet mgcpotofmjos. Ebbjf` tg tljs wes Ecors prg`rec g prg-

vjbjf` cjajtery gmors prjgrjty lgusjf`, `jvjf` ewey eutgcgdjaos, efb rejsjf` pey,

bospjto tlo omgfgcjm strejfs tloso emtjgfs woro paemjf` gf O`ypt. Iewzj mgccofts,

Rjs fow sudstrete g sgmjoty, tlo cjajtery, leb e botrjcoftea jcpemt dy paemjf` tlo

oftjro fetjgf gf e wer ggtjf`. Jf ebbjtjgf, cjajtery aoebors domeco jfwerb aggnjf`

efb tlorogro woro fgt aggnjf` tg paef efb trejf gr prgkomtjf` gofsjvo pgwor

gutsjbo g O`ypts dgrbors. Jt easg cebo fg bjorofmo tlet O`ypt wes prgvjbob tlo

aetost ]gvjot mgcdet woepgfry domeuso jts aoebors ufbor Ecor woro fgt jftorostob

jf mgcdet oomtjvofoss êfb trejfjf` wjtl fow woepgfs systocsS, dut jfstoeb jf

cenjf` tlo cgst g tlo gppgrtufjty tg porsgfeaay ofrjml tlocsoavos.

Eior tlo 5:90 wer, Iewzj wes prgvjbob emmoss tg Ecors pepors efb maessjstob

seos, jf wljml lo gufb e maessjstob O`yptjef Cjajtery Loebquertors bgmucoft. Ro

bgmucoft wes e paef dy ]lecs Debref tg mroeto e somrot medea mgcpgsob oftjroay

g Debrefs cjajtery mebot maess g 5:2


33/41

58 Mleptor Gfo

To`jgfea efb Jftorfea Mleaaofòs

Iewzj wrjtos, Ro sycptgcs gr tlo mrjppajf` booet g tlo 5:90 Ered-Jsreoaj Per

doèf fgt wjtl tlo cess rotroet g tlo O`yptjef ercy gr tlo bomjcetjgf g tlo

O`yptjef ejr grmo wjtljf ef lgur, dut yoers dogro. To`jgfea, oxtorfea, efb jftor-

fea byfecjms drgu`lt edgut tlo mgfbjtjgfs gr O`ypts booet. Emmgrbjf` tg Iewzj,

Ro booet cefjostob jtsoa jf tlo ljbbof mgfffljmt dotwoof Fessor efb Ecor gvor

stfea mgftrga g tlo O`yptjef ercob grmos. Dgtl Fessor efb Ecor ejaob tg uaay

eftjmjpeto ro`jgfea rospgfsos tg `rgwjf` O`yptjef jfffluofmo rgc tlo Jsreoajs, Ered

cgfermljos wlg oerob pef-Eredjsc, Mgab Per mgcpotjtjgf, efb tlo Ourgpoefs

ogrts tg cejftejf tlojr aest mgagfjea pgssossjgfs. Iewzj wrjtos tlet tloso prossuros

meusob tlo droenup g tlo ufjgf g O`ypt efb ]yrje, gr tlo _fjtob Ered Topudajm(_ET), wljml oxjstob rgc 5:?< tg 5:95. Ljs cocgjr easg rovoeas Fessors bomj-

sjgf cenjf` roèrbjf` O`ypts jfvgavocoft jf tlo que`cjro g tlo Zocof Per.

Ro 5:?9 ]uoz Per wes tlo bodut g tlo Mgab Per suporpgworstlo _fjtob

]tetos efb tlo ]gvjot _fjgfjf tlo eejrs g tlo Ered wgrab. Rjs mrjsjs sj`feaob

tlo omajpso g tlo trebjtjgfea mgagfjea pgwors jf tlo ro`jgf, Drjtejf efb Irefmo. Ro

]gvjots pursuob e pgajmy g suppgrtjf` fetjgfea ajdoretjgf cgvocofts efb ufbor-

cjfjf` mgagfjea jfffluofmo jf tlo Cjbbao Oest. Es mgagfjea gvorsj`lt bjcjfjslob,

ettocpts woro cebo tg staa tlo vemuuc, aoebjf` tg mgups jf O`ypt (5:?4) efb Jreq(5:?


34/41

Xrgdaocs Aoebjf` tg tlo 5:90 Boioet 55

Per. Ro O`yptjef pogpao doajovob tlo _fjtob ]tetos leb meusob tlo wjtlbrewea g

Drjtjsl, Irofml, efb Jsreoaj grmos rgc tlo ]jfej jf tlo eiorcetl g tlo ]uoz Per.

_atjcetoay, Ecorjmes pgpuaerjty wes orgbob ecgf` Ereds òforeaay, efb

O`yptjefs spomjstmeaay, domeuso g jfmroesjf` Ecorjmef suppgrt gr Jsreoa es woaaes gr Ered cgfermljos, rjveas g Fessors pef-Eredjsc. Eatlgu`l Jsreoa efb Ered

cgfermljos woro lgstjao tg gfo efgtlor, tloy dgtl sew tlo befòr jf Fessors prg-

`rossjvo ro`jco. Iewzj sew ljcsoa efb O`ypt es agmnob jf e stru`ào tg prosorvo

efb sproeb pef-Eredjsc eèjfst grmos tlet weftob tg rgaa tljs jbogag`y demn.

Fessor bjb fgt ufborstefb tlet lo foobob tg deaefmo O`yptjef fetjgfea jfbopof-

bofmo wjtl ]gvjot ofmrgemlcoft gr eppromjeto tlet pef-Eredjsc wes kubòb dy

Ecorjmef pgajmy cenors gfay jf tlo wjbor mgftoxt g mgftejfcoft, efb tljs aob tlo

O`yptjef aoebor ovor magsor tg Cgsmgw. Lo bomaerob e fow sudsot g pef-Eredjst

jbogag`y, Ered ]gmjeajsc, efb suppgrtob fetjgfea ajdoretjgf cgvocofts jf Esje,

Erjme, efb Aetjf Ecorjme.

Eirjme, tlo Ered Aoeùo, efb Fetjgfea Ajdoretjgf Cgvocofts;Xuaajf` O`ypt jf Bjoroft Bjromtjgfs

Jf 5:94 Iewzj wes mgccefbeft g O`ypts Per Mgaaoò efb tesnob wjtl roprosoft-

jf` O`ypt jf wlet Fessors òforeas meaaob tlo Mgcdjfob Erjmef Lj`l Mgccefb.Ro kgjft mgccefb wes ef ettocpt tg gporetjgfeajzo Fessors jboes g pef-Eredjsc

efb pef-Erjmefjsc, wljml oeturo prgcjfoftay jf ljs dggn O`ypts Ajdoretjgf; Ro

Xljagsgply g tlo Tovgautjgf.4Eatlgu`l pudajslob jf dgtl Ofàjsl efb Eredjm jf tlo

5:?8s, tloro js fg jfbjmetjgf tlet ojtlor Ojsoflgwors gr Kglf I. Noffobys Boofso

Bopertcofts roeb gr efeayzob tljs wgrn. Iewzj wrjtos, O`ypt prgvjbob oxportjso,

trejfjf`, efb mggrbjfetjgf gr tljs kgjft Erjmef grmo. Cjajtery gmors jf cefy

Erjmef stetos, cefy foway jfbopofboft, wguab trejf jf O`yptjef wer mgaaoòs efb

cjajtery emebocjos.Fessor weftob tg mepjteajzo gf tljs wevo g jfbopofbofmo swoopjf` Erjme

efb grborob ef O`yptjef peretrggp bjvjsjgf tg bopagy tg tlo foway jfbopofboft

efb lj`lay ufstedao Mgf`g tg dgastor Xrosjboft Xetrjmo Aucucde. Ro Doa`jefs,

jf wlet js bosmrjdob es tlo wgrst efb mruoaost oxecpao g Ourgpoef mgagfjeajsc,

leb aoi tlo Mgf`g wjtl vjrtueaay fg agmea Mgf`gaoso jfstjtutjgfs, efb probjmteday

tlo fetjgf bosmofbob jftg mlegs eior jfbopofbofmo. Jrgfjmeaay, ufbor ]ebet, O`ypt

soft trggps gfmo eèjf tg tlo Mgf`g tg dgastor tlo Cgdutu ro`jco, es pert g e

cuatj-fetjgfea eftj-mgccufjst mgeajtjgf.O`yptjef cjajtery aoebors, dgastorob dy Fessors eftj-jcporjea efb eftjmgag-

fjea rlotgrjm, easg bopagyob e tefn ro`jcoft tg Jreq tg ejb jf jts mgfrgftetjgf wjtl

Drjtjsl grmos gvor Nuwejt jf 5:95. O`ypt prgvjbob e mgfbujt gr ]gvjot cjajtery


35/41

54 Mleptor Gfo

ebvjsors, emjajtetjf` tlo bjsdursocoft g ejb, trejfjf`, efb ag`jstjms tg Eaòrje,

]ubef, efb ]gceaje, cuml es tlo _fjtob ]tetos usob Xenjstef es e mgfbujt gr sov-

orea E`lef cukeljboof `rgups st`ltjf` tlo ]gvjots. Jf emt, tlo ]gvjots usob O`ypt

es e mgfbujt gr suppgrtjf` sovorea fetjgfea ajdoretjgf cgvocofts jf Erjme efb tloCjbbao Oest. Ro Mgab Per jf tlo Cjbbao Oest wguab lerbof jftg e mgcpotjtjgf

dotwoof tlo sg-meaaob prg`rossjvo Ered mguftrjosO`ypt, ]yrje, Jreq, Eaòrje, efb

Zocofefb trebjtjgfea cgfermljos]eubj Eredje, tlo @ua ]tetos, Kgrbef, Jref,

efb Cgrgmmg. Ro _fjtob ]tetos efb tlo _fjtob Njf`bgc stggb doljfb trebjtjgfea

cgfermljos, efb tlo ]gvjots doljfb prg`rossjvo Ered stetos.=

Ro Aoeùo g Ered ]tetos, gr Ered Aoeùo, mroetob jf 5:2?, ufborwoft e

sgmjgpgajtjmea roof`jfoorjf` dy Fessor wjtl tlo mroetjgf wjtljf tlo grèfjzetjgf

g tlo _fjstob Ered Mgccefb. Eatlgu`l tljs `rgup cey levo soocob cofemjf`

tg Ecorjmef pgajmy cenors et tlo tjco, tlo _fjtob ]tetos ejaob tg ufborstefb tlo

comlefjms efb prgdaocs g mggrbjfetjgf tlo mgccefb mroetob gr jts cocdors.

Iewzj rovoeas tlet ettocpts et mroetjf` ef Ered boofso mgaaomtjvo meusob O`ypts

aoebors tg foàomt bostfjf` efy fetjgfea somurjty pgajmjos gr O`ypt. Roro woro fg

quostjgfs gf lgw O`ypts somurjty stt wjtljf tlo mgaaomtjvo somurjty g bjorjf` Ered

stetos. Iewzj mrjtjmjzos Fessor efb Ecor, es woaa es O`ypts @oforea ]te, gr ejajf`

tg tjo tgòtlor tlo omgfgcjm, pgajtjmea, efb cjajtery espomts g e ufjstob Ered somu-

rjty pemt. Jfstoeb, tlo @oforea ]te gmusob gf gporetjgfs, temtjms, efb grcetjgfs,

efb mgcpaotoay agst sj`lt g e cjajtery bosj`fob tg ebvefmo fetjgfea ògpgajtjmea

gdkomtjvos. Emmgrbjf` tg Iewzj, Roro wes fg Ered mgcprolofsjgf g fetjgfea

somurjty tlet brgvo gr ovof nopt tgòtlor efy Ered mgaaomtjvo boofso errefòcoft.

]ocjfea Ovofts Aoebjf` tgO`yptjef ]treto`jm Bjsebvefteò jf tlo 5:90 Per

Dogro tlo 5:90 ]jx-Bey Per, sovorea socjfea ovofts jfvgavjf` tlo ejauro g tlo_ET slepob tlo ro`jgfea streto`jm aefbsmepo tg O`ypts bjsebvefteò. Emmgrbjf`

tg Iewzj,

Ro ufjgf dotwoof O`ypt efb ]yrje wes e ouplgrjm cgcoft gr Ered

fetjgfeajsts efb Fessor porsgfeaay, dut eior tlo ouplgrje tloro woro

cessjvo bjsruptjgfs jf tlo cor`jf` g O`yptjef efb ]yrjef cjfjstrjos

jf Mejrg efb Becesmus. Roso bjsruptjgfs cebo tlo mggrbjfetjgf efb

oxomutjgf g pgajmy ufwjoaby. Ro _ET sew Ecor es boputy aoebor g]yrje, aoebjf` ljc tg bovgto aoss tjco tg cjajtery eejrs wljao rotejf-

jf` ljs boofso pgrtgajg. Gtlor prgdaocs domeco epperoft cgftls

jftg tlo ufjgf, wlof ]yrjef Edboa-Teljc ]jrrek domeco _ET jftorjgr


36/41

Xrgdaocs Aoebjf` tg tlo 5:90 Boioet 5=

cjfjstor. ]jrrek efb Ecor maeslob mgftjfugusay, efb ]yrjefs gdkomtob

tg O`yptjef cgvos tg bgcjfeto ]yrjes boofso efb somurjty jfstjtu-

tjgfs, efb tg jcpgso O`yptjef cjajtery efb pgajmo cotlgbs gf ]yrje.

Omgfgcjmeaay, O`ypt pgurob tofs g cjaajgfs g pgufbs jf agefs efbejb jftg ]yrje.

Mgcdjfjf` efb duroeumretjzjf` tlo cjajtery wes e mgftoftjgus

eejr, es O`ypt ettocptob tg coab O`yptjef efb ]yrjef mgcdet gr-

cetjgfs jftg gfo. Esjbo rgc tlo jcdeaefmo g grmos dotwoof O`ypt

efb ]yrje, fg tlgu`lt wes `jvof tg cgreao gr ufjt mglosjgf muatjvetob

gvor tjco. O`yptjefs woro loevy-lefbob jf jcpaocoftjf` mgftrga gvor

]yrjef cjajtery porsgffoa, efb J spoft tlroo cgftls gut g tlo yoer es

mljo g ste gr tlo Cjajtery Emebocy, jfspomtjf` efb gvorsoojf` tlo

emebocy jf Becesmus. O`ypt wes eloeb jf ejr boofso, fevea systocs,

efb tomlfjmea ufjts mgcperob tg ]yrje. Efgtlor mgftoftjgus espomt g

cor`jf` tlo twg ercob grmos wes tlo jcpgsjtjgf g O`yptjef cjajtery

jftoaajòfmo porsgffoa jfstjaajf` rovgautjgfery bjsmjpajfo gf tlo ]yrjef

trggps.

Ecor doèf essucjf` cgro pgwors efb ljs mrgfjos doèf cer`jf-

eajzjf` tlo ]yrjefs jf tlojr gwf mguftry. Ro ]yrjef cjajtery jftoaaj-

òfmo ^4fb DuroeuxS efb O`yptjef cjajtery jftoaajòfmo mgfspjrob

efb mgfbumtob mguftorpagts eèjfst gfo efgtlor. Xgajtjmea moaas tlet

rosoftob O`yptjef bgcjfefmo jf tlo ufjgf doèf grcjf` wjtljf tlo

]yrjef ercy. Mgccufjsts, ]gmjeajsts, efb Deetljsts mgeaosmob efb pagt-

tob ergufb eftj-O`yptjef ooajf`.

O`yptjef gmors edusob tlojr pgsjtjgfs jf ]yrje, puttjf` porsgfea

ofrjmlcoft edgvo tlo summossua prgkomt g cenjf` ufjstmetjgf wjtl

O`ypt efb ]yrje wgrn. Mrjtjms g tlo _ET smgrob prgpeèfbe pgjfts

efb bgcjfetob tlo ejrwevos tg tean g e soperetjgf dotwoof O`ypt

efb ]yrje. Ro beto g tlo jfstseea^soperetjgfS meco gf ]optocdor 4


37/41

52 Mleptor Gfo

Burjf` tlo gaagwjf` woons efb jftg Gmtgdor 5:95, O`yptjef cja-

jtery porsgffoa efb tlojr ecjajos jf ]yrje woro oxmlefòb gr ]yrjef

cjajtery porsgffoa efb tlojr ecjajos jf O`ypt. Fessors lucjajetjgf

meusob dy Ecors cjscefeòcoft g ]yrje muacjfetob jf tlo ]letureMgforofmo jf Aodefgf tlet grceaay bjssgavob tlo _ET. Ovofts g tlo

_ET wguab levo e bjromt doerjf` gf Fessors streto`jm tljfnjf` wlof

jt meco tg prgvjbjf` cjajtery ejb tg Zocofj mgagfoa Edbuaael ]eaaea jf

]optocdor 5:94, e bomjsjgf tlet wguab osmeaeto jftg e stvo-yoer que`-

cjro gr O`ypt, nfgwf es tlo Zocof Per.

Mgfmausjgf

O`ypts booet jf tlo 5:90 ]jx-Bey Per doèf agf` dogro tlo wer ovof doèf gwjf`

tg ro`jgfea, jftorfea, efb oxtorfea mleaaofòs. Jfmaubob jf tlgso byfecjms wes tlo

botorjgretjf` roaetjgfsljp dotwoof Fessor efb Ecor, es Ecor `rebueaay oxtremtob

cgro efb cgro pgwor rgc tlo prosjboft. Ecors lufòr gr pgwor aob ljc tg met-

estrgpljmeaay cjscefeò O`ypts roaetjgfsljp wjtl ]yrje, meusjf` tlo ovoftuea spajt

g tlo _ET. Ro bjssgautjgf g tlo _ET leb e botrjcoftea jcpemt gf tlo tljfnjf`

g O`yptjef aoebors dogro tlo 5:90 wer doèf. Igr gfo, Fessor leb e mlefmo tg rjb

ljcsoa g Ijoab Cerslea Ecor, dut jfstoeb lo eaagwob ljc tg mgftjfuo gf bospjto

tlo _ET bodemao efb ovof tg ecess pgwor efb prosjbo gvor tlo cgst sj`fjstmeft

ejauro g O`yptjef ercs jf tlo mguftrys cgborf ljstgry.2

Ro Mgab Per jf tlo Cjbbao Oest grmob O`ypts aoeborsljp tg gmus ogrts

gf boofbjf` tlo mguftry rgc gutsjbo bjsruptjgfs wljao easg noopjf` ef oyo gf

jftorfea eejrs. Oxtorfea efb jftorfea mgcpajmetjgfs muacjfetob jf O`ypt oftor-

jf` tlo 5:94 Zocof Per (bjsmussob jf tlo foxt mleptor). Eatlgu`l jftorfea somu-

rjty wes g perecguft jcpgrtefmo tg Fessor, jftorfetjgfea eejrs mguab fgt dofoàomtob dy O`yptjef aoebors. _.]. ]teto Bopertcoft ermljvos rovoea tlo bjstrust

Fessor efb ljs jffor mjrmao loab gr tlo _fjtob ]tetos, wljml wguab do oxemordetob

dy tlo Zocof Per.?


38/41

5?

Mleptor Rwg

Ro Jcpemt gi tlo Zocof @uorrjaae Per

gf O`yptjef Cjajtery Rjfnjf`

Po usob tg wgfbor wloro wer ajvob,

wlet jt wes tlet cebo jt sg vjao. Efb fgw wo roeajzo tlet wo

nfgw wloro jt ajvos, tlet jt js jfsjbo gursoavos.

E M

Igrowgrb dy Ajoutofeft @oforea Peator O. @esnjf, _]CM,

boputy mlejrcef gi tlo Cjajtery Mgccjttoo,

Fgrtl Etaeftjm Rroety Grèfjzetjgf

Es tlo _fjtob ]tetos muatjvetos e fow òforetjgf gi werrjgr-bjpagcets, jt js vjtea tlet womgftjfuo tg oxpagro ro`jgfea porspomtjvos gi streto`jm jftorost. Rlo ovofts gi tlo Ered

]prjf` levo uslorob jf e porjgb gi `roet mlefò tlet wjaa eiiomt pgajtjmea es woaa es cja-

jtery roaetjgfsljps igr sgco tjco. Rlo 4855 O`yptjef Tovgautjgf efb tlo essucptjgf gi

pgwor dy tlo ]uproco Mgufmja gi tlo Ercob Igrmos (]MEI) levo aob tg cefy quostjgfs

edgut tlo tljfnjf` gi tlo twg bgzof gistmors mgfstjtutjf` tljs ruajf` dgby. Xert gi ufbor-

stefbjf` tljs òforetjgf gi sofjgr gistmors js mgcprolofbjf` fgt gfay tlo psymlgag`jmea

jcpemt gi tlo bovestetjf` ]jx-Bey Per dut tlo jfffluofmo gi ovofts jf Zocof prjgr tg 5:90

tlet slepob tlo tljfnjf` gi gporetjgfea efb streto`jm aoeborsljp. Jf tljs sorjos MgccefborEdgua-Ofojf jftrgbumos roebors tg @oforea Cglecob Iewzjs vjows gf tlo jcpemt gi

tlo 5:94 Zocof Per gf O`yptjef cjajtery tljfnjf`. Igr stvo yoers 98,88808,888

O`yptjef mgcdet igrmos igufb tlocsoavos oftrofmlob jf e que`cjro jf Zocof. Igr tlgso

cenjf` pgajmy jf O`ypt, suml es Xrosjboft Fessor efb Ijoab Cerslea Ecor, tlo wer jf

Zocof slerpofob O`yptjef mgcdet oiiomtjvofoss. Iewzj jfstoeb erùos tlet tlo gppgsjto

wes tlo meso, efb tlet aoebors suml es Fessor efb Ecor boaubob tlocsoavos jftg e ieaso

sofso gi somurjty. Jf Zocof, O`yptjef ufjts woro ofèòb jf st`ltjf` e uorrjaae wer, fgt e

mgfvoftjgfea wer eèjfst e queajtetjvoay igrcjbedao Jsreoaj wer cemljfo. Iewzj cenos e

mgcpoaajf` erùcoft tlet tlo Zocof Per leb orgbob O`yptjef mgcdet oiiomtjvofoss dy

5:90 gf tlo ovo gi wer wjtl Jsreoa. Mgccefbor Edgua-Ofojf les bgfo cuml tg obumeto

sgabjors, sejagrs, cerjfos, efb ejrcof dgtl jf maessrggcs efb jf ljs pudajslob wrjtjf`s.


39/41

59 Mleptor Rwg

J eppaeub Jfieftryigr `jvjf` Mgccefbor Edgua-Ofojfs wgrn e igruc> tlo ceèzjfo js

loapjf` ljc jf ljs quost tg obumeto us eaa usjf` bjromt Eredjm sgurmo cetorjeas gi cjajtery

sj`fjstmefmo. Rljs js vjtea jf muatjvetjf` tlo jftoaaomtuea mepjtea gi gur cgst streto`jm essot;

gur emtjvo, rosorvo, efb mjvjajef porsgffoa.

Jftrgbumtjgf

lo provjgus mleptor oxecjfob tlo streto`jm byfecjms ecgf` tlo O`yp-

tjef aoebor @ecea Edboa Fessor> ljs boputy suproco mgccefbor efb bo

emtg wer cjfjstor, Ijoab Cerslea Edboa-Lenjc Ecor> efb tlo vgrtox g

pef-Eredjsc mgupaob wjtl tlo `roetor mgcpotjtjgf dotwoof tlo ]gvjot _fjgf efb

tlo _fjtob ]tetos. Meusos g O`ypts drutea booet jf tlo 5:90 ]jx-Bey Per mef do

tremob demn tg tlo Zocof Per g 5:945:90. Eatlgu`l tlo wer leb sgco pgsjtjvo

gutmgcos gr Zocof, O`ypt suorob cgst g tlo foètjvo gutmgcos, emmgrbjf` tg

Iewzj, efb tljs gfay urtlor lercob O`ypt wlof jt meco tg properjf` gr tlo 5:90

wer. O`yptjef aoeborsljp ettocptob tg propero gr tlo 5:90 wer dy mroetjf` streto-

`jos suml es tlo _fjstob Ered Mgccefb efb Xaef Ueljr (Mgfquorgr), dut es @of-

orea Iewzj oxpaejfs jf ljs cocgjr, tloso ogrts prgvob utjao.

Ro Zocof Per; Iewzjs Xorspomtjvo

Mgagfoa Edbuaael ]eaaea, mgccefbor g tlo rgyea ùerb, efb e medea g Zocofj

gmors steòb ef oomtjvo mgup jf ]optocdor 5:94wjtl gfo cjsteno. Roy ejaob

tg mepturo gr njaa Jcec Culecceb ea-Debr g Zocof. Ro jcec rotroetob tg

Zocofs fgrtlorf cguftejfs efb weòb e wer wjtl tlo suppgrt g ]eubj Eredje tg

romepturo ljs ruao gvor tlo mguftry. Irgc Fessor, ]eaaea roquostob O`yptjef jftor-

voftjgf jf Zocof tg noop ljs Topudajmef mgup eajvo. Emmgrbjf` tg Iewzjs cocgjr,

Fessor, oeòr tg roèjf O`yptjef prostjò eior tlo _ET stesmg, soft Efwer ]ebet

gf e emt-stfbjf` cjssjgf tg Zocof tg essoss tlo foobs g tlo Zocofj Tovgautjgfery

Mgccefb Mgufmja efb ]eaaea. ]ebet grcob e cjajtery mggrbjfetjgf efb essoss-

coft `rgup, mgcpgsob g twg mgagfoas efb gfo ajoutofeft mgagfoa, wjtljf Zocofs

cjajtery loebquertors.Ply tlo `rgup wes sg sceaa efb jfmaubob fg ffle` gmors

rocejfs e cystory. Jt js ajnoay tlet Fessor weftob ef essosscoft wjtlgut jfput rgc

Ecor efb sg soft ]ebet, wlg mlgso ljs gwf gmors. Iewzj wrjtos, ]ebet wjrob

ef jccobjeto roquost tg Fessor gr e ]eeqe ^spomjea grmosS detteajgf, gfo wjf`

g magso-ejr-suppgrt ^ME]S st`ltor-dgcdors, efb eorjea romgffejssefmo ejrrecos.

Mejrg leb tg paef gr e twg-tlgusefb-njagcotor suppgrt rguto rgc O`ypt tg

Zocof, yot O`ypts eorjea mepedjajtjos woro ajcjtob. Emmgrbjf` tg Iewzj,


40/41

Jcpemt gi tlo Zocof @uorrjaae Per 50

Drjèbjor @oforea Elcob Ful su`òstob gutstttjf` XN-55 kot trejfors

wjtl cjssjaos. Ecgf` tlo gptjgfs bjsmussob wes gutstttjf` tlo XN-55

ejrreco wjtl Gorajngf ejr-tg-suremo cjssjaos. Rjs paefo wes put

tgòtlor agmeaay jf O`ypt efb mguab do trefspgrtob jf pjomos tg ]efee,agebob gf ef Eftgfgv-54 ÊF-54S gr Jayusljf-52 ^JA-52S eagf` wjtl

?88-pgufb dgcds. Ro O`yptjef ejr grmo ÔEIS mgfbumtob e rgufb-

tlo-magmn ogrt, aefbjf` EF-54 efb JA-52 trefspgrts jf ]efee merryjf`

trggps, suppajos, paefos, efb perts. Jf tlo strst woon, O`yptjef trggp

aovoas stggb et e tlgusefb wjtl jfjtjea O`yptjef ostjcetos tlet tloy

mguab suppross tlo Zocofj Tgyeajst jfsuròfmy jf tlroo cgftls.

Rjs tjco ajfo wes wjabay gptjcjstjm, efb Iewzj ebbs, Ro O`yptjef @oforea ]tebjb fgt ovof pgssoss tgpg`repljmea ceps g Zocof. Ro snjrcjsl et ]jrwel cebo

O`yptjef òforeas roeajzo tlo roeajty g tlo sjtuetjgf wlof eaa cocdors g e spomjea

grmos toec woro wjpob gut, efb Ijrst Ajoutofeft Fedja ea-Peqqeb domeco O`ypts

strst mesueaty jf Zocof. Tgyeajsts grèfjzob trjdos tg gppgso tlo ]eaaea Tovgautjgf,

efb eftj-Fessorjsts, ajno ]eubj Eredje efb Jsreoa, sew ef gppgrtufjty tg brew O`ypt

boopor jftg e que`cjro.

Iewzj bgos fgt bosmrjdo jf boteja tlo oxtorfea `rgups tlet cobbaob jf O`ypts

jftorvoftjgf jf Zocof, suml es Ered cgfermljos oerua g Fessors jfffluofmo gr tloJsreoajs, wlg sgu`lt tg mgftejf O`yptjef cjajtery pgwor. Lo bgos, lgwovor, spomj-

jmeaay coftjgf tlo Moftrea Jftoaajòfmo Eòfmy (MJE) efb ]eubj Eredje. Eatlgu`l

]eubj suppgrt gr tlo Tgyeajsts efb O`yptjef cjajtery jfmursjgfs jftg ]eubj Eredje

ero woaa bgmucoftob, Iewzjs coftjgf g tlo MJE mgftejfs fg demnjf` efb eppoers

tg do cgro g e mgfspjremy tlogry. Lgwovor, ljs suspjmjgf js ufborstefbedao es

dgtl Iewzj efb Fessor woro ewero g tlo MJE-demnob mgups jf Jref (Cglecceb

Cgssebo`l jf 5:?5) efb @uetoceae (Kemgdg Erdofz jf 5:?2), es woaa es ettocpts

tg ufborcjfo Fessor ljcsoa grmlostretob ufbor MJE bjromtgr Eaaof Buaaos.5Plettlo twg O`yptjefs ejaob tg eppromjeto js tlo mlefò g ebcjfjstretjgf jf tlo _fjtob

]tetos efb tlo oaomtjgf g Kglf I. Noffoby, wlg eppromjetob tlo fuefmob bjorofmos

dotwoof fetjgfeajsc efb mgccufjsc.4

Efgtlor emtgr wes tlo jcpemt tlo Dey g Xj`s stesmg leb jf slenjf` up

Ecorjmes fetjgfea somurjty ostedajslcoft, do`jffjf` wjtl tlo rosj`fetjgf g Eaaof

Buaaos. J efytljf`, Tgdort Ngcor, Xrosjboft Noffobys sofjgr ebvjsor gf tlo

Cjbbao Oest jf tlo Fetjgfea ]omurjty Mgufmja wlg meco rgc tlo MJE, mreiob e

deaefmob epprgeml tgwerb Fessor efb ]eubj Eredjes Njf` Iejsea. Jf ljs djg`replyg Ngcor, Irefn Aojtl Kgfos jfmaubos ef oxmoaaoft mleptor tlet paemos Iewzjs maejcs

g bjromt MJE jfvgavocoft jf tlo Zocof Per jf dottor mgftoxt. Ngcor mreiob e

pgajmy tlet jfmaubob deaefmjf` ]gvjot mgcpotjtjgf, ofsurjf` Cjbbao Oest ofor`y


41/41

5< Mleptor Rwg

suppajos, efb provoftjf` tlo mgfffljmt rgc spjaajf` jftg ]eubj torrjtgry, wljao romg`-

fjzjf` tlo moftreajty g O`ypt wjtljf tlo Ered wgrab.=

Es O`yptjef ]I domeco gvorwloacob, ebbjtjgfea mgcdet grmos woro soft tg

Zocof. Ro osmeaetjgf, emmgrbjf` tg Iewzj, jfmaubob tljrtoof bjvjsjgfs> sovof ]Idetteajgfs> gfo ercgrob bjvjsjgf> tof ertjaaory detteajgfs, paus tomlfjmea, cobjmea,

efb ebcjfjstretjvo ufjts tg suppgrt tljs grmo> sovoftoof Cj@-5?s> gfo bostrgyor>

twg rjètos, twg soe-dgrfo trggp merrjors> efb gfo cjfoswoopor.

Iewzj rovoeas tlo boptl g Fessors rustretjgf, wljml wes rocjfjsmoft g

Ayfbgf Kglfsgfs e`gfy gvor Yjotfec;

Dy 5:92 O`yptjef òforea Efwer ea-Uebj mgccefbob 08,888 trggps

jf Zocof. Eatlgu`l aerò, tljs grmo cejftejfob mgftrga g gfay tlotrjefào g ez, ]efee, efb tlo pgrt g Lgbojbe. Fessors rustretjgf

aob ljc tg ropaemo ea-Uebj wjtl Ijoab Cerslea Edboa-Cglsof Curtekj.

Ro fow stoab cerslea drgu`lt wjtl ljc e bjvjsjgf g Zocofj roùaers

trejfob jf O`ypt. Curtekj mlefòb temtjms, bopagyjf` tlo Zocofj bjvj-

sjgf eagf` tlo dgrbor wjtl ]eubj Eredje efb tlo dgrbor wjtl Gcef.

Ro fow mgccefbor jf mljo gr Zocof esnob efb wes `jvof dgtl

pgajtjmea efb cjajtery pgwors, e strst gr tlo lj`lay duroeumretjzob efb

mgftrga-gdsossob O`yptjef cjajtery. Curtekj easg mgcdjfob O`yptjefgrmos wjtl Zocofj ufjts gf kgjft soerml-efb-bostrgy cjssjgfs eèjfst

Tgyeajst jfsuròfts.

O`ypts mgfvoftjgfea temtjmea cjfb-sot wes eaweys pjttob eèjfst

ùorrjaae temtjms, efb O`yptjef jftoaajòfmo mguab fovor ot e roea ufbor-

stefbjf` g Zocofj Tgyeajst emtjgfs, tlo sjzo g tlojr grmos, gr tlojr

ovgavjf` mepedjajtjos. O`yptjef cjajtery paeffors trjob tg ufborstefb

efb meto`grjzo Zocofj st`ltjf` cotlgbs, dut ecduslos, ljt-efb-ruf

ettemns, efb ùorrjaae bopagycofts gaagwob fg probjmtedao ag`jm.

Iewzj aecoftob, O`ypt fovor usob jts stvo-yoer wer jf Zocof tg ebgpt, bovoagp,

gr muatjveto mguftorjfsuròfmy temtjms, wljml mguab levo prgvob usoua jf tlo 5:90

wer. Lo ettrjdutos tljs aemn g bovoagpcoft tg tlo O`yptjef prjbo g dojf` soof

dy tlo wgrab es e cgborf efb mgfvoftjgfea st`ltjf` grmo, wljml tlorogro meusob

O`ypt fgt tg gmus gf tlo typo g wer dojf` gu`lt jf Zocof.

Iewzj mgccofts gf tlo O`yptjef grmos jfbjsmjpajfo jf strjf` ertjaaory efb

ercs. Roy strob tlojr woepgfs wjtl tlo gdkomtjvo g roessurjf` O`yptjef mgcdetufjts jf tlo stoab, fgt g ljttjf` tlojr teròts. Fows ggteò g tloso orgmjgus ertja-

aory derreòs wes slgwf jf O`ypts cekgr mjtjos es prgpeèfbe> ajttao bjb tlo pog

Documents

SNEAK PEEK: Reconstructing a Shattered Egyptian Army: War Minister Gen. Mohamed Fawzi's Memoirs, 1967-1971