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Snatching Victory from Snatching Victory from the Jaws of Defeat : the Jaws of Defeat : The Bio-Oil Research The Bio-Oil Research Team at UNHTeam at UNHProject Funded byNH Industrial Research Center
UNH TEAM:UNH TEAM:
Dr. Ihab FaragDr. Ihab Farag
Christopher Barrett Christopher Barrett Caitlin LaClairCaitlin LaClair
January 2002- Present
Coatings, Composites & Green Chemistry Workshops and Poster Sessions, MUB Strafford Rm, UNH, Durham, NH , June 5, 2002
Bleak Bleak Horizons…Horizons…
• Closing of the Berlin-Gorham paper mills
• Faltering wood chip electric plant
• Many left unemployed• Excess low grade
wood in NH
Uses Low Quality Excess Wood
Produced by Fast Pyrolysis.
Dynamotive Yield 60-80 wt%
Viscous dark oil (looks like espresso coffee).
HV = 7,500 Btu/lb (about half of #2 fuel Oil HV).
Bio-Oil:Promise Bio-Oil:Promise of the Futureof the Future
Why look to Bio-Oil Vs. Why look to Bio-Oil Vs. Wood or Fuel? Wood or Fuel?
• Environmental Considerations– No SOx Emissions– CO2 Neutral – No HG or Dioxin emission– 50% lower NOx emissions than diesel fuel.
• Renewable and Locally Produced
• CO2 credit / Alternative fuel credit• Storage and Transportation• Additional Products (green chemicals)
• Northern NH Economy
Why NH North Country?Why NH North Country?
• NH Forest-based industry employ more 11,500 person, and generate $3.9 B in goods and service.
• Wood, water, and labor are available.
• Opportunity to introduce Bio-Oil technology
Coos County
Carroll County
Partnering for Partnering for SuccessSuccess
• Collaborate with Collaborate with stakeholders to stakeholders to investigate production investigate production of Bio-Oil in NH.of Bio-Oil in NH.
• UNH Bio-Oil, PSNH, NH UNH Bio-Oil, PSNH, NH DRED, US DOE, DRED, US DOE, BEDCO, IRC, ECS, BEDCO, IRC, ECS, SBDC, USDA Forest SBDC, USDA Forest Service, and UNH Service, and UNH cooperative extensioncooperative extension
Goals of the UNH Bio-Oil TeamGoals of the UNH Bio-Oil Team• Study the economic, social Study the economic, social
environmental, and technical environmental, and technical aspects of Bio-Oil Production.aspects of Bio-Oil Production.
• Research Markets for Bio-Oil.Research Markets for Bio-Oil.• Educate local communities Educate local communities
about Bio-Oil.about Bio-Oil.
Fast Pyrolysis ProductsFast Pyrolysis Products• Bio-Oil
– Heating, power generation, green chemicals stock– Other end uses are being explored.
• Char– Energy Source – Charcoal briquettes
• Non-Condensable Gases– Recycled to provide heat for pyrolysis and drying.
Pyrolysis Process DiagramPyrolysis Process Diagram
Wood Chip Feed
Pyrolysis Reactor
Bio-Oil Storage Unit
Quencher
Wood Grinding
Wood Chip Drying
Char collector
Recycled non-condensable gases
Challenges of Fast Pyrolysis Challenges of Fast Pyrolysis to Produce Bio-Oilto Produce Bio-Oil
• Drying of Bio-mass
• Small particle size necessary
• Reactor Scale-up
• Secondary Cracking
• Coaly matter separation
• Liquid gathering
Bio-Oil: Other IncentivesBio-Oil: Other Incentives• The HB 284-FN- Bill (NH Clean Power Act)
– 75% lower S02 emissions;
– 70% lower NOxemissions;– 75% lower Hg emissions; – 7% lower than 1990 C02 emissions– By 2007.
• Environmental Action Programs (EAP)– Rural Development– Economic Recovery– Forest Products Conservation– Wood in Transportation
• Farm Bill 2002-The Forestry Title www.pinchot.org/pic/farmbill
– Forest Land Enhancement Programs (FLEP)– Sustainable Forestry Outreach Initiative– Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)– Environmental Action Programs (EAP)
• Independent Preliminary Economic Analysis by UNH
• Consistent with studies by Cole Hill and Associates.
• On-going Research of technical and environmental impacts and issues.
• Market Feasibility of Bio-Oil End Users
Bio-Oil ProgressBio-Oil Progress
Cog RWLocomotives• Research Feasibility of
Replacing Coal
Bio-Oil Markets on the HorizonBio-Oil Markets on the HorizonCoal Dust Suppression Dust Suppression and Btu Enhancement
for Coal Piles. .
Paving Applications Exploring Bio-Oil as environmentally- friendly
substitution in Paving Applications.
Areas Currently Being Areas Currently Being ResearchedResearched
• Storage and longevity Storage and longevity • Low pH/ high acidityLow pH/ high acidity• Immiscibility with non-aqueous Immiscibility with non-aqueous
liquidsliquids• Combustion/Co-FiringCombustion/Co-Firing• Market FeasibilityMarket Feasibility
Composition & PropertiesComposition & Properties
• Storage Stability Problems- viscosity increases with time.
• Combustion Problems Associated with Aging- particulate size increases because of polymerization reactions in heated bio-oil causing equipment clogs or frequent filter changes.
From DynaMotive.com
Concentrations wt% Pine/ Spruce 53 / 47 ww/ bark
Water 23.4
Methanol I nsolvable Solids & Lignin
24.9
Cellubiosan 1.9
Glyoxal 1.9
Hydroxyacetaldehyde 10.2
Levoglucosan 6.3
Formaldehyde 3
Formic Acid 3.7
Acetic Acid 4.2
Acetol 4.8
Storage Effect on Bio-Oil ViscosityStorage Effect on Bio-Oil Viscosity
61%16%
4%
6%
6%
5%
2%
Purchasing WoodPayroll
Supplies & Services
Maintenance
Utilities, production
Property Taxes
Utilities, other
Estimated Operational Cost of Estimated Operational Cost of Bio-Oil FacilityBio-Oil Facility
NH Fuel Cost ComparisonNH Fuel Cost ComparisonCole-Hill
Fuel Type Oil Kerosene Propane Natural Electric Wood Bio-OilGas
Cost per Unit $1.116 $1.468 $1.414 $0.700 $0.104 $185 $0.40per gal per gal per gal per therm per kWh per cord per gal
BTU per Unit 138,000 134,000 91,000 100,000 3412 24,000,000 70,503per gal per gal per gal per therm per kWh per cord per gal
Heating System 80% 80% 80% 80% 100% 60% 80%EfficiencyCost per 100,000 BTU $1.01 $1.37 $1.94 $0.87 $3.06 $1.28 $0.71
The values for Cole Hill Associates analysis was done in conjuncture with DynaMotive and is a base price.
Fuel Type Bio-OilMoisture Content of Wood 25% 35% 55% 25% 35% 55%Plant Size 50 tpd 50 tpd 50 tpd 400 tpd 400 tpd 400 tpdBase Cost per Unit 0.55$ 0.67$ 1.06$ 0.50$ 0.61$ 0.98$
per gal per gal per gal per gal per gal per gal
BTU per Unit 70,503per gal
Heating System Efficiency 80%Cost per 100,000 BTU $0.98 $1.19 $1.88 $0.89 $1.08 $1.74
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Tons Per Day Woodchips
$/ga
l
Size of Plant vs. Production Size of Plant vs. Production cost per gal Bio-Oilcost per gal Bio-Oil
25% moisture content
35% moisture content
55% moisture content
Future Bio-Oil ConsiderationsFuture Bio-Oil Considerations
• Chemical feed stock• Mixture with diesel• Retrofitting of fuel burning equipment• Emulsion of Bio-Oil and Fuel Oil• “Greener” pavings• Replacing Creosotes in utility poles• Industrial Boilers and Kiln Market
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• Henry Mullaney, IRC
• Ron Tetu, PSNH
• Dennis Cote, BEDCO
• Arthur Greenberg, CEPS
• Craig Wright, DES
• Michelle Andy, DES
• Gerald Stewart, Cole Hill Associates
References References • http://www.dynamotive.com• SciTechLibrary.com. The Review of Modern Tehcnologies of the
Production of Liquid Fuel from Biomass using Fast Pyrolysis. June 12, 2000.
• Bridgewater, Prof. Tony. A Guide to Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals. PyNe Guide 1. March 1999.
• Cost Analysis Assumptions based also based on Patent 5,853,548• NH Department of Resources and Economic Development.
Identifying and Implementing Alternatives to Sustain the Wood-Fired Electricity Generating Industry in New Hampshire. January 2002
• J.P. Diebold. A Review of the Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils. Thermalchemie, Inc. Lakewood, Colorado. January 2000.
• http://www.pinchot.org/pic/farmbill/
UNH Bio-Oil Team ContactsIhab Farag, UNH ph: 1-603-862-2313
Christopher Barrett ph: [email protected]
Caitlin LaClair ph: [email protected]
Chemical Engineering Dept, University of New Hampshire255 Kingsbury Hall, Durham, NH 03824-3591, USA, fax: 603-862-3747
