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BRIEFINGStatistical Spotlight
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targets
EPRS | European Parliamentary Research ServiceAuthors: Frederik Scholaert, Giulio Sabbati and Sorina Silvia Ionescu
Members’ Research ServicePE 640.148 - October 2019
EU-28 = 100%
91%-105%75%-90%
< 75%
> 105%
EU-28 regional population by GDP category
2007
2017
2007
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
2017
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
38%
16%21%
25%
2007
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
2017
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
41%
18%
16%
25%
2007 2017
EU-28 = 100%
91%-105%75%-90%
< 75%
> 105%91%-105%75%-90%
< 75%
> 105%
GDP in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant by NUTS 2 region (% of the EU-28 average, 2007 and 2017)
Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
of EU-28 average
In 2014-2020, €461 billion from the EU budget is allocated to EU regions for investments in support of the strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth (Europe 2020). The NUTS 2 classification (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) divides EU territory into 281 regions with population thresholds between 800 000 and 3 000 000. It is used for the purpose of collection and harmonisation of statistics and for socio-economic analysis. Furthermore, it is used for allocating European structural and investment funds (ESIF) to EU regions.This paper provides statistics for the NUTS 2 regions with a focus on selected Europe 2020 targets, firstly looking at GDP and unemployment for the years 2007 and 2017/18. It shows the employment situation of the younger generation in 2018. It then considers employment, poverty and education in the light of selected Europe 2020 targets, and internet usage in view of the EU’s digital agenda. Finally, it shows the ESIF allocation for the 2014-2020 period and EU payments up to June 2019.
Further information on page 7
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2
GDP in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant: highest and lowest NUTS 2 region within each Member State (% of the EU-28 average, 2017)
National averageLowest value Highest value
2017
EU-28
UKFRIESKCZBEDEROPLHUITNLDKSEATESFIBGLTELPTSIHRLUMTCYEELV
Bulgaria: 49%
Southern Scotland: 65%Mayotte: 34%
Northern and Western: 84%Východné Slovensko: 54%
Severozápad: 63%Prov. Luxembourg: 73%
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 83%Nord-Est: 39%
Lubelskie: 48%Észak-Alföld: 43%
Calabria: 58%Drenthe: 87%Sjælland: 88%
Norra Mellansverige: 97%Burgenland: 90%
Extremadura: 64%Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomi: 91%
Severozapaden: 31%Vidurio ir vakaru Lietuvos: 65%
Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki: 46%Norte: 65%
Vzhodna Slovenija: 70%Jadranska Hrvatska: 59%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
LVEECYMTLUHR
SIPTELLT
BGFI
ESATSE
DKNLIT
HUPL
RODEBECZSKIE
FRUK
EU28
400%200%100%0% 300% 500%
253%: Luxembourg
626%: Inner London - West177%: Île de France220%: Southern179%: Bratislavský kraj187%: Praha196%: Brussels Capital Region202%: Hamburg144%: Bucuresti - Ilfov152%: Warszawski stoleczny139%: Budapest143%: Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano167%: Noord-Holland166%: Hovedstaden166%: Stockholm151%: Wien124%: Comunidad de Madrid141%: Helsinki-Uusimaa79%: Yugozapaden112%: Sostines regionas91%: Attiki100%: Área Metropolitana de Lisboa102%: Zahodna Slovenija63%: Kontinentalna Hrvatska
EU-28 GDP per capita in PPS
24000
28000
32000
201720162015201420132012201120102009200820072007 201726 100
30 000
Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus, Estonia and Latvia have only one NUTS 2 region
EU-28 = 100%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Average
Min 2007
Max 2007
Min 2017
Max 2017
HRSIPTELLTBGFIESATSEDKNLITHUPLRODEBECZSKIEFRUK
600%
500%
400%
300%
200%
100%
0
National average 2017
Lowest value 2007
Highest value 2017
Lowest value 2017
Highest value 2007
700%
UK FR IE SK CZ BE DE
RO PL HU IT NL
DK SE AT ES FI BG LT EL PT SI IE
Further information on page 7
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targets
3
Data source: Eurostat (ComExt, bop_its_det, bop_fdi_main)Unemployment rate by NUTS 2 region (2007 and 2018)
In 2018, regional unemployment rates ranged between 1.3% in Praha (CZ) and 35.1% in Mayotte (FR)
5%-8%3.5%-5%
< 3.5%
> 8%5%-8%
3.5%-5%
< 3.5%
> 8%
Dispersion of regional unemployment rates by NUTS 2 regions (%) (2007 and 2017)
In 2007 , regional unemployment rates ranged between 2.2% in Highlands and Islands (UK) and 24.1% in Réunion (FR)
Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
Age: 15 and over
2007
Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
Age: 15 and over
2018
0
10
20
30
40 Max-min
Min
MTEELULVCYCZDKSINLIEDEROPLUKHULTFISEPTHRATSKBGBEITELESFRFR ES EL IT BE BG SK AT HR PT SE FI LT HU UK PL RO DE IE NL SI DK CZ MT
CY LV LU EE
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
EU average
Capital regionRange between lowest and highest value2018EU-28
unemployment rate
6
9
12
20182007
2007 2018
7.2% 6.8%
10.9%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2017
2007
DK
FI
EL
PT
SE
NL
UK
PL
FR
ES
CZ
DE
RO
SK
BG
HU
AT
IT
BE
EU28 44.1%
59.2%
56.6%
45.3%
39.6%
39.1%
38.0%
27.7%
43.3%
41.9%
30.9%
34.6%
14.2%
24.1%
16.9%
10.1%
20.8%
14.8%
26.2%
11.1%
69.9%
53.8%
50.0%
46.5%
45.5%
42.2%
37.2%
33.7%
32.0%
30.4%
29.6%
29.0%
27.7%
23.2%
15.2%
13.9%
13.1%
12.2%
10.4%
6.7%
EU-28
BE
IT
AT
HU
BG
SK
RO
DE
CZ
ES
FR
PL
UK
NL
SE
PT
EL
FI
DK
20172007
Dispersion measures the variation in regional unemployment rates - within the same country or across all EU regions. A value of zero means the unemployment rates of a given country are equal across its regions. An increase in dispersion indicates growing disparities, while a reduction indicates regional cohesion is improving.
Further information on page 7
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Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
Youth unemployment rate by NUTS 2 region (2018)
Age: 15-24
2018
The EU-28 youth unemployment rate is 15.2%. It ranges between 4.0% in Oberbayern (DE) and 66.1% in Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla (ES).
15%-22%> 22%
9%-14.9%< 13%No data
NEETs: young people not in employment, education or training (2018)
2018
Age: 15-24
9%-12%6.5%-8.9%
> 12%
< 8%
NEETs range between 3.2% in Utrecht (NL) and 33.1% in Guyane (FR).
NEET
Employed and in ET
Employed and not in ET
Not employed but in ET
Youngpeople15 - 24
54%
20%
15%
11%
Employed and not in ETNot employed but in ET
Employed and in ETNEET
In 84% of EU regions, the unemployment rate for young people is at least twice that of total unemployment.
The countries with the highest number of regions with more than 12% of NEETs are Italy (18 regions), Greece (12), and Spain (10). The countries with the most regions with less than 6.5% are Germany (20) and the Netherlands (12).
NEET
Further information on page 8
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targets
5
Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
2018
Employment rate by NUTS 2 region (2018)
Age: 20-64
75%-79%> 79%
70%-74.9%
< 70%
142 EU regions have an employment rate above 75%. They are distributed across 22 Member States, and the top five are DE (38 of 38), UK (38/41), NL (11/12), SE (8/8), AT (7/9) and DK (5/5).
Europe 2020 target:75% of 20-64 year-olds to be employed
EU-28 employment rate
68
71
74
201820072007 2018
69.7%
73.1%
Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
% of total population
2017
17%-22%> 22%
< 17%
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
The overall EU target refers to EU-27, ie all EU countries before the accession of Croatia. It was adopted in 2010, taking 2008 as a baseline year since it was the most recent year with data available.
Europe 2020 target:at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion
EU-27: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (in million)
90
110
130 EU27
20172016201520142013201220112010200920082008
116 112
2017Target 96
In 2008, 116 million people, or 23.7% of the EU population, were at risk of poverty and social exclusion. In 2017 the equivalent figure was 112 million (22.4% of the population). The target for 2020, 96 million people, represents 18.9% of the EU population.
Further information on page 8
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Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
Regular internet users (weekly or daily usage)
82%-86%> 86%
76%-81%
< 76%
% of total population
2018
EU-28 internet users
Key target of the digital agenda:
• Increase regular internet use from 60% to 75% by 2015
• Halve the proportion of the population that has never used the internet by 2015 (to 15%).
0
20
40
60
80
2018201720162015201420132012201120102009200820072007 2018
51%83%
37%11%
Regular
Never
European structural and investment funds
PLITES
RODEFRPT
HUCZGRUKSKHRBGLTLVATEESIFI
SEIE
BENLDKCY
MTLU
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Allocated minus spent EU budget
Spent EU budget
LUMTCYDKNLBEIE
SEFISI
EEATLVLT
BGHRSKUKGRCZHUPTFRDEROESIT
PL 86.144.6
40.030.9
27.927.525.925.0
23.921.4
16.415.2
10.79.9
8.45.64.94.43.93.83.63.4
2.71.91.50.90.80.1
2014-2020
Allocated EU budget:€ 461 billion
EMFF
YEI
CF
ESF
EAFRD
ERDF
ERDF
EAFRD
ESF
CFYEI (1.9%)EMFF (1.2%)
43%
22%
18%
14%
( )(
Total spent EU budget: € 161 billionERDF EAFRD ESF CF
YEI: EMFF
36% 30% 17% 14%
3%
€ billion
Spent budgetAllocated budget
Guadeloupe
FR
FR
PT
ES
Guyane
Acores
Canarias
FR
Martinique
FR
Réunion
Madeira
Malta
PT
Population aged 30-34 with tertiary education (ISCED 5-8)
39%-46%> 46%
32%-38.9%< 19%
145 EU regions have at least 40% of the 30-34 year-old population with tertiary education (2018). In 2015, 101 regions were above that threshold.
Europe 2020 target: at least 40% of 30-34 year-olds completing third-level education
EU-28 tertiary education
28
35
42
2018201720162015201420132012201120102009200820072007 201830%
40.7%
% of 30-34 year-oldpopulation
2018
7
Snapshot of the EU regions with a view to selected Europe 2020 targets
Further information
The bar chart shows the highest and lowest NUTS 2 region of each Member State, as well as the national level of GDP in PPS per capita. Five countries - Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus, Estonia and Latvia - have only one NUTS 2 region, therefore only data for the national level are presented. The length of the bar represents the inequality between the richest and the poorest region of each Member State.The line chart shows the highest and lowest GDP values in each Member State as well as the national average for both years (2007 and 2017). The graph does not consider the five countries not divided into regions.
The graphics represent regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per inhabitant expressed in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS). PPS is an artificial currency unit that eliminates price-level differences between countries and regions; one PPS buys the same quantity of goods or services in all countries. It is useful for comparing the economy across countries and regions. GDP is presented as a percentage of EU-28 GDP, the average of which is equal to 100%.The maps show GDP in PPS at NUTS 2 regional level as a percentage of the EU-28 value for the years 2007 and 2017. Regions rank from 31% of the EU-28 average in Severozapaden (Bulgaria), to 626% of the average in Inner London (UK). The regions are divided into four categories based on the level of GDP: 85 regions <75% of average (72 in 2007), 66 regions between 75%-90% (58), 42 in the bracket 91%-105% (50) and 88 regions >105% (101).The pie chart represents the EU’s regional population in each of the four categories. In other words, in 2017, 40% of the EU population lived in regions with GDP greater than 105% - al-ways expressed in PPS per capita compared to the EU average.
GDP in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant by NUTS 2 region (2007 and 2017)
GDP in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant: highest and lowest NUTS 2 region within each Member State (% of the EU-28 average, 2017)
The maps show the unemployment rate of people in the age group 15 and over for the NUTS 2 regions, comparing 2007 with 2017. The unemployment rate is the proportion of the labour force that is, during the reference period, without work, available for work and either actively seeking work or having already found a job to start within the next three months.The regions have been divided into four categories based on their level of unemploy-ment. In 2018, out of the ten regions with the highest unemployment level four are in Spain three are French and three are Greek, while within the lowest category there are five German regions, three in the Czechia, one Hungarian and one in the UK.
Unemployment rate by NUTS 2 region (2007 and 2018)
The map shows the proportion of the labour force aged 15-24 that is unemployed. Youth unemployment rates range between 4% in Oberbayern (DE) and 66.1% in Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla (ES). Within the top ten regions with the highest values, there are two Spanish, three Greek, three Italian and two French. Of the ten with the lowest values, five are in Germany, four in Czechia and one in Bulgaria.In 113 EU regions (representing 40% of all EU regions) the youth unemployment rate is twice that of total unemployment; in 107 regions (38%) it is three times bigger than the total rate.
The graph represents the differences in regional unemployment rate per Member State expressed as the coefficient of variation of regional unemployment rates. As Eurostat states, ’the coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean. This coefficient of variation is multiplied by 100 to make a percentage’.This number is zero if the regional unemployment rates of a given Member State are equal. Significant differences between regional unemployment rates give a fairly high index. The index is not applicable to nine Member States because they have fewer than three NUTS 2 regions: Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta and Slovenia.From the graph, it can be noted that six Member States show an increase in the index between 2007 and 2017, while 13 show a decrease, meaning that differences among regions got smaller.
Dispersion of regional unemployment rates by NUTS 2 regions (2007 and 2017, %)
Youth unemployment rate by NUTS 2 region (2018)
The indicator on NEETs, young people neither in employment nor in education and training, refers to young people aged 15 to 24 who are (1) not employed or inactive and (2) have not received any education and training in the four weeks preceding the survey. Data are expressed as a percentage of the total population in the same age group.The pie chart shows the 15-24 year-old population divided into four categories: the NEETs, those that are not employed but participate in formal or informal education or training (ET), those that are employed and not in ET, and those employed and in ET. The map shows the percentage of NEETs in the EU regions.Youth unemployment and the proportion of NEETs are complementary concepts. The unemployment rate measures those who are out of work, and actively searching and are able to start working; it is based on the economically active population of 15–24 years-old as its denominator. By contrast, the definition of NEETs excludes those in employment, education or training, but may include some of the economically inactive; it is based on a denominator that covers all 15–24 year-olds.
NEETs: young people not in employment, education or training (2018)
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Disclaimer and Copyright. This document is prepared for, and addressed to, the Members and staff of the European Parliament as background material to assist them in their parliamentary work. The content of the document is the sole responsibility of its author(s) and any opinions expressed herein should not be taken to represent an official position of the Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy. © European Union, 2019.
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Country code: Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Bulgaria (BG), Cyprus (CY), Czechia (CZ), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Finland (FI), France (FR), Germany (DE), Greece (EL), Croatia (HR), Hungary (HU), Ireland (IE), Italy (IT), Latvia (LV), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Malta (MT), Netherlands (NL), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Romania (RO), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE), United Kingdom (UK), European Union (EU-28).Data source: Eurostat and European Commission. Extraction date: July and September 2019. This is an updated edition of a ‘Briefing’ published in July 2016.
Notes
Employment refers to all persons aged 20-64 who, during the reference week, performed work for pay, profit or family gain or were not at work because of illness, holidays, training or similar.The map shows the employed rate for the year 2018. The line chart shows the evolution of the employment rate for the EU-28 for the years 2007 to 2018.
Employment rate by NUTS 2 region (2018)
Eurostat’s definition of those ‘at risk of poverty or social exclusion’ refers to the situation of people either at risk of poverty, or severely materially deprived or living in a household with a very low work intensity.The at-risk-of-poverty rate is the share of people with an equivalised disposable income (after social transfer) below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers.The material deprivation rate is an indicator that expresses the inability to afford some items considered by most people to be desirable or even necessary to lead an adequate life.The indicator concerning persons living in households with low work intensity is defined as the number of persons living in a household having a work intensity (ratio of number of worked months and months that could have been worked) below a threshold set at 0.20.The reduction of the number of persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion in the EU is one of the key targets of the Europe 2020 strategy.Belgium, France, Poland, Portugal and the UK did not provide data broken down by region, therefore the national values have been represented on the map.
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
Population aged 30-34 with tertiary education (ISCED 5-8)
The map shows regular internet users as a percentage of the total population. Regular users of the internet are persons who use the internet on average at least once a week, every day or almost every day.Austria, Germany, Greece, Poland and UK did not provide data broken down by region for the year 2018, therefore the national values have been represented on the map.
Regular internet users, 2018
The graphic represents the European structural and investment funds allocation and the total EU payments, by Member State, for the 2014–2020 period. The ESIF include the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) and the cohesion policy funds: the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Social Fund (ESF), the Cohesion Fund (CF) and the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI). In the graph the ‘inter-regional’ category is not represented and accounts for €9.1 billion). The upper pie chart represents the breakdown of the total funding per category. The lower one represents the total EU payments by Fund.
European structural and investment funds - ESIF
Tertiary education refers to categories five to eight of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). It is the level of education offered by universities, vocational universities, institutes of technology and other institutions that award academic degrees or higher professional certificates - bachelor, master or doctoral. The map represents the percentage of people aged 30-34 with a level of education higher than category five.One target of the Europe 2020 strategy is that by 2020 at least 40% of 30-34 year-olds should have completed tertiary education.
