Smt Internet Book

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CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

Web-Based Training

Today everyone faces an overwhelming challenge to increase efficiency, effectiveness,

and competitiveness. The only way to overcome this challenge and make individual

dreams a reality is to make fundamental changes in the ways training/education isimparted to individuals. These changes are creating a metamorphosis within universities

to find new ways to educate and keep students up-to-date. Delivering training via Internet

is a key tools to meet all these requirements.

Brief Introduction to Internet & related topics is given below :

What is Internet?

The Internet is a collection of computer networks that can communicate with each other-a

network of networks.

A network, further, is a collection of interconnected, individually controlled computer

through network; each computer user can communicate and share common resources,

such as printers and storage space, with other users.

When you connect to The Internet from office or home, your computer becomes a small

part of this giant network.

The word Internet is coined from the word “Interconnection” and “Network”. It refers to

the services that can be reached using the interconnected networks. The definition of

Internet may be different for each of undepending upon our requirements like it may be :



System through which you can pursue you education, getting a certificate, degree or

diploma of your choice.

• A set of computers communicating over fiber optics, phone lines, satellite links and

other media.

• A place where one can talk with friends and family.

• A place to get interesting games.

• An ocean of resources waiting to be mined.

• A place to do research for your thesis or a business presentation.

• An unlimited and as yet unexplored commercial opportunity.

• A worldwide support group for any problem or idea.

• A repository of professionals in all fields sharing information about their work.

Internet is a huge network of computer networks. Computers of all kinds constitute the

Internet. It is an umbrella under which many different networks, small or big, freelyexchange information.

The average age of Internet users is 35 years. Nearly one-third in computer related field,one-fourth in education, one-fifth professional, one-tenth in management and one-seventhin other fields.

To ensure the delivery of the data to the right computer, each computer on The Internet is

given an address. It is identification in numbers or words that the protocols use to deliver data to the computers. This address scheme is known as The Domain Name System.



CHAPTER 2.

HOW DOES INTERNET WORKS

Working of the Internet:

In order to make the Internet work, The requirement is of

1. A physical connection between the computer.

2. A common language called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/InternetProtocol) for the computers to communicate over the Internet. By using TCP/IP

Protocol, all kinds of computers with different operating systems run on the

Internet.

When you send a message across the Internet to a TCP divides the data into manageable

units called packets and attaches to each packet the information necessary to reassemblethe data and check for errors. IP then labels all the packets with a header containing the

address of the destination and sends them on their way.

Once the packets reach their destination, The computer at the receiving end removes TheIP header and user the data that TCP attached to each packet to make sure none of the

packets have been lost or damaged. The packets are then reassembled into The original

message. If the computer discovers a damaged packet, it sends a message to the sendingcomputer asking it to resent the packet.

Client/ Server Concept :

Client is the program/computer that requests for some information.Server is the program/computer that provides the requested information.

Computers that store web pages are called web servers. There is nothing special about

these computers, except that they have a full-time connection to the Internet and they runweb server software. These are normally fast computers with a lot of disk space.

You access pages in web servers by using a program called a browser. As soon as you tellyour browser what web page you want to view, it goes to the web server that holds the

page and retrieves it for you.

The links contained in web pages can point to areas within the same page, to other pages

residing on the same web server, or to pages sitting on a computer on the other side of the

world.

The term web site refers to a collection of one or more web pages created by one-personcompany or organisation on the web.



The relationship between Browsers and the Web Servers is called a Client/Servers

relationship. The client (your browser) requests information from the server (The webserver containing The requested information0 and the server delivers it.

A web server can support one web site or many web sites.

Connection Requirements 1. Hardware Requirements :

Apart from The monitor, keyboard and mouse, you have the following hardwarerequirements.

Processor : Pentium Processor with

32 MB RAM24 x or higher CD-ROM Drive

1 GB HDD

Modem : 33.6 KBPS speed Modem

2. Software Requirements :

Operating System : MS-WINDOWS 95/98

Browsers : Internet Explorer 4.0/Netscape Navigator 4.0



CHAPTER 3.

WHAT IS WORD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web :

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a vast collection of documents stored on Internet

computers.

The web refers to a specific kind Internet interfaces. The web documents contain links

the lead to other web pages and they contain graphics, sound and so on, which open upnew possibilities for presenting information.

World Wide Web is considered one of the key milestones in Internet usage. The webmade it possible for novices to use the Internet. WWW has changed the way

information is accessed on the Internet since its inception.

The web was invented in the early 1990s by Tim-Berner-Lee while working atCREAN, the European lab for Particle Physics at Geneva, Switzerland.

It has grown very rapidly. Four years ago only around 1250 Web servers were online.

Today there are over 10,00,000 Web servers.

The idea behind the development of web was to provide easy access to information to

provide the capability to move freely on the Internet.

The World Wide Web is a system of media rich documents spread across the Internet,

linked with each other through related topics.

WWW documents can contain text, pictures, sound, video and more.

WWW documents contain marked words or phrases called hypertext that act as links

to other documents. When any hypertext is selected, The related topic or page isshown to the users.

These elements are put together to create a web page and thus present information in a powerful way. Hypertext is the most powerful element that web page uses to provide

users the power to move freely on the Internet.

Hypertext is a combination of words or phrases that a user may select to jump to the

document related to the selection Hypertext even allows a user to access a newsgroup or a talent session, of the page is

designed accordingly.

Hypertext allows a user to freely select any link without following any order of

selection.WWW uses Hypertext Mark-up language to design a web documents. HTML defines

whether a web document or some Internet resources should be activated when the user

clicks on hypertext.



The web is not linear

The web is rich in media elements.

The web is interactive.

The web document is not linear. A user can click on any of the links and jump to the

related document. The web document is visually powerful and is a feast for the eyes andears.

Web pages offer excellent interactivity. A web user can

Fill in forms on-line

Run programs

Select options

The WWW brings with it its own flavor of terms.

Web Server :

Web Server is a program and a computer clubbed into one entity which responds to the

requests from web browsers for Internet resources.

Home Page :

Home page is the first hypertext document to be shown when a user follows a link to theweb server.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) :

HyperText Transfer Protocol is the protocol used by the Web to transfer hypertext

documents & other Internet resources.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) :

Uniform resource Locator is a special scheme that tells the user exactly where a resource

is located on the Internet. URL typically refers to the complete address of a resource

located on a computer on the Internet.

http://www.ignou.edu/:

Protocol Host Domain

To work with WWW, it is important to have a browser that allows fastest access to theinformation.





CHAPTER 4.

BROWSING THE INTERNET

Web Browser :

A web browser is a program that allows a user to display & interact with a hypertextdocument. Web browsers are of two types :

1) Text only Browser

A text only browser such as Lynx allows you to visit web pages without showingart or page structure. Essentially you look at ASCII text on the screen. The

advantage of a text-only browser is that it displays web pages very fast. This is

because it need not transfer images, voice and other media that occupy largeamount of memory.

2) The two graphical browsers that are currently in use are Netscape Gold and

Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. The graphical browsers and significantly slower than their text only counterparts since The multimedia files/graphics in these

browsers often take a long time to download.

Netscape Navigator :

Netscape Navigator is a WWW graphical browser. It is available for downloading free of

cost at the site with the URL http://home.netscape.com.

http://home.netscape.com/

http://home.netscape.com/



Microsoft Internet Explorer :

Microsoft Internet Explorer is another popular browser of Internet other than Netscape Navigator of Netscape Communication inc. Internet Explorer has been developed by

Microsoft Corporation, Redmond park, Washington, USA. This must also be availablefree of cost by downloading.



CHAPTER 5.

LET US CREATE NEW CONNECTION

HOW TO CONFIGURE & GET CONNECTED TO INTERNET WITH DIAL-UP-

CONNECTIONS?

Here are 5 easy steps for getting connected to Internet with Dial up Connection.

Step 1 : Install Dial-up Networking

Step 2 : Install Dial-up Adapter and TCP/IP

Step 3 : TCP/IP Configuration

Step 4 : Configuring Dial-up Networking

Step 5 : Dialing in and getting connected

The screen of the desktop looks like this:



Step 1 : Install Dial-up Networking

Verify that Dial-up Networking is installed :

1. Press the Star Button button on The desktop screen2. Select Settings…, then Control Panel.

3. Double-click The Add/Remove Programs icon. Select The Windows Setup tab, thenclick on The Communications option and press Details…

Make sure that The Dial-up Networking option is selected.

Communication Menu

See the picture to see how it should look. If it is selected, proceed to Step 2.

If Dial-up Networking is NOT selected (checked) :Select Dial-up Networking and click OK. Windows95 will attempt to install The needed

drives, so make sure you’ve got your installation disks of CD handy. Once that is

finished, proceed to Step 2.



Step 2 : Install Dial-up Adapter and TCP/IP

Verify that The Dial-up Adapter and TCP/IP Protocol are installed :

1. Press the Start Button.2. Select Settings…, then Control Panel.

3. Double-click the Network icon. You’ll see a dialog box like this. Network Menu :

Make sure the Configuration tab is selected. Both Dial-up Adapter and TCP/IP should be

present. If they’re already, proceed to Step 3.

Install Dial-Up Adapter :

Hit The Add… button, double Adapter, then scroll down the list until you can selectMicrosoft. Choose The Dial-Up Adapter and hit OK.



Install TCP/IP :

Now your Network dialog box should contain both Dial-Up Adapter and TCP/IP. Select

The adapter, click Properties…, Bindings, and make sure The TCP/IP box is checked.

You’re now ready to proceed to step 3.

Step 3 : TCP/IP Configuration

Go to the Control Panel and double-click The Network icon. You should get a dialog box

like this.

Where it says Primary Network Logon : choose Windows Logon from The drop-down

list.Click on The TCP/IP protocol (highlighted in the picture) and press The Properties….

Button. You should get The TCP/IP Properties box.

There are six sections in this dialog box. We’ll deal with them in order. In each case, youcan click on the section title to get a picture of The dialog box with The correct options

selected.

IP Address :

Select The Obtain an IP address automatically option.



Wins Configuration :

Select the Disable Wins Resolution option for now, you can enable it later when you

want to run Peer to peer Networking. That is beyond The scope of this document, though.

Gateway :

No changes are needed from The default. It should be entirely blank.

Bindings :

By defaults The Client for Microsoft Networks option is checked.

Uncheck it. If The Bindings window is blank, leave it alone.



Advanced :

No changes are needed from The default. See The picture.

DNS Configuration :

In The Host ; field enter your login name. In the Domain : field, enter vsnl.net.in. In theDNS Server Search Order field, enter The numbers based on your city. For example,

Mumbai uses 202.54.1-30 and 202.43.1.18. Find out The correct IP numbers for your city

through this list. Leave The Domain Suffix Search Order field blank. See the picture.

Step 4 : Configurating Dial-up Networking

Create a ‘VSNL’ Phonebook entry :

Open up My Computer from the desktop and double-click the Dial-Up Networking icon.



Double-click The Make New Connection icon.

This will walk you through The Make New Connection wizard. The first dialog box

looks like this.

Type in VSNL or whatever you want to call The icon (the title won’t affect Thetype of connection). Your modem (which should have been configured when you

installed Windows 95) should be shown in the Select a modem : area. Press the Configure

button and you’ll get a dialog box that looks like this.



On The General tab, Crank up your modem speed to as fast as you think it will

go. If you have 4 K modem, for example make the maximum speed 57000. If you

have a 28.8 K modem, make it 115200. Do not, however select only connect atthis speed. This will let your modem adjust as the connection needs.

Don’t worry about The Connection tab, The defaults should be fine.



Next, select The Options tab. Check The Bring up terminal window after dialing

box, as shown in this picture. Now hit The OK button.

Click The Next > button in the make new connection wizard.

Enter in The phone number used to access VSNL. You don’t need to put in an area

code if it’s a local call.



Press The Finish button and your icon will be created. Your Dial-Up Networkingfolder should now look something like this.

Setting The Dial-Up Properties :

Select your newly-created connection icon, press the right mouse button andchoose Properties… You should get a dialog box named whatever name you gave

your icon, which looks something like this.



Press the Server Type… button. You’ll get the Server Types dialog box. It should

look like this.



Type of Dial-Up Server should be set to PPP: Windows 95, Windows NT 3.5,

Internet. In The advanced options, check The Log on to network and Enable softwarecompression. Do not check Require encrypted password. In The Allowed Network

protocols : options, check NetBEUI and TCP/IP. Do not check IPX/SPX Compatible.

Hit The OK buttion in The remaining dialog box, and you’re almost ready to dial !

Configuring Automatic redial on busyIf you are interested in having your modem auto-redial VSNL if it gets a busy signal,

then follow these instructions:

From The Dial-Up Networking folder select the Connections… menu Item, then The

Settings… option. From there, you can choose the number of times you would likeyour dial-up sessions to attempt a connection.

Step 5 : Dialing in and getting connected

Double-click your session icon that you recently made. You’ll get The Connect todialog, whih looks like this.



Press the Connect button and your modem should start dialing as shown below

You should see a Post Dialup Terminal Window appearing on left hand corner of the

screen. It should show Username : prompt. Supply The username (as given by the ISP

at the time of getting internet account) and press Enter. This username is somethinglike [email protected] Here Herschel is lets say The name of The user who has

been given The account, del2 is The Server with which he gets an account, vsnl is the

Internet Service Provider, net indicates a networking organisation and in indicates thatall these are in India domain.

Then a Password will show up and you will need to supply the password (as given by

the ISP at The time of getting internet account) and press Enter. The Password is

hidden and does not get displayed when typed; on the screen.

Then a router prompt e.g gilvsb4.38> will appear and at this prompt you will have to

type ppp and hit enter. You will see junk characters at that point you will have toeither click on Continue or press [F7]

Congratulations ! Your’re now connected to internet. You are now ready to surf any

web site you wish now using the browser.

mailto:[email protected]




Chapter 6.

Internet features

Internet Features

Internet offers a variety of features A few of them are :

1. Email

2. News Groups

3. File Transfer Protocol.

E-mail is the most widely used feature of The Internet. Using e-mail, a user can send and

receive mail through computers to and from any Internet user .

E-mail uses networks to transmit text, messages, audio and video clips.

E-mail allows users to send a message to just one user or a group of users. Users canread, print, forward, answer or delete a message.

E-mail is much cheaper and faster in comparison to other communication services.

Each E-mail user is assigned a unique address, which is used by the e-mail network to

deliver the message.

A Student can use the E-mail to:

1. Send The queries to the Program Coordinator

2. Send The Assignments Electronically by attaching them with the E-mail message.

3. Receive The response & other details from the Program Coordinators.

Another interesting & ever-growing feature of Internet is News Groups. News Groups are

huge, sorted collection of news and articles from all over the world; updated everyday NewsGroups are analogous to the real life newspaper but they offer much more.

NewsGroups allow users to access a range of articles, from recreational to scientific.

NewsGroup allow users to send feedback to authrors about their articles.

Most NewsGroup are not commercial. While some charge a subscription fee.

Internet offers FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP is a program using which a user can

transfer data between computers on the Internet. FTP can send and receive data to and

from any distant computer on the Internet to the user’s computer.FTP provides commands that allow users to manage files. The FTP applications allowThe users to download files from computers connected to the Internet. Many such sites

allow The users to access their files without the need of their acount.

Telent is another popular feature available on the Internet. It is a program that allows onecomputer to connect to another computer, anywhere in the world.



What is have an E-mail Account ?

E-mail implies Electronic Mail. The concept is in many ways similar to traditional postal

service. Here an individual needs to have a personal address, commonoly known as E-mail account. On the Internet there are various sites which provide such a service free of

cost.Here we will be explaining the procedure to use such a service through two sites i.e.www.hotmail.com

Account through Hotmail

1. Open The browser 2. Go to The site http://www.hotmail.com by typing this address where the location

needs to be typed on your browser

3. A screen similar to Figure 1 (below) will be displayed.

4. To create a new account, click ‘Sign Up Here!’ button. This is displayed at bottom of The screen above fig.

5. Subsequently an Acceptance From will be displayed. Go through it & click ‘I

Accept’ button. Enter all the required information like Login name, password,Retype The Password, First Name, Last Name, etc. Here Login Name &

Password is an important information. The login name needs to be unique, else it

will not be accepted. This ligin name will be a part of address. E.G.,

http://www.hotmail.com/







tanujchauhan (ligin name) and so The hotmail E-mail address will be

[email protected]. The password is for accessing your own account.This needs to be kept to yourself. Otherwise anybody having your password can

access your account.

6. After filling up all the information in the Registration form, click The ‘sign up’ button.

7. If all the required information is filled up in the desired form, then a message is

displayed congratulating the new user. Subsequently the user can access thisaccount with The help of login name & password. The address of this email

account will be login [email protected]. A screen similar to figure 4 is displayed.

The first mail will be from The hotmail staff.

8. But in case some important information is not entered correctly or the login name

entered is not unique or any other problem is encountered, then the relevantmessage is displayed. So the user needs to enter the required information again.







Creating E-mail account through Yahoo

1. Open The browser

2. Go to The site http://www.yahoo.com by typing this address in the location text box area.

3. A screen similar to figure 5 (below) will be displayed.

http://www.yahoo.com/





4. Click on the E-mail link and a screen similar to figure 6 is displayed.

5. As a new account has to be made, click ‘I’m a new user!’ button. Subsequently an Acceptance

form will be displayed as in (figure 7). Go through it & click ‘I Accept’ button at the bottom.



6. An Entry form, similar to Figure 8, is displayed. Enter all the required information like Yahoo

mail name, Password, Retype the Password, first name, last name, etc. Here Yahoo mail name &

Password is an important information. The Yahoo mail name needs to be unique, else it will not be

accepted. This name will be a part of this email address. E.g. tanujchauhan (login name) and so

The Yahoo email address will be [email protected]. The password is for accessing your

own account. This needs to be kept to yourself. Otherwise anybody having your password can

access your account.

Figure

7. After filling up all The information in the Registration Form, click the ‘Submit this figure button.

8. If all The required information is filled up in The desired form, then a screen is displayed

welcoming The user with Yahoo mail name (figure 9). Subsequently The user can access account

with The help of yahoo mail name & password. The address of this email account be login

[email protected].

Figure

17.10 How to handle Incoming E-mails ?

After an Email acount is made, The user can access the incoming mails. For thisfollowing steps need to be undertaken :








1. Open The browser

2. Go to The site www.hotmail.com by typing this address where The location needs to be typed on your browser.

3. The Hotmail Screen will be displayed.

4. Enter the login Name & Password at The specified locations. The passwordentered will not be displayed on screen, only ‘*’ sign is displayed, so that nobody

else gets to know your password5. If The Password related to The login name is displayed, so that you get access to

your account. But if password is incorrect then a message is displayed that Login

Failed & you can return to Hotmail Home Page by clicking on this link. From

here The above procedure can be repeated.

6. If you get access to the account, a screen similar to Figure 10 is displayed.

Figure

7. On left side various buttons are provided for viewsing The Inbox, composing a

message, entering the email addresses, etc. By default InBox option is activated

which is displayed on right side of The screen.8. InBox is The option through which incoming mails can be accessed. If this option

is activated (either by default or by clicking on this button) then all The incoming

mails are displayed on right side. The sender’s name of The incoming messages &The subject of all The incoming mails are displayed.

9. Any particular mail can be read by double clicking on that mail. Subsequently

following screen is displayed (Figure 11). On top of The screen you can view.From : Indicating The Sender’s E-mail address

To : Indicating The Receiver’s E-mail address

Below this there are buttons like Reply, Reply All, Forward, Delete, Preview, Next,Close, After this you encounter a message Header Pane where can read The incoming

mail sent to your E-mail account.



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