SMK (SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN) PERTANIAN DENGAN ... · KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN SMK (SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN) PERTANIAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONSEP PERMAKULTUR DI GROBOGAN

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KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN

SMK (SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN) PERTANIAN

DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONSEP PERMAKULTUR

DI GROBOGAN

TUGAS AKHIR

Diajukan sebagai Syarat untuk Mencapai

Gelar Sarjana Arsitektur

Universitas Sebelas Maret

Disusun Oleh :

Rizkia Rahmani Maulana

I0214081

PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

SURAKARTA

2018





KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas berkat rahmat serta kasih-Nya tak lupa

shalawat serta salam semoga selalu tercurah kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW sehingga

penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini yang mengambil judul “SMK Pertanian

dengan Pendekatan Permakultur di Kabupaten Grobogan”.

Tujuan penulisan tugas akhir ini untuk memenuhi sebahagian syarat memperoleh

gelar Sarjana Arsitektur (S.Ars) bagi mahasiswa S-1 di program studi Arsitektur fakultas

Teknik Universitas Sebelas Maret. Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih jauh dari

kesempurnaan, oleh sebab itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat

membangun dari semua pihak demi kesempurnaan tugas akhir ini.

Terselesaikannya tugas akhir ini tidak terlepas dari bantuan banyak pihak, sehingga

pada kesempatan ini dengan segala kerendahan hati dan penuh rasa hormat penulis

menghaturkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya bagi semua pihak yang telah

memberikan bantuan moril maupun materil baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam

penyusunan skripsi ini hingga selesai, terutama kepada yang saya hormati:

Allah SWT yang telah terus menerus memberikan berkat, rahmat, dan

kemudahan dalam terselesaikannya tugas akhir ini.

Ayah, Ibu dan keluarga yang selalu memberikan dukungan dan motivasi dalam

segala hal.

Amin Sumadyo, S.T, MT. selaku Ketua Program Studi Arsitektur UNS.

Ir. Suparno, MT dan Ir Ana Hardiana, MT selaku dosen pembimbing tugas akhir

yang senantiasa membantu mengarahkan dan memberikan kemudahan pada

penulis ketika menemui kesulitan dalam pelaksanaan tugas akhir.

Sri Yuliani, ST., M.App.Sc dan Ir Hari Yuliarso, MT selaku dosen penguji yang

senantiasa memberikan masukan, kritik dan saran yang membangun dalam

penyempurnaan tugas akhir

Grup syangkeum - Anggik, Raras, Yayan, Mimin dan Pipik

LTA arsi sebagai teman main dan gosip Arsitektur UNS 2014

Arsitektur 2014 sebagai keluarga 4 tahun selama di arsitektur



Terima kasih juga kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyelesaian

skripsi ini yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu

Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada semua pihak yang telah

membantu dan penulis berharap semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua dan

menjadi bahan masukan dalam dunia pendidikan.

Atas perhatiannya, penulis selaku penyusun konsep tugas akhir ini mengucapkan

banyak terima kasih dan semoga konsep tugas akhir ini dapat menjadi bahan pemikiran

selanjutnya

Surakarta, 2018

Penulis

Rizkia Rahmani M

I0214081



i

DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................................................... i

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................................................ vii DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................................................... x

BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................................................... 1 A. Pengertian Judul .......................................................................................................................... 1

1. Pengertian Perkata Kunci ........................................................................................................ 1

2. Pengertian Keseluruhan Judul ................................................................................................. 2

B. Latar Belakang ............................................................................................................................ 3

1. Perkembangan Sektor Pertanian di Indonesia ......................................................................... 3

2. Kondisi SMK Pertanian di Indonesia ...................................................................................... 4

3. Potensi dan kondisi pertanian di Kabupaten Grobogan ........................................................... 5

4. Pemilihan konsep permakultur pada bangunan SMK Pertanian ............................................. 7

C. Permasalahan dan Persoalan ....................................................................................................... 8

1. Permasalahan ........................................................................................................................... 8

2. Persoalan.................................................................................................................................. 8

D. Tujuan dan Sasaran ..................................................................................................................... 9

1. Tujuan ...................................................................................................................................... 9

2. Sasaran ..................................................................................................................................... 9

E. Lingkup Pembahasan dan Batasan .............................................................................................. 9

1. Lingkup Pembahasan ............................................................................................................... 9

2. Batasan .................................................................................................................................. 10

F. Sistematika Pembahasan ........................................................................................................... 10

1. Sistematika Konsep ............................................................................................................... 10

2. Sistematika Studio ................................................................................................................. 11

BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................................................... 13 A. Tinjauan Pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) ...................................................... 13

1. Pengertian Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan .............................................................................. 13

2. Tujuan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan .................................................................................... 13



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3. Kurikulum Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan .............................................................................. 14

4. Bidang Keahlian dalam Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan .......................................................... 15

B. Tinjauan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Pertanian ........................................................ 15

1. Pengertian SMK Pertanian .................................................................................................... 15

2. Kompetensi Keahlian ............................................................................................................ 15

3. Standar dan Sarana dan Prasarana SMK Pertanian (Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional

Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 2008) ................................................................................. 17

C. Tinjauan Teori Permakultur ...................................................................................................... 26

1. Pengertian Permakultur ......................................................................................................... 26

2. Sejarah Permakultur .............................................................................................................. 27

3. Etika Permakultur .................................................................................................................. 28

4. Prinsip Permakultur ............................................................................................................... 28

5. Pola dalam Permakultur ........................................................................................................ 32

6. Zonasi Desain Permakultur ................................................................................................... 32

7. Faktor Iklim ........................................................................................................................... 34

8. Material Bangunan ................................................................................................................ 36

9. Air .......................................................................................................................................... 37

10. Utilitas ................................................................................................................................... 39

11. Lahan Pertanian ..................................................................................................................... 40

D. Preseden Bangunan ................................................................................................................... 42

1. Bangunan SMK Pertanian ; SMK N 1 Bawen, Semarang .................................................. 42

2. Bangunan dengan konsep permakultur ; Bumi Langit Institute ......................................... 45

E. Kesimpulan ............................................................................................................................... 48

BAB III. METODE PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN ....................................................... 49 A. Planning ( Perencanaan ) .......................................................................................................... 49

1. Eksplorasi ide dan permasalahan ........................................................................................... 49

2. Pengumpulan Data ................................................................................................................. 49

B. Programming (Programatik) ..................................................................................................... 50



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1. Pengolahan Data .................................................................................................................... 50

2. Analisis Data ......................................................................................................................... 51

3. Sintesis ................................................................................................................................... 51

4. Transformasi desain ............................................................................................................... 51

C. Designing (Desain) ................................................................................................................... 51

D. Pola Pikir ................................................................................................................................... 52

BAB IV. TINJAUAN DATA ............................................................................................................... 53 A. Tinjauan Kabupaten Grobogan ................................................................................................. 53

1. Kondisi Geografis .................................................................................................................. 53

2. Kondisi Alam......................................................................................................................... 54

3. Kondisi Kependudukan ......................................................................................................... 56

4. Kondisi Pendidikan ............................................................................................................... 56

5. Potensi Pertanian ................................................................................................................... 58

6. Peraturan RTRW Kabupaten Grobogan ................................................................................ 59

BAB V. ANALISIS PERENCANAAN SMK PERTANIAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONSEP

PERMAKULTUR DI KABUPATEN GROBOGAN ........................................................................... 63 A. Deskripsi Proyek ....................................................................................................................... 63

B. Visi Misi.................................................................................................................................... 63

C. Tujuan ....................................................................................................................................... 63

D. Kelembagaan ............................................................................................................................. 64

E. Kegiatan .................................................................................................................................... 64

F. Program Ruang ......................................................................................................................... 66

1. Analisis Kebutuhan Ruang .................................................................................................... 66

G. Besaran Ruang .......................................................................................................................... 69

1. Dasar Petimbangan ................................................................................................................ 69

2. Dasar Perhitungan ................................................................................................................. 69

3. Dasar Perhitungan Flow ........................................................................................................ 69

4. Analisis .................................................................................................................................. 70

H. Analisis Lapis Bangunan .......................................................................................................... 75



iv

I. Analisis Peryaratan Ruang ........................................................................................................ 75

J. Analisis Hubungan Ruang ........................................................................................................ 77

BAB VI. ANALISIS PERANCANGAN SMK PERTANIAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONSEP

PERMAKULTUR DI KABUPATEN GROBOGAN ........................................................................... 81 A. Lokasi ........................................................................................................................................ 81

1. Dasar Pertimbangan ............................................................................................................... 81

2. Kriteria ................................................................................................................................... 81

3. Analisis .................................................................................................................................. 81

4. Hasil Analisis......................................................................................................................... 82

B. Tapak......................................................................................................................................... 83

1. Analisis Penentuan Tapak ..................................................................................................... 83

2. Analisis Pencapaian tapak ..................................................................................................... 87

3. Analisis Klimatologi .............................................................................................................. 88

4. Analisis Kebisingan ............................................................................................................... 90

5. Analisis Orientasi .................................................................................................................. 91

6. Analisis Zoning ..................................................................................................................... 92

7. Analisis Vegetasi dan Landscape .......................................................................................... 94

C. Gubahan Massa Bangunan ........................................................................................................ 96

1. Bentuk dasar ruang dan massa............................................................................................... 96

2. Pola tata massa ...................................................................................................................... 97

D. Tampilan Bangunan .................................................................................................................. 98

1. Kriteria ................................................................................................................................... 98

2. Analisis .................................................................................................................................. 99

3. Hasil ....................................................................................................................................... 99

E. Struktur dan Konstruksi .......................................................................................................... 100

1. Dasar Pertimbangan ............................................................................................................. 100

2. Analisis Sub Struktur ........................................................................................................... 100

3. Analisis Super Struktur ........................................................................................................ 101

4. Analisis Upper Struktur ....................................................................................................... 102



v

F. Sistem Utilitas ......................................................................................................................... 103

1. Sistem Air Bersih ................................................................................................................ 103

2. Sistem Pengolahan Air Kotor .............................................................................................. 104

3. Sistem Pengolahan Air Bekas dan Air Hujan ...................................................................... 105

4. Pengolahan Sampah ............................................................................................................. 106

5. Jaringan Listrik .................................................................................................................... 106

6. Sistem Komunikasi .............................................................................................................. 107

7. Penanggulangan Kebakaran ................................................................................................ 107

8. Penangkal Petir .................................................................................................................... 109

9. Perawatan Bangunan ........................................................................................................... 110

BAB VII. KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN SMK PERTANIAN DENGAN

PENDEKATAN KONSEP PERMAKULTUR DI KABUPATEN GROBOGAN ............................ 111 A. Konsep Kegiatan ..................................................................................................................... 111

1. Pengguna ............................................................................................................................. 111

2. Pola Kegiatan....................................................................................................................... 111

B. Konsep Peruangan .................................................................................................................. 112

1. Konsep Kebutuhan dan Besaran Ruang .............................................................................. 112

2. Konsep Lapis Bangunan ...................................................................................................... 114

3. Konsep Hubungan Ruang .................................................................................................... 115

C. Konsep Tapak ......................................................................................................................... 116

1. Tapak Terpilih ..................................................................................................................... 116

2. Pencapaian Tapak ................................................................................................................ 117

3. Klimatologi Tapak ............................................................................................................... 117

4. Kebisingan ........................................................................................................................... 118

5. Orientasi .............................................................................................................................. 118

6. Zoning ................................................................................................................................. 119

7. Vegetasi dan Landscape ...................................................................................................... 120

D. Konsep Gubahan Massa dan Tampilan Bangunan.................................................................. 121

1. Bentuk Ruang dan Massa .................................................................................................... 121



vi

2. Pola Tata Massa ................................................................................................................... 121

E. Tampilan Bangunan ................................................................................................................ 122

F. Konsep Struktur dan Konstruksi ............................................................................................. 122

1. Sub Struktur ......................................................................................................................... 122

2. Super Struktur ...................................................................................................................... 123

3. Upper Struktur ..................................................................................................................... 123

G. Konsep Utilitas ........................................................................................................................ 124

1. Sistem Distribusi Air Bersih ................................................................................................ 124

2. Pengolahan Air Kotor .......................................................................................................... 124

3. Sistem Pengolahan Air Bekas dan Air hujan ....................................................................... 125

4. Pengolahan Sampah ............................................................................................................. 125

5. Jaringan Listrik .................................................................................................................... 125

8. Sistem Penangkal Petir ........................................................................................................ 127

9. Perawatan Bangunan ........................................................................................................... 127



vii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Pola- pola alam .................................................................................................................... 32

Gambar 2. Contoh zonasi permakultur ................................................................................................. 34

Gambar 3. Radiasi pada ruang .............................................................................................................. 35

Gambar 4. Pemecah Angin ................................................................................................................... 35

Gambar 5. Penampungan air hujan ....................................................................................................... 38

Gambar 6. Penjernihan air .................................................................................................................... 39

Gambar 7. Pencahayaan bangunan ....................................................................................................... 40

Gambar 8. Sistem penahan angin .......................................................................................................... 41

Gambar 9. Sengkedan pohon ................................................................................................................ 41

Gambar 10. Tampak depan SMK N 1 Bawen, Semarang..................................................................... 42

Gambar 11. Master Plan Fasilitas SMK N 1 Bawen, Semarang ........................................................... 42

Gambar 12. Struktur organisasi SMK1 Bawen ..................................................................................... 44

Gambar 13. Bumi Langit Institute ........................................................................................................ 45

Gambar 14. Bumi Langit Institute ........................................................................................................ 46

Gambar 15 Bak pengolahan air limbah cair .......................................................................................... 47

Gambar 16 tabung biodigester pada pengolahan biogas di Bumi Langit ............................................. 47

Gambar 17 Penggunaan panel surya di Bumi Langit............................................................................ 48

Gambar 18 Pola Pikir Perencanaan dan Perancangan........................................................................... 52

Gambar 19 Peta Wilayah Kabupaten Grobogan ................................................................................... 53

Gambar 20 Peta RTRW Kabupaten Grobogan tahun 2011-2031 ......................................................... 62

Gambar 21. Kelembagaan SMK ........................................................................................................... 64

Gambar 22. Skema kegiatan siswa ....................................................................................................... 64

Gambar 23. Skema kegiatan pengajar ................................................................................................... 65

Gambar 24. Skema kegiatan pengelola ................................................................................................. 65

Gambar 25. Skema kegiatan pengunjung ............................................................................................. 65

Gambar 26. Skema kegiatan staff servis ............................................................................................... 66

Gambar 27. Hubungan makro ruang ..................................................................................................... 78

Gambar 28. Hubungan mikro ruang pengelola ..................................................................................... 78

Gambar 29. Hubungan mikro area teori ................................................................................................ 79

Gambar 30. Hubungan mikro area praktik ............................................................................................ 79

Gambar 31. Hubungan mikro area penunjang ...................................................................................... 80

Gambar 32. Hubungan mikro area servis .............................................................................................. 80

Gambar 33 Peta Kecamatan Toroh ....................................................................................................... 83

Gambar 34 Alternatif Tapak di Kecamatan Toroh ............................................................................... 84



viii

Gambar 35 Alternatif Tapak 1 .............................................................................................................. 84



Gambar 38 Tapak Terpilih .................................................................................................................... 86

Gambar 39 GSB Tapak Terpilih ........................................................................................................... 87

Gambar 40 Batas Tapak Terpilih .......................................................................................................... 87

Gambar 41 Entrance pada Tapak .......................................................................................................... 88

Gambar 42 Klimatologi pada tapak ...................................................................................................... 89

Gambar 43 zoning klimatologi pada tapak ........................................................................................... 90

Gambar 44 Kebisingan pada tapak ....................................................................................................... 90

Gambar 45 Zoning kebisingan pada tapak ............................................................................................ 91

Gambar 46 Zoning orientasi pada tapak ............................................................................................... 92

Gambar 47 Zoning ruang pada tapak .................................................................................................... 93

Gambar 48 (a) Grassblock (b) batu alam (c) rumput ............................................................................ 94

Gambar 49 Contoh tanaman pembatas dan pengarah ........................................................................... 94

Gambar 50 (a) Tanaman Peneduh (b) Tanaman Pelindung (c) Tanaman Estetis ................................. 95

Gambar 51 Bentuk dasar ruang ............................................................................................................. 97

Gambar 52 (a) penggunaan bambu dan batu alam pada bangunan ....................................................... 99

Gambar 53 (a) Anyaman bambu untuk partisi dinding, (b) Sekondary skin bambu (c) batu alam pada

dinding (d) Penggunaan lisplang bergerigi ................................................................................. 100

Gambar 54 (a) Pondasi Footplat (b) pondasi sumuran ........................................................................ 101

Gambar 55 (a)Struktur Rigid Frame (b) Struktur Truss Frame (c) Struktur Shell / Cangkang .......... 102

Gambar 56 Struktur atap dan penutup atap ......................................................................................... 103

Gambar 57 Pengolahan Air sisa .......................................................................................................... 106

Gambar 58 Komposting Sampah ........................................................................................................ 106

Gambar 59 Sistem listrik Hybrid ........................................................................................................ 107

Gambar 60 Komposting Sampah ........................................................................................................ 107

Gambar 61 (a)Springkler (b) Fire extinguisher (c) box Hydrant ....................................................... 108

Gambar 62 (a) Skema sistem Franklin Rod (b) Skema sistem Faraday (c) Skema sistem elektrostatis

.................................................................................................................................................... 109

Gambar 63. Pola kegiatan pengguna SMK ......................................................................................... 111

Gambar 64. Konsep hubungan ruang .................................................................................................. 115

Gambar 65 Tapak Terpilih .................................................................................................................. 116

Gambar 66 Tapak Terpilih .................................................................................................................. 117

Gambar 67 Pencapaian tapak .............................................................................................................. 117

Gambar 68 Zoning klimatologi tapak ................................................................................................. 118

Gambar 69 Zoning kebisingan tapak .................................................................................................. 118



ix

Gambar 70 Orientasi tapak ................................................................................................................. 119

Gambar 71 Zoning pada tapak ............................................................................................................ 119

Gambar 72 Vegetasi di sisi barat ........................................................................................................ 120

Gambar 73 Konsep bentuk dasar ruang bangunan .............................................................................. 121

Gambar 74 Pola linear pada ruang kelas ............................................................................................. 121

Gambar 75 (a) Anyaman bambu untuk partisi dinding, (b) Sekondary skin bambu (c) batu alam pada

dinding (d) Penggunaan lisplang bergerigi ................................................................................. 122

Gambar 76 Pondasi bangunan ............................................................................................................ 123

Gambar 77 Rigid Frame bangunan ..................................................................................................... 123

Gambar 78 Struktur atap dan penutup atap ......................................................................................... 123

Gambar 79. Skema distribusi air bersih .............................................................................................. 124

Gambar 80. Skema pengolahan air kotor ............................................................................................ 124

Gambar 81. Skema pembuangan limbah ............................................................................................ 124

Gambar 82. Skema pengolahan air sisa .............................................................................................. 125

Gambar 83. Skema pengolahan sampah ............................................................................................. 125

Gambar 84. Skema jaringan listrik ..................................................................................................... 126

Gambar 85. Skema jaringan komunikasi ............................................................................................ 126

Gambar 86 (a)Springkler (b) Fire extinguisher (c) box Hydrant ....................................................... 126

Gambar 87. Sketsa peletakan alat kebakaran ...................................................................................... 127

Gambar 88 Skema sistem elektrostatis ............................................................................................... 127



x

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1 Persebaran sarana pendidikan di Kabupaten Grobogan ............................................................. 6

Tabel 2 Banyaknya sekolah dan siswa SMK (Kejuruan) menurut kecamatan di Kabupaten Grobogan

tahun ajaran 2016/2017 ................................................................................................................... 6

Tabel 3 Kompetensi Keahlian pada bidang Agribisnis dan Agroteknologi ......................................... 16

Tabel 4 Mata Pelajaran Kurikulum 2013 SMK Pertanian .................................................................... 17

Tabel 5 Pengelompokan prinsip permakultur ....................................................................................... 31

Tabel 6 Data Paket keahlian, rombel kelas dan jumlah siswa di SMK Negeri 1 Bawen ...................... 43

Tabel 7 Data kondisi alam dalam penggunaan lahan dan jumlah curah hujan di setiap kecamatan di

Kabupaten Grobogan .................................................................................................................... 55

Tabel 8 Rekapitulasi Jumlah SMP, MTs, SMA dan SMK di Kab Grobogan ...................................... 57

Tabel 9 Data SMK Pertanian di Kabupaten Grobogan ......................................................................... 57

Tabel 10 Data produksi pertanian padi di Kabupaten Grobogan .......................................................... 58

Tabel 11 Analisis pelaku, kegiatan dan kebutuhan Ruang di SMK Pertanian ..................................... 66

Tabel 12 Analisis banyaknya pelaku kegiatan ..................................................................................... 70

Tabel 13 Analisis ruang parkir ............................................................................................................. 71

Tabel 14 Analisis besaran ruang .......................................................................................................... 71

Tabel 15 Analisis lapis bangunan ......................................................................................................... 75

Tabel 16 Analisis persyaratan ruang .................................................................................................... 75

Tabel 17 Analisis kelompok ruang ....................................................................................................... 77

Tabel 18 Analisis hubungan ruang dalam tabel matriks ...................................................................... 78

Tabel 19 Analisis lokasi tapak.............................................................................................................. 81

Tabel 20 Analisis alternatif tapak ......................................................................................................... 84

Tabel 21 Analisis alternatif tapak ......................................................................................................... 85

Tabel 22 Bentuk dasar ruang, sifat dan karakter .................................................................................. 96

Tabel 23 Pola massa dan komposisi massa .......................................................................................... 97

Tabel 24 Distribusi Air Bersih ........................................................................................................... 104

Tabel 25 Konsep Kegiatan dan Pengguna .......................................................................................... 111

Tabel 26 Konsep Besaran Ruang ....................................................................................................... 112

Tabel 27 Konsep lapis bangunan........................................................................................................ 114

Documents

SMK (SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN) PERTANIAN DENGAN ... · KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN SMK (SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN) PERTANIAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONSEP PERMAKULTUR DI GROBOGAN