Smart Materials and Technology A02 Material Library

Daniela A. Ottmann _ Assistant Professor _ ASD Architecture and Sustainable Design _ UPAD Department for Urban Planning and Architectural Design _German University of Technology in Oman (GUtech)

Assignment SMT02: Material Library

material

environment function

Smart Materials and Technology ///Ass. SMT 02


Assignment SMT02: Material Library

1. re:search as much on the topic/material given

2. considering the following aspects:

>constitution of material; such as ingredients, components, structure

>function of the material (support through diagrams, sketches)

> minimum of one picture

> application areas, possible application in urbanism/architecture

3. monday morning you will get a template to fill in your results

Weighting: 15% single work

Submission: Monday 05.03.2012 @ 2pm

stick printed sheets onto a wall in your studio. arrange neatly.

thank you

Smart Materials and Technology ///Ass. SMT 02


Contribution by

Asia Al Lamki

Smart Materials and Technology

NEW MATERIALS LIBRARY

Diagramms & PicturesTopic Area

DescriptionSMT02 new materials STRATEGY

SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad

astronomad PRODUCTION

SMT04b astronomad

Tutorial Assignment: SMT02

New Materials Library

Input Lecture: Strategies of inventing

new material

Assignment: SMT03bBiomimicry Transfer

Concept

Assignment: SMT04aAstronomad Concept

Assignment: SMT04bAstronomad


Assignment: SMT02New Materials Library

Assignment: SMT03aBiomimicry Analysis

Presentation of SMT03a and b: Biomimicry

Analysis and Transfer

Tutorial Presentation of SMT03a

Astronomad Concept

Assignment and Tutorial: SMT04b

Astronomad


presentation of SMT02: New Materials Library


Concept

Input Lecture: We are all Astronauts


Astronomad

Assignment: SMT04bAstronomad Final Presentation

Astronoamd

Discussion and possible application

Tutorial Assignment: SMT03b

Biomimicry Transfer Concept

Assignment and Tutorial: SMT04a

Astronomad Concept


Astronomad


Astronoamd

15% 20% 10% 30%INPUT LECTURE TUTORIAL FOR

AssignmentSSTUDENT WORK on

AssignmentTUTORIAL

PRESENTATION not public

STUDENT PRESENTATION

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Daniela A. Ottmann _ Assistant Professor _ ASD Architecture and Sustainable Design _ UPAD De-partment for Urban Planning and Architectural Design_German University of Technology in Oman


Product/Material Name & Picture

ProSolve 370e Multi- Funtional Materials.Multi- Functional Materials

Smart Materials Group

Description

Input Materials + Components

Application Areas

List of Products

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin

SMT02 new materials STRATEGY

SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad

Assignment: SMT01Second Skin




new material


Concept




Distribution of students

Intro Lecture

presentation of SMT01: 2nd Skins : Performance






Astronomad Concept


Astronomad



Input Lecture:Classification of

Materialspresentation of SMT02: New Materials Library


Concept



Astronomad


Astronoamd

Assignment: SMT01Second Skin Assignment: SMT02

New Materials Library Discussion and possible

application




Astronomad Concept


Astronomad


Astronoamd

15% 15% 20% 10% 30%LEGEND Single work

Group of two

INPUT LECTURE TUTORIAL FOR AssignmentS

STUDENT WORK on Assignment

TUTORIAL PRESENTATION not

public


public



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• ProSolve 370e• • • • •

Source/ company

Thick air in big cities is at least for the majority of townspeople- a circumstance they have to live with, when wanting to lead an urban lifestyle. However, dust, smog, exhausts gases and industrial dust harms one’s health. Additionally also the facades of our most favorite buildings are affected.They Created photo-catalytic architectural tiles, which enable buildings to reduce air pollution in their surrounding environment. The modular tiles are coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2), this coating acts as a photo-catalyst, breaking down harmful pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides with the help of sunlight. Basically it neutralizes oxides of nitrogen (NOx)—a combination of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) that causes respiratory problems in humans, ozone depletion, and acid rain as well as volatile organic compounds and other pollutants when activated by daylight. The photo-catalytic properties of TiO2, known for their antimicrobial, self-cleaning, anti-fogging, and air-purifying qualities.Designed for absolute material efficiency using computer-generated forms and rapid-prototyping techniques, the tiles maximize the effects of the TiO2 coating by exposing more surface area to daylight, thereby activating the pollution-fighting technology. The overall pattern has a natural, organic appear-ance resembling biological growth in many ways, the sculptural design forms seem inspired by the molecular technology they contain. Yet despite the complexity of the seemingly irregular, five fold symmetric pattern, the system is composed of only two repeating modules here, modularity expresses complexity. It can be installed as a building façade.In addition to acting as a free-standing sculpture, the ProSolve 370e can also be attached to overpasses, buildings and other structures, which means it doesn’t necessarily have to take up space on its own.

ProSolve 370e recycled ABS plastic coated in photo catalytic titanium dioxide. Its a five dimensions shape put together that create an organic shape.

ProSolve 370e can be used in may be places and in different way. A Façade, An art, A roof, A structure, A barrier, A Shade and can be used in many other ways.

ProSolve 370e was created by: Allison Dring (American, b. 1974) and Daniel Schwaag (German, b. United States 1972)in there company Elegant Embellishments. In Germany.

Here its used as a structure in a park in

Human beings created the stone, bronze and iron ages. Many believe we are in materials age. The area of advanced materials research has very broad scope and potential applications. Advanced materials outperform conventional materials with superior properties such as high electrical, magnetic, optical and mechanical strength. They can have novel properties including the ability to recognise shape or sense changes in the environ-ment and respond. The development of advanced materials can even lead to the design completely new products including medical implants, miniature energy storage devices, display devices, etc. New or improved advanced materials with superior performance for specific applications are nano materials, polymers, super/metallic alloys, ceramic materials, biological materials composites, electronic materials, semiconductors and so on. Different advanced materials have varied applications. Taking into account these aspects, it is proposed to create a Multifunctional Materials Research Centre in Kalasalingam University with following groups.Nano Technology group/ Biomaterials group/ Super Ionic Materials group/ Energy Resource Group/ Advanced composite group/ Display Materials group/ Environmental Research Group/ Crystallog-raphy group. Multifunctional structural materials possess attributes beyond the basic strength and stiffness that typically drive the science and engineering of the material for structural systems. Structural materials can be designed to have integrated electrical, magnetic, optical, locomotive, power generative, and possibly other functionalities that work in synergy to provide advantages that reach beyond that of the sum of the individual capabilities. Materials of this kind have tremendous potential to impact future structural performance by reducing size, weight, cost, power consumption, and complexity while improving efficiency, safety.


Contribution by

Fouz Al Busaidi



Contribution by

Khadija Al Mandhari




DescriptionSMT02 new

materials STRATEGYSMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad




new material


Concept









Astronomad Concept


Astronomad




Concept



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Algae Batteries.Algae.Energy- generating


Description


Application Areas

List of Products

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin


SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad





new material


Concept





Intro Lecture

presentation of SMT01: 2nd Skins : Performance Assignment: SMT02

New Materials Library Assignment: SMT03aBiomimicry Analysis




Astronomad Concept


Astronomad



Input Lecture:Classi�cation of



Concept



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Energy development is the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

Technologically advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources for transportation, the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy services. This energy allows people who can afford the cost to live under otherwise unfavorable climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning. Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies, as do the climate, convenience, levels of traffic congestion,pollution and availability of domestic energy sources.

There are several technologies to store heat. Thermal energy from the sun, for example, can be stored in a reservoir or in the ground for daily or seasonal use. Thermal energy for cooling can be stored in ice.[56] Many thermal power plants are set up near coal or oil fields. The thermal power plant is used since fuel is burnt to produce heat energy, which is converted into electrical energy.

Batteries are used to store energy in a chemical form. As an alternative energy, batteries can be used to store energy in battery electric vehicles. Battery electric vehicles can be charged from the grid when the vehicle is not in use. Because the energy is derived from electricity, battery electric vehicles make it possible to use other forms of alternative energy such as wind, solar, geothermal, nuclear, or hydroelectric.

For example:

The algae batteries consist of extremely thin layers of conducting polymer, just 40 to 50 nanometers.The algae batteries can store 50 to 200 percent more charge as compared to similar conducting polymer batteries.The algae batteries can be recharged much faster than conventional rechargeable batteries.

Algae comprise several diffrent groups of organisms which produce energy through photosynthesis forthat reason have been included in the plant kingdom in the past.Algae are found in the fossil record dating back to approximately 3 billion years in the Precambrian. They exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies,from simple, asexual cell division to complex forms

of sexual reproduction. Nearly all algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from the Cyanobacteria, and so produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as purple and green sulfur bacteria. Fossilized filamentous algae from the Vindhya basin have been dated back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago.

Biochemical Processes : algae produce hydrogen, via biological and photobiological processes. Under these conditions, enzymes in the cell act as catalysts to split the water molecules.

Algae are a type of living thing that usually live in really wet environments, like the ocean. They are a little bit like plants. They take energy from the sun and use it to make food, just like plants do! The difference between algae and plants, is that plants have a lot more distinct parts, like roots, petals, stems, and leaves. In this way, algae are a lot simpler. Also it can be converted to energy products such as biodiesel, gasohol and methane.

Algae are used by humans in many ways. They are used as fertilizers, soil conditioners and are a source of livestock feed. Because many species are aquatic and microscopic, they are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds• Algae Batteries

• Algae Biodesial

http://www.livescience.com/5908-paper-thin-batteries-algae.html. http://www.coreelectronics.info/coreelectronics/paperbased-algae-batteries-power-electronics.html.

Source/ company

http://www.energy-savingnews.com/2009/09/organic-algae-batteries/

http://myfreeenergyblog.com/4343/solar-panel-charging/.



Algae biodesial.Algae biodesial.


Description


Application Areas


SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad




new material


Concept









Astronomad Concept


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Concept



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Astronoamd





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from algae include rapid growth rates, a high per-acre yield; and algae biofuel contains no sulfur, is non-toxic, and is highly biodegradable. Some species of algae are ideally suited to biodiesel production due to their high oil content--in some species, topping out near 50%.

Biodiesel is a source fuel produced from high energy hydrocarbons found in living materials and can be extracted from plant and animal cells through several different processes. The source of the hydrocarbons used for biodiesel is usually either cellulose of plants, or lipids of animals or plants. The technology to convert lipids into biodiesel has been available for over 50 years and is currently in commercial use around the world, and therefore is more likely to be utilized in a larger scale production than cellulosic based fuels.

Biodiesel made from crops such as corn and soybeans is one such alternative that most people are aware of. However, there are problems with biodiesel made from crops namely the displacement of food and the amount of crops it takes to produce a gallon of oil.

It can be grown on land and in water unsuitable for plant growth. Some species are able to grow in high salinity, effluent, and can be grown in ponds independent of the soil. Because of the high lipid content and growth rates of algae, it is estimated that they can produce between 58,700 and 136,900L/ha annually, and would need to occupy between 2.5-1.1% of the total land area of the US to replace 50% of the total US transportation fuel consumption.Algae can be used to clean effluent from factories or municipal waste. It has been known for over 40 years that algae can be used as to treat wastewater.Algae yield 30 times more energy per acre than land crops such as soybeans, and some estimate even higher yields up to 15000 gallons per acre.

vegetable oil.Petrol for trucks.

http://www.oilgae.com/algae/oil/biod/biod.html.

Source/ company

http://cepweb.wordpress.com/2010/05/30/promising-new-research-on-cellulosic-ethanol/


Contribution by

Nasser Al Sayegh





SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad




new material


Concept









Astronomad Concept


Astronomad




Concept



Astronomad


Astronoamd





Astronomad Concept


Astronomad


Astronoamd



AssignmentTUTORIAL



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Heat chairThermochromic MaterialsThermochromic Materials


Description


Application Areas

List of Products

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin


SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad





new material


Concept





Intro Lecture







Astronomad Concept


Astronomad






Concept



Astronomad


Astronoamd



application




Astronomad Concept


Astronomad


Astronoamd


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• Heat chair• • Fabric Source/ company

Origin- THERMOCHROMA>>> from the Greek words thermos = heat, chroma = color- Definition: It’s a material that has a Characteris-

tic of changing in color due to the changing in temperature. Thermo chromic materials are widely used in a temperature sensitive/measurement device. The bestexample of it is the thermo-strip-

organic material: Thermochromic materials areorganic materials because is contain carbon-

Form: Thermochromic materials has a liquidcrystal form-

How it works? The thermochromic materials react to the surrounding temperature that lead to the changing on material color by a chemical reation less the temperature darker the color more temperature lighter the color. the range of temprature that the material can work probablyis from -30 to 115 centigrades in the best cases-

Architecture usage: In building thermochromic materials was mostly used as a decoration element on the internal walls as paint and also in the interior design such as chairs and some fabrics and it can be used in building’s façade but the direct sunlight makes the material lose . its properties

“Heat chair” furniture Designed by a German based designer Jurgen Mayer H, the Heat Seat is a heat sensitive seat. The chair have the same concept that been mentioned before it has a thermochromic paint on top its main structure that react to human body temperature as it shown in the image.

the is made out wood and rubber but the effect of the changing it color comes from the thermochro-mic paint layer on top of it.

The chair is used as furniture for interior places with a good indoor temperature.

Designed by a German based designer Jurgen Mayer H.schodek, M. A. (2005). Smart Materials and Technologies in Architecture . Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803: Architectural Press.

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin



Intro Lecture




Materials



15%LEGEND Single work

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Daniela A. Ottmann _ Assistant Professor _ ASD Architecture and Sustainable Design _ UPAD Department for Urban Planning and Arc

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Wall paints

Thermo-strip



FabricThermochromic Materials


Description


Application Areas

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin


SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad





new material


Concept





Intro Lecture







Astronomad Concept


Astronomad






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Astronomad Concept


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Source/ company

“Fabric”

Its used a mixture of Leuco dye with the suitable chemicals that makes the fabric color fade due to the temperature change on top of the fabric and also some fashion designers apply it on their designs like Dines France made a hand bag that changes it color according to the temperature.

The idea of change the fabric color come from mixing Leuco dye with the suitable chemical mixture and applies it to the fabric which will have the ability in changing color.

The fabric been used in fashion “clothes & accessories ” and also in interior designs like table covers or decoration fabrics

A hand bag Designed by Dines France.Peters, D. S. (2009, april 19). Modulor. Retrieved from http://www.modulor.de/blog/?p=2130



Wall paintsThermochromic Materials


Description


Application Areas

SMT01 second SMT02 new materials STRATEGY

SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad




new material


Concept










Astronomad Concept


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Source/ company

“Wall paint” Its product produces by Coloroyal Company they have integrated the concept of thermo-chrome materials into their paints that makes the paint react to the direct temperature change.

Its use to paint the interior walls that can change it color due the direct temperature change on the surface as it shown on the image.

The chair is used as furniture for interior places with a good indoor temperature.

Coloroyal Companythermochromic fabric paint. (1990). Retrieved from coloroyal: http://www.coloroyal.com/img/showimg504.htm


Contribution by

Nibras Al Molahi



DIAGRAMM AND PICTURETOPIC AREA

DESCRIPTIONSMT02 new materials STRATEGY

SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad




new material


Concept









Astronomad Concept


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PLASTIC TYPES

PLASTICRECYCLED MATERIALS

PLASTIC RAW MATERIAL PICTURE

DESCRIPTION

PRODUCTS THAT CAN BE RECYCLED:

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin


SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad





new material


Concept





Intro Lecture







Astronomad Concept


Astronomad






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Astronomad


Astronoamd



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Astronomad Concept


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Definition: • Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower green-house gas emissions as compared to virgin produc-tion. Recycling is a key com-ponent of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy.

example of recycling tin can

Plastic:Plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecu-lar mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.

Most of the Plastics is basically made out carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur.

• Polyester (PES) – Fibers, textiles.• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) – Carbonated drinks bottles, peanut butter jars, plastic film, microwavable packaging.• Polyethylene (PE) – Wide range of inexpensive uses including supermarket bags, plastic bottles.• High-density polyethylene (HDPE) – Detergent bottles and milk jugs.• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – Plumbing pipes and guttering, shower curtains, window frames, flooring.• Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) (Saran) – Food packaging.• Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) – Outdoor furniture, siding, floor tiles, shower curtains, clamshell packaging.• Polypropylene (PP) – Bottle caps, drinking straws, yogurt containers, appliances, car fenders (bumpers), plastic pressure pipe systems.• Polystyrene (PS) – Packaging foam/"peanuts", food containers, plastic tableware, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, CD and cassette boxes.• High impact polystyrene (HIPS) -: Refrigerator liners, food packaging, vending cups.• Polyamides (PA) (Nylons) – Fibers, toothbrush bristles, fishing line, under-the-hood car engine moldings.• Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) – Electronic equipment cases (e.g., computer monitors, printers, keyboards), drainage pipe.• Polycarbonate (PC) – Compact discs, eyeglasses, riot shields, security windows, traffic lights, lenses.• Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PC/ABS) – A blend of PC and ABS that creates a stronger plastic. Used in car interior and exterior parts, and mobile phone bodies.• Polyurethanes (PU) – Cushioning foams, thermal insulation foams, surface coatings, printing rollers (Currently 6th or 7th most commonly used plastic material, for instance the most commonly used plastic found in cars).

INGREDIENTS OF PLASTIC

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin



Intro Lecture




Materials




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• Plastic• Aluminum• Steel• Glass• Paper• asphalt


Topic Area


SMT03a/b biomimicry

SMT04a astronomad


SMT04b astronomad




new material


Concept









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WHEN?

SMT01 second skin


SMT03a/b biomimicry

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SMT04b astronomad





new material


Concept





Intro Lecture







Astronomad Concept


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Smile plastic: o Sheets that are made out of recycling plastic.o It is made out of recycled plastic bottles, cd’s , scrap …. Etc.

TECTAN:o The production of the material Tectan® just requires paper and polyolefin, for example low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropyl-ene (PP). These are then mixed according to a formulation that will meet the requirements of the end product, whereby the paper fibers serve as stabilizers and increase the rigidity of the plastic matrix.

DALLASTIC:o Dallastic is made out of recycled rubber o It’s used mostly as an a tile for the floor

EDILFIBER:o Soundproofing insulating material.o Composed of polyester.

DURAT:o Ecological surface material that is used in many type of surfaceso Durat is 100% recyclable.o It is resistant to humidity and various types of chemicals.

ALULIFE:oAlulife is composed of 100% recycled aluminumoUsed as for flooring in internal and external spaces

BIOGLASS: o Used mostly as an surface.o composed of SiO2, Na2O, CaO and P2O5 in specific proportions. The proportions differ from the traditional soda-lime glasses in low amount of silica (less than 60 mol.%), high amount of sodium and calcium, and high calcium/phosphorus ratio.

FOAMGLASS:o Manufactured from recycled waste glass.o Exellent material for civil construc-tion and insulation.o Lightweight, and against soil humidity

LEDANO:o Lednao is similar to leather but easier to handle.o It is made out of recycled leather.o Used as a surface material for tables, cupboard ….. etc.o Ingredients that is used in it are leather fibers, natural rubber, animal fats


Contribution by

Nushrat Jahan Rima Alam



Diagrams Topic Area

Description

Daniela A. Ottmann _ Assistant Professor _ ASD Architecture and Sustainable Design _ UPAD Department for Urban Planning and Architectural Design_German University of Technology in Oman (GUtech)


PaperLight weight materialLight weight material


Description


Application Areas

List of Products


The concept of light weight materials depends on using less material in 1 unit than the material in its original state. The rest is usually replaces with air bubbles. As the structure is light weight, it is easier to transport.

In order to create a light weight material, engineers have observed the nano structure of the materials and have devised methods to induce air bubbles to make it light weight. The density of air at 1 atmosphere is 1 Kg/m3. This can be compared to the bones of humans and birds. Both are strong, but birds have hollow bones which allow them to fly.

If we closely examine the molecular structures of the light weight materials around us, we can observe that they are usually fibrous structures filled with pockets of air bubbles. Inter-molecular structure of metals are arranged in a crystal lattice which makes is stronger than fibres. Light weight metals are most often created by their molecular bonds.

Light weight materials have a high strength-to-weight ratio which makes them durable.

Light weight materials can be of three types:1. Foam2. Honey comb structures3. Sandwich structure

- Recycled paper - Wheat starch

Flupis, or paper pellets is prepared from recycled paper and wheat -starch. When observed under a microscope, paper has a fibrous texture. The wheat-starch functions like glue and holds the structure together. To prepare the paper foam, the raw materials are crushed, ground and made into pellets. Then it is exposed to extreme pressure and heat in an extruder to form the pellets.

The material is spongy and can reduce the force felt in an impact.It is bio-degradable and can be easily disposed without any environmental concern.

Currently, this is used for packaging goods, to create CD and DVD trays and packaging unit for USB flash drives . Research is being carried out to investigate its scopes for beign an insulating material.

• Paper foam• Silicon-carbide Foam• Wool• Aluminium foam• Hybrix™• Concrete Fabric

PaperFoam®

Source/ company

Peters, D. S. (2008, December 9). Verpackungen aus Altpapier-schaum. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from Modular Newsblog: http://www.modulor.de/blog/?p=495#more-495

Top skin - compression

Honey comb structure

Foam structure

Material in its original state

Bending in a sandwich structure Lower skin - tension

Core - shear




Product/Material Name & PictureProduct/Material Name & Picture

AluminiumWool Light weight materialLight weight material

Smart Materials GroupSmart Materials Group

Description Description

Input Materials + ComponentsInput Materials + Components

Application Areas Application Areas


- Aluminium - Sheep wool

Alcore‘s aluminium honey comb structure

Alcore’s most economical aluminum honeycomb, Commercial Grade Honeycomb is a lightweight structural core material that offers excellent strength and corrosion resistance to meet a wide variety of applications.

An advanced protection system is applied to the aluminum foil prior to processing into honeycomb, extending its service life in hot, wet and corrosive environments

The material is resistant to moisture, corrosion, fire and fungus which makes it very useful.

Wool has many characteristics that resembles a light weight material. Woollen fibres when compressed, has little air pockets in between which trap air. This helps the sheep retain its warmth, allowing it to survive harsh climates.

Wool has a high specific heat capacity and is able to absorb and release heat into the atmosphere without increasing its temperature. When wool absorbs moisture it generates heat. This property makes wool a good insulating material. Apart from retaining the warmth it will prevent any damp surface forming on the construction sites.

This property creates a natural buffering effect, stabilising heat changes that occur with relative humidity. Practically, this reduces the need to keep adjusting heating or cooling levels as wool insulation will keep a buildings cooler during the day and warmer during the night.

It is fire resistant and self extenguishes itself.

- Architectural and building panels - Industrial equipment - Marine panels - Tooling board - Railcar floors, walls - Panels, doors, covers, shelvin

Currently, this is used for packaging goods, to create CD and DVD trays and packaging unit for USB flash drives . Research is being carried out to investigate its scopes for beign an insulating material.

Alcorewww.mcgillcorp.com

Sheep wool insulationhttp://www.sheepwoolinsulation.ie/

Source/ company Source/ company

Sheep wool insulation (Smart Wool), retreived March 5, 2012 from http://www.sheepwoolinsulation.ie/images/why-wool_fibre.jpg

Aluminum honeycomb structure, retreived March 5, 2012 from http://www.mcgillcorp.com/

Alcore (2004), Commercial Grade Honeycomb, retrieved on March 6, 2012 from http://www.mcgillcorp.com/alcore/datasheets/CGH.pdf

Hybrix™ is a very thin (1 - 2 mm) stainless steel micro-sandwich that is strong, formable, light and (depending on the version) weighs between 1.5 - 3.9 kg/m2 . The material is hollow and contains air and millions of microscopic steel fibres that bind the surfaces together. The unique structure of the individual steel fibres makes the material strong and light, yet very formable using a conventional metal press or hydro forming tools. Unlike conventional lightweight sandwich materials, Hybrix™ can be shaped into compound curves, such as organic forms or the shape of a moulded briefcase. The look, feel and behaviour of Hybrix™ are very similar to conventional stainless steel sheet, but it weighs less than half as much.




Product/Material Name & PictureProduct/Material Name & Picture

Concrete FarbicHybrix™ Light weight materialLight weight material

Smart Materials GroupSmart Materials Group

Description

Input Materials + ComponentsInput Materials + Components

Application Areas Application Areas


- Concrete mixture - Fabric material

- Stainless steel

Concrete fabric is a new method that allows the use of the material in a more flexible manner and makes it a light weight material.

The fabric is used is usually PP (polypropelyn) because it is hydrophobic and doe not absorb water. The fabric is laid out and the concrete is poured on it.

Concrete blocks can withstand compression forces within, but are exposed to tension forces and hence easily buckle. In re-inforced concrete, the steel tubes resist the tension forces in the material, making is a popular choice in modern day construction. As steel is prone to rusting, large concrete blocks are required.

With the concrete fabric, the tension can now be carried by the fibres without the need for a large structure, thus eliminating one of the most important challenges of using concrete.

However, concrete has a long life cycle which continues to pose a major concern in the debate about sustainibility.

- Construction - Panels - Furnitures - Automobile industry

- Construction - Briefcase - Prosthetics

Concrete Consultantswww.textileconcreteconsultants.com

Lamerawww.lamera.se

Source/ company Source/ company

Hybrix™, n.d, retrieved on March 6, 2012 from http://www.lamera.se

Hybrix™, retreived March 9, 2012 from http://www.lamera.se/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=30

Rautenbogen, retreived March 5, 2012 from http://bauko.arch.rwth-aachen.de/forschung/textilbeton/rautenbogen/rautenbogen.html


Contribution by

Rania Baig




Description


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BiorockGrowing MATERIALS: BiorockGrowing MaterialsSmart Materials Group

Description


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List of Products

WHEN?

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• Biorock• iwood• crystals• greesnsulate• Mycobond...

Source/ company

Biorock is a coral substance that is made using mineral acceleration through samll voltage. They are limestone structures in the sea that provideshelter for reef fish and protect the shoreline.They were invented by architect Wolf Hilbertz. This allows corals to grow in conditions that wouldotherwise kill them.

Natural Coral reefs are dieing due to various reasons including rising temperatures sewage, neglegence etc... and this in turn is killing marine and aqatic life therefore mineral accelartion isrequired. Due to mineral accelaration croals grow 3-5times faster. As the fragments are attached to theframe within a few days mineral accelaration takes place due to the teh electrict charge and coral growthaccelerates which later turns into a habitat for fishand other marine species. Coral larvae in search of clean limestone surfaces and mineral accelaration also settle in and grow.

Growing is the process of expanding or increasing in size ususally via a natural process. It could also mean to come into existance due to a natural process from a certain source.

Growing Materials are those that can be naturally grown and the ones that can reproduced. These matrials are not manufactured, they are induced from causes that naturally brings about expansion within the material or prouction or reproduction of the material. They are mostly based on biological materials.

We have enetered an age hwere we have realized that are former uncalculated actions have lead to immense depletion of resouces and now it is time to think and act carefully meticulously and responsibly in order to be sustainable. Economizing materialsis one way of acting ecologially and responsibly.

The remidial acts of sustainability has given birth to growing materials. Growing materialsinvites possibilities of using renewable organic-source materials. These creative innovations not only help us to protect our environment but also help us in growing our economy.

Global Coral Reef Alliance

Broken fragments of coralA light metal frameA low voltagePower source like solar panels...

Coral Reef Restoration


Contribution by

Ricky Vinayachandran





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Nitinol WireNitinolShape Memory Material


Description


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• Nitinol• Veriflex• Memory Foam Source/ company

A shape-memory material is one that undergoes a change of crystal structure at a certain temperature called the transformation tempera-ture. Above this temperature the material has one crystal structure (cubic in the case of Cu-Al-Ni) and below this temperature it has another (orthorhombic for Cu-Al-Ni). The low temperature structure of these types of materials allows the material to be easily and apparently permanently deformed. However on heating the material returns to its high temperature structure which has only one possible shape. Thus the material has "remembered" its shape.

Shape Memory materials can be made out of metallic elements or synthetic polymers.

Shape Memory Effect:

Material is given a shape whilein the higher temperatureaustenite phase

While in the lower temperaturemartensitephase, the materialcan beeasily deformed intoanother shape

Upon the application of heat,the material returns to its highertemperature austenitephaseand to its original shape

In Shape Memory Alloys, Nickel and Titanium are commonly used, although many other kinds of alloys also exhibit shape memory effects. These alloys can exist in final product form in two different temperature-dependent crystalline states or phases.

The primary and higher tempera-ture phase is called the austenite state. The lower tempera-turephase is called the martensite state. The physical properties of the material in the austenite and martensite phases are quitedifferent. The material in the austenite state is strong and hard, while it is soft and ductile in the martensite phase. The austenite crystal structure is a simple body-centered cubicstructure, while martensite has a more complexrhombicstructure

The thermally induced shape memory effect is associated with these different phases. In the primary high temperature environment, the material is in the austenite phase. Upon cooling the material becomes martensitic. No obvious shapechange occurs upon cooling, but now the material can bemechanically deformed. It will remain deformed while it is cool. Upon heating, the austenitic structure again appears and the material returns to its initial shape.

Nintiol is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium, where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages.

Mechanical area: Actuators, thermal valves, connectors, closing/opening systems. Structural area: Vibration control, energy dissipation (civil engineering, aeronotics)Biomedical area: sStents, orthodontics, orthopedics, guidewires, eyeglasses.

Michelle Addington and Daniel Schodek (2005)Smart Materials andNew TechnologiesFor the architecture anddesign professions. Burlington, MA 01803http://www.imagesco.com/catalog/nitinol/transitions.gif

http://withfriendship.com/images/i/41416/developed-for-shapememory.jpg

http://image.made-in-china.com/4f0j00jCwEqeyniDkS/Nitinol-Wire.jpg

http://www.crgrp.com/technology/materialsportfolio/veritex.shtml


http://www.crgrp.com/images/smp.gif




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Memory foam is a special foam, called viscoelastic foam, made from polyurethane. It is made in various chemical formulations, additional chemicals increase its viscosity and affect its density. Generally, it is firmer in cool temperatures and softer when warm. The higher the density, the faster it reacts to body, enabling it to mold to the shape of a warm body within a few minutes.

Visco elastic foam is made up of open cells, which pass air to adjacent cells when pressed down on. In this way, even when the mattress or pillow feels firm at first it is able to mold to the shape of your body or head.

Polyurethane foam or low-resilience Polyure-thane foam. Higher-density memory foam softens in reaction to body heat. A lower-density memory foam is pressure-sensitive and molds quickly to the shape of a body pressing against it, returning to its original shape once the pressure is removed.

Memory foam, and foam mattresses in general, find useful application in hospitals and by patients who are bedridden. By switching to foam, with its better indentation capacity, the patients are more comfortable and the better blood circulation is achieved.

David Salt (2009) Article Trader.http://www.articletrader.com/health/some-physical-properties-of-memory-foam.html

http://www.gratefulbeds.com/images/foam_windows.jpg

http://www.carolinamattressguild.com/userfiles/image/memory_foam%20.jpg


Application Areas


Source/ company



Viscoelastic Foam


Description

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin


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Memory Foam

Veriflex is a light-induced Shape Memory Polymer. Light-induced stimulation ofshape-memory polymers has been realized through the incorporation of reversible photoreactive molecular switches. This stimulation is independent of any temperature effects and must be differentiated from the indirect actuation of the thermally induced shape-memory effect.

To introduce light sensitivity into shape-memory polymers, cinnamic acid (CA) or cinnamylidene acetic acid (CAA) moieties, which work as light-triggered switches, have been incorporated into the polymer architecture. Upon irradiation with light of suitable wavelength, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction occurs between two ofthese light-sensitive moieties, forming a cyclobutane-ring and in this way covalent cross-links. Irradiation with a different wavelength results in cleavage of the newly formed bonds.

Using light-induced shape memory polymer to remove a blood clot:

Polyurethane-based material with cinnamic acid (CA) or cinnamylidene acetic acid (CAA) moieties which are light-triggered switches.

Corporate Ethical Guidelines (CRG)


Application Areas

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-

Source/ company


Veriflex Plate


Description

Veriflex

Medical Field: Orthopedic surgery which is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the bones and musclesmusculoskeletal system.

Marc Behl and Andreas Lendlein*Center for Biomaterial Development, Institute of Polymer Research, GKSS Research Center Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany


Contribution by

Rola Al Harthy





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The Dye- Sansitized Solar cell Light sensitive surfaceLight sensitive surface


Description


Application Areas

List of Products

WHEN?

SMT01 second skin


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The Dye - Sensitized Solar belongs to the group ofthin film solar cell. The later version of the dye solar cell, also known as the Grätzel cell which was inve - nted in 1991 by Michael Grätzel and Brian O'Regan.

The dye sansitized solar cell (Dsc, Dssc , Dysc) - works similarly to the Photovoltic converter solar panel that is used to reveal energy but designed in an advanced technology intervention. In addition to this technology it works such as in a photosynthesis process in a plant which uses molecular chlorophyll as an absorber to harvest the light. This technology uses the dye sanitizer to produce electricity.

The constitution of material is based on a semico - nductor formed between :

A photo-sensitized anode + an electrolyte that works like a photoelectrochemical system. The production of electricity by the technology relies upon certain constitution of material and chemicalproperties consisting of :

1. Transparent conducting oxide TCO deposited on a transparent layer of glass/ plastic to make two electrodes.

2. The electrode contains particles of semiconduct -ors of Titanium dioxide TiO2.

- When TiO2 is deposited it creates necks between nano-particles allowing the transport between par - Consists of electrode contains particles of semi - ticles.

3. The electrode with TiO2 is sanitized into an or - ganic dye covering the surface of every nanoparticle of the electrodes.

4.The sanitized surface of every electrodes traps light and injects TiO2 with electrons.

5.These electrons produce energy in a current.

Function of the material:

-Generates energy over extended period of time, in contrast to silicon.-Efficient energy output resulting low carbon footprint.- The variation of colors, flexibility thin lightweight material.-Water resistant that can be cleaned and maintained.-Durable, where molecules are non- breakable and glass components are not used.

conductors of Titanium dioxide TiO that is the organic Dye considerd as the main component.

Having this new intervintion transparent and flexible it could be used as a translucent facades with different colors that can produce both light and elec-tricity. also as a solar pannel.

•The Dye- Sansitized Solar cell

emtworldwide.com

bettergeneration.co.uk

http://corporate.evonik.com/en/products/industry-teams/solar-power/products-applications/Pages/aeroxide.aspx

Source/ company•

Algae Batteries

http://www.g24i.com/




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Algae Batteries Light sensitive surfaceLight sensitive surface


Description


Application Areas

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WHEN?

SMT01 second skin


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Researchers have identified a promising new binder material from nature injecting lithium-ion battery electrodes that could not only boost energy storage, but also eliminate the use of toxic compounds now used in manufacturing the components. Scientists and engineers have used a material from brown algae to improve the performance of battery electrodes.

The material is extracted from common, fast growing algae, that has helped boost energy storage for both graphite-based electrodes used in existing batteries and silicon-based electrodes being developed for future generations of batteries.

•Algae Batteries

Because algae, one of the fastest growing plants on the planet. These plants produce alginates, which are sugars that they use to produce strong stalks up to 60 metres long. These sugars have the properties needed to produce a vastly impro -ved binder.

Many advantages

-Algae produce alginate in large quantity, it can be removed by a soda-based process, which makes the material much cheaper to produce than other binder materials.

- It is a safe material which is mostly used in pharm-aceutical products, such as; foods and paper.

-Alginate as a binder can increase battery capacity to as much as eight times that of current Lithium-ion batteries, with a practically unending possibility to recharge.

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/powered-by-seaweed/

Mostly used in pharmaceutical products, such as; foods and paper.

Source/ company

manufacturology.com

treehugger.com

pruned.blogspot.com

Suger polymers used to trap sunlight and genarate Energy


Contribution by

Rowa El Zain



Topic Area

Description



Bio-based MaterialsBio-based Materials

List of Products


“The term ‘bio-based‚ expresses that the products are made from biological raw materials such as plants and trees that are renewable raw materi-als. It excludes food, traditional paper and wood products, but also bio-mass as an energy source. Bio-based products can substitute fossil-based products. They are neutral in terms of greenhouse gas and leave a smaller ecological footprint, i.e. ge-nerate less waste, use less energy and water. Less consumption of natural resources lowers production cost and is better for the environment.”(1)

“Bio-based materials are often biodegradable, but this is not always the case.Examples include:• cellulose fibers-Fibers made from reconstitut-

ed cellulose.• casein-A phosphoprotein extracted from milk

during the process of creating low fat milk, it is processed in various ways to make: plastic, dietary supplements for body builders, glue, cotton candy, protective coatings, paints, and occurs naturally in cheese, giving it a creamy texture.

• polylactic acid-A polymer produced by indust-rial fermentation

• bioplastics-including a soy oil based plastic now being used to make body panels for John Deere tractors

• engineered wood-products such as oriented strand board and particle board

• zein-a natural biopolymer which is the most abundant corn protein

• cornstarch-the starch of the maize grain, used to make packing pellets

• grease- lubricants made from vegetable oils, including soybean oil, that can replace petroleum based lubricants.” (2)

Polylactic acid is one of the most interest

products that are bio-based. “Poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic aliphatic poly-ester derived from renewable resources, such as corn starch (in the United States), tapioca products (roots, chips or starch mostly in Asia) or sugarca-nes (in the rest of world). It can biodegrade under certain conditions, such as the presence of oxygen, and is difficult to recycle.

Bacterial fermentation is used to produce lactic acid from corn starch or cane sugar. However, lactic acid cannot be directly polymerized to a useful product, because each polymerization reaction generates one molecule of water, the presence of which degrades the forming polymer chain to the point that only very low molecular weights are observed. Instead, two lactic acid molecules undergo a single esterfication and then catalytically cyclized to make a cyclic dilactate ester. Although dimerization also generates water, it can be separated prior to polymerization due to a significant drop in polarity. PLA of high molecular weight is produced from the dilactate ester by ring-opening polymerization using most commonly a stannous octoate[citation needed] catalyst, but for laboratory demonstrations tin(II) chloride is often employed. This mechanism does not generate additional water, and hence, a wide range of molecular weights is accessible. Polymerization of a racemic mixture of L- and D-lactides usually leads to the synthesis of poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA) which is amorphous. Use of stereospecific catalysts can lead to heterotactic PLA which has been found to show crystallinity. The degree of crystallinity, and hence many important properties, is largely controlled by the ratio of D to L enantiomers used, and to a lesser extent on the type of catalyst used.” (3)

• Bioplastic• papercorn

(1) enterprise and industry.(2012). Industrial innovation, bio-based products. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/lead-market-initiative/biobased-products/index_en.htm(2) Wikipedia. (2012). Bio-based materials. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-based_ma-terial(Image 1) Ariel Schwartz. (2012). Fast Company, Bio-based Materials. Retrieved on 5.3.12, from: http://www.fastcompany.com/pics/locally-produced-cars-biomimicry-and-mushroom-based-packaging-8-most-exciting-deve-lopments-material-?slide=4#4(Image 2) Rob Goodway. (2012). Connect, The susta-inable luxury project. Retrieved on 5.3.12, from: https://connect.innovateuk.org/web/materialsktn/articles/-/blogs/the-sustainable-luxury-project

(1) Wikipedia. (2012). Polylactic acid. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactic_acid(Image 1) Fiberio. (2011). Polylactic Acid. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://fiberiotech.com/polylactic-acid-4/(Image 2) The history of plastic bags. (n.d.). Conclusion. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://plasticg4p.blogspot.com/

(Image 1) seed husks and mushrooms can be used to create materials for a variety of uses including packaging and insulation.

(Image 2) Keep Walking: A bio-based sustainable Shoe

(Image 2) the element structure of the Polylactic acid

(Image 1) A microscopic view of Polylactic Acid

Description

Topic AreaDiagramms & Pictures Diagramms & Pictures

Polylactic acid






PapercornBioplastic Polylactic acid


Description Description



Application Areas

Application Areas


Potato starch is used for the extraction of Lactic acid. follow this process is fermintation. the rest of the components of this material is not available by the company.

“ New Terraloy® BP-39070 series enhanced-PLA compounds for extrusion and thermoforming have a bio-based content level of around 90% and are biodegradable, making them an effective alterna-tive to petrochemical-based resins in applications where sustainability and compostability are critical considerations. They meet FDA requirement for food-contact applications. Teknor Apex expects the new compounds to meet ASTM specification D-6400 and qualify for Biodegradable Products Institute certification for composting, according to Edwin Tam, manager of new strategic initiatives for the Bioplastics Division of Teknor Apex.” (1)

“PAPCoRN is a compostable dinner set for the light meal. The products are made of compostable bioplast, which is produced from the starch of potatoes, maize and wheat. PAPCoRN is design for the new culture of food and eating and comes in sets both for everyday and festive occasions. The series includes everything from sushi sets to reception plates and everyday dinner sets with a spork.

PAPCoRN consists of Anne Bannick MDD and Lene Vad Jensen MDD. The Danish design duo has created and put into production an environ-mentally-friendly com-postable dinner set that raises the aesthetic experience of eating to a new level. With qualifications as industrial designers from Designskolen Kolding and furt-her studies at University of Southern Denmark, Humanistic Design Studies and Institut für Künstlerische Kera-mik at Höhrgrenzhausen in Germany, the group is well skilled to create a product that has minimum impact on the environment both during production and disposal

“ Terraloy BP-39070 compounds are based on innovations by Teknor Apex that have overcome an inverse relationship in standard PLA between heat distortion temperature (HDT) and Izod impact strength. The new products exhibit up to two times the HDT and more than four times the impact strength of standard PLA resins. Previous work to enhance PLA performance beyond standard levels had generated resins with either higher HDT or greater impact strength—but not both in the same grade

The formulations on which the new compounds are based differ from those of Terraloy enhanced-PLA products recently introduced for injection molding. “Teknor Apex has optimized Terraloy BP-39070 for extrusion and thermoforming, build-ing in greater melt strength than is available with standard PLA and providing for a faster crystalliza-tion rate,” Tam said. “As a result, we expect users of these compounds to achieve higher throughputs in extrusion and benefit from a broader processing window in thermoforming than standard PLA.”In property tests, a typical grade in the new series, Terraloy 39070A, exhibits HDT of 100 ºC and Izod impact strength of 69 J/m. By comparison, approximate values for standard extrusion-grade PLA are 55 ºC and 16 J/m.” (1)

Papercorn idea and design can be used for tem-porary building that are used for exhibition or even as a material for developing models in universties and architectural companies

• biodegradable plastics that are exposed to high heat. ex. kitchen wear, shades, etc.

(1) ,(image 1) Teknorapex. (2011). Bioplastic. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://www.teknorapex.com/division/bio-plastics/index.html?action=news&news_id=267 (2) Teknorapex. (2011). About us. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://www.teknorapex.com/about/index.html

(1) ,(image 1) Crafts Collection. (2001). PaperCorn. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://www.craftscollection.dk/grouping/view/98 (2) Crafts Collection. (n.d). About us. Retrieved on 5.3.12 from: http://www.craftscollection.dk/page/view/1

“Crafts Collection comprises Danish products within the field of interior design and accessories - both the classical and the more innovative. The collection is updated annually on the basis of a special selection undertaken by a professional curator.” (1)“Teknor Apex Company is a privately held company

founded in 1924 and headquartered in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA...We are a diversified material science company using complementary technolo-gies to serve common markets.” (2)

Source/ company

Source/ company

(Image 1) bioplastic made of Polylactic acid that can withstand high heat levels

(Image 1) paper plates made of the potato starch


Contribution by

Rumana Othmani




Description

Rumana Al Othmani_ Semester 8_BSC in Urban Planning and Architectural Design_German University of Technology in Oman (GUtech)



ParaffinPhase-ChangingPhase-Changing


Description


Application Areas

List of Products

Source/ company


Phase-change material or PCM is a matter with a high heat of fusion that transforms its form at a certain temperature where it is capable of ab-sorbing and releasing large amounts of energy. PCMs are also known as latent heat storage units, as they absorb/release a large amount of thermal energy without changing the temperature of the material itself. PCMs latent heat storage can be achieved through several phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas. But the most practical phase change for PCMs is the solid-liquid change or vies versa. Just like when ice cubes in a drink absorb large amount of heat when melting, yet keeping the drink cool for a long time. Below is the explanati-on of different measured encapsulation of PSMs:

Macro-encapsulation: Early development of macro-encapsulation with large volume contain-ment failed due to the poor thermal conductivity of most PCMs. PCMs tend to solidify at the edges of the containers preventing effective heat transfer.

Micro-encapsulation: Micro-encapsulation on the other hand showed no such problem. It allows the PCMs to be incorporated into const-ruction materials, such as concrete, easily and economically. Micro-encapsulated PCMs also provide a portable heat storage system. By coa-ting a microscopic sized PCM with a protective coating, the particles can be suspended within a continuous phase such as water. This system can be considered a phase change slurry (PCS).

Molecular-encapsulation is another tech-nology, developed by Dupont de Nemours that allows a very high concentration of PCM within a polymer compound. It allows storage capacity up to 515 kJ/m2 for a 5 mm board (103 MJ/m3). Molecular-encapsulation allows drilling and cutting through the material without any PCM leakage.

Paraffin wax is a basically a mixture of alkanes with mixture of alkanes with a carbon number more than about 22.It is obtained from crude oil by distillation then purified by solvent refining.

A waxy white or colourless solid hydrocarbon mix-ture used to make candles, wax paper, lubricants, and sealing materials. Initially, paraffin wax is used in medical treatment as it retains heat. The heat ab-sorbed increases the skin‘s circulation and opens up the pores, allowing the lubricants in the wax to pe-netrate and soften the skin. It is beneficial for people suffering from arthritis or other joint or muscle pain.

Paraffin wax is an excellent material to store heat, having a specific heat capacity. This property is exploited in modified drywall for home building material: it is infused in the drywall during manu-facture so that, when installed, it melts during the day, absorbing heat, and solidifies again at night, releasing the heat. For further use of such a ma-terial for clothing or buildings, another material called ‘Micronal’ is designed (see the next topic).

Paraffin can be easily used in walls to control the temprature surrounding it by absorbing and relea-sing heat energy.

• Paraffin• Ployethylene• Micronal

Paraffin. (2012, February 21). Retrieved March 5, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin

What Does a Paraffin Wax Do for Your Hands? (2012). Retrieved March 5, 2012, from eHow: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5017110_paraffin-wax-hands.html

Source/ company

Paraffin Wax Solid

Paraffin Wax liquid (heated)

Phase-Change Material. (2012, January 5). Retrieved March 4, 2012, from

Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material



MicronalPhase-Changing


Description


Application Areas


Micronal consists of two materials:1- Mixture of wax that absorbs/releases the heat energy2- acrylic as a shell protecting the wax from harmful impacs.

Micronal PCM is a technology to improve indoor climate to comfortable living conditions with better energy efficiency through an intellectual tempera-ture management system. The material consists of microscopic wax droplets inside hard acrylic poly-mer shells, all together creating a 2 – 20 µm sized microcapsules. The shells are simply to stay resis-tant to be damaged by sanding, drilling or cutting of the construction material. Basically, act as a protec-tive layer to the wax inside it. Apart from its uses on building materials, Micronal has also been inte-grated within an astronaut‘s spacesuit or a soldier‘s garments for interior temperature management.

Usually, Micronal is used in the size of 5 µm, in the form of a dispersion of microcapsules in water or dry powder into renders and mortar. It is also consi-dered as a light weight material comparing to con-crete and brick wall. A 1.5 cm thick Micronal PCM gypsum wall board works as a thermal storage ca-pacity identical to that of 9 cm deep concrete wall.

The system works in daily cycles in relation to heat energy similar to Paraffin. During the day time, the wax used in Micronal absorbs a large amount of heat energy, once the temperature le-vel starts rising from 26˚C. That’s when the ma-terial changes its phase from solid wax to liquid. During the night, when the temperature falls from 21˚C, the Micronal releases the heat energy stored and transforms back to a solid wax, and the who-le cycle continues over and over for decades.

The material was applied in countries cooler than Oman. If we try to make it work in Oman for example in tent structures for camping, then we might have to work around the thikness of the acrylic to manage the hot environment surrounding it.

Micronal® microcapsules for interior temperature control. (2007). Retrieved March 4, 2012, from BASF The Chemical Company: http://www2.basf.us/corporate/080204_micronal.htm

Why is Phase-Changing Drywall in the News Instead of in the Home Depot? (2012). Retrieved March 5, 2012, from treehugger: http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/why-is-phase-changing-drywall-in-the-news-instead-of-in-the-home-depot.html

Source/ company

Phase-Change process in Micronal


Contribution by

Talal Al Haremi





SMT03a/b biomimicry

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Fluorescent Lamp (1901)Light sensitive surfacePhotoluminescence


Description


Application Areas

List of Products

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It is a process of absorbing photons and re-radiatingphotons to emit a visible light. The process can approximatley take about 10 nanosecondssometimes it takes a minute depending on special circumstances. The process is basically aboutchemical reactions that occur within an object such as a Flourescent lamp. When mercury and aragon gas is discharged by electricity withing the lamp,it radiates ultraviolet waves which are absorbed bythe phosphor coating and re-radiating visible light

The Fluorescent Lamp was invented in 1901 by an American inventor, Peter Cooper Hewitt. It was one of the first of its kind where electricity andchemicals were introduced into the lamp. These lamps are able to be structured in circular shapes, straight tubes and even in the letters of words.Throughout the years it has been developed by several inventors Edmund Germer (German), George Inman (American) and Richard Thayer -(American).

The Fluorescent Lamp had three ways of starting up:

• Pre Heat• Rapid Start• Instant Start

• Fluorescent Lamp• Compact Fluorescent• LED (Light Emitting Diode)• OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)• Bioluminescence

Source/ company

Pre-Heat: Needs a starter in both ends of the lamp to help it light up.

Rapid Start: Without the use of a starter, a current flows through the filaments and controlled by a ballast keeping the current in a low level while reducing the resistance of the gas within.

Instant Start: Immediately striking the filaments with a high voltage reaching up to 940 volts even if the gas inside is very resistant it will still conduct.It starts off with illuminating the light to its fullbrightness and then is controlled by ballast to keep a minimum level of current in the filaments.

Ingredients: Phosphor, Mercury, Argon Gas, BallastComponents: Pre-Heat, Rapid Start and Instant- Start

Lighting for any buildings and streets

http://www.ustr.net/electronics/fluorescent.shtml

http://www.photoluminescent-signs.com/uploads/images/img_210.jpg

http://i01.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/103834335/photoluminescent_glow_in_the_dark_luminescent_resin.jpg

http://68331.inspyred.com/images/yellowgreensand.jpg

http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00zBDtLwHZgPoY/T8-Three-Anti-Fluorescent-Lighting-Fixture-JF3236T-.jpg

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SMT01 second skin



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LED[Light Emitting Diode] (1970s)Photoluminescence


Description


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Compact Fluorescent Lamp (1927)Photoluminescence


Description


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SMT03a/b biomimicry

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Assignment: SMT01 Tutorial Assignment: SMT02



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Ingredients: Phosphor, Mercury, Argon Gas and elctronic ballast.

Components: Rapid Start

http://www.pavouk.org/hw/lamp/en_index.html

Source/ company


InventorEdmund Germer (German)

Similar to the regular fluorescent lamp, it has the same properties but in addition to an electronicballast which lowers the energy being passed through the lamp. It uses low energy and producesthe same amount of light a normal would and even brighter.

Lighting for any buildings and streets

Inventor Ed Hammer (American)

This type of light source uses a more complicated technology where chips are used to emit light from. Each chip has diodes which emits light through a low level of electrical current. The diodes onlyemit light in one direction but depending on the structure of the lamp itself the light within the lamp can reflect off of mirror like materials and cover more space.

Ingredients: Phosophor, Diodes, Chips, Mirrors

Components: RGB chips, Phosophor Mixing

Hospitals, Dentist Clinics, Bathrooms, Spotlights(Theaters) and Malls

http://www.superbrightleds.com/http://www.bulbs.com/images/resource_section/cfl005.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_P86w3jiXpHU/TKTHbgBR4kI/AAAAAAAAK-E/0sWy0vjzJvY/s1600/Naturally+Yours+cfl+bulb.jpg

http://www.thewheatln2.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/cfl.jpghttp://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00TCUEZDHSvikt/High-Power-LED-Light.jpg

http://www.blogcdn.com/www.engadget.com/media/2007/02/led-light-bulb.jpg

http://www.ormrod.com/UserFiles/Images/led-diagram-ledv3-page10.jpg

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BioluminescencePhotoluminescence


Description


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OLED [Organic Light Emitting Diode] (1987)Photoluminescence


Description


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SMT03a/b biomimicry

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Ingredients: Phosphor, Diodes and Chips

Components: RGB chips, Phosophor Mix

Source/ company


InventorKODAK Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke

Monitors, TVs, Computer Screens, Mobile Phonesand PDAs

Light Source from Living Creatures

It is the luminescence in living things caused by thermal radiation rather than an electrical component when it comes to bulbs. Instead of having phosphor that changes to fluorescent light (in other words no chemical reaction.) The thermal radiation is emitted through movement or body heat within the creature depending on its environment. The bacteria within the creature react to the radiation and emit light usually green or blue. In some cases fish emit yellow or even red light.

1) Repulsion: A type of octopus would expell a cloudof ink that glows to escape its predator and blind it for a minute as it flees.

2) Communication: Depending on the animal, it would emit light signals in different frequencies and brightness to communicate with its similar species.

3) Illumination: A certain type of fish, BlackdragonFish would emit red light to illuminate itssurroundings in search for a fish with red pigmentation in a deep sea enviroment where redlight is filtered out.

4) Attraction: Many animals use the method ofattraction to hunt down their prey by illuminatingblue light to attract them and attack.

Components: Thermal Radiation and Bacteria

http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/public/kqab4J-v6v2n3_Y-yRwG-uRcnqthJrS3vZrz4PPzln2r4QBIhIfjzDp5Gk4L-B80PD4sdnJMxWVwNthGrk9e3xlHNPE2b-DCKlTsQOhQP6H6MemjlAnFvrk68ir7uFK3-1IHgx059w-AeGlG

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/images/pictures/biology/bioluminescence.jpg

http://www.hdtvorg.co.uk/news/imgs/LG_31_in_OLED.jpg

http://express.howstuffworks.com/gif/tv-oled.jpg

It is basically a layer of film made up of organic compounds such as gas and phosphor which emits light by running a current through it. OLED are an invention that was implemented in mobile phones, TVs and Computer Monitors. It changes color depending on the chips RGB rate or the phosphor mixes.

http://www.oled-info.com/

The Ocean

http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/

http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/firefly.jpg


Contribution by

Taleed Rose



Logo & DiagramsTopic Area

DescriptionSMT02 new

materials STRATEGYSMT03a/b biomimicry

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Product

Hemp PlasticsBiodegradable Materials


Description

Input Materials + Process

Application Areas

List of Products

WHEN?

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SMT03a/b biomimicry

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The current trend towards sustainability has many vast subjects interlinked and is generallysymbolized by the green arrows moving in a counter clockwise direction surrounding planetearth.

A specific topic of sustainability that is veryimportant is called Biodegradable materials. Firstly, they are solutions to stabilize the environment by its natural cultivation processes in extracting the materials.And secondly, to stabilize the economy by decreasing dependence on foreign resources.

The principle idea rovolves around a materialcycle; the process of the material from its “cradle to grave”. This means that a rawmaterial is taken in its raw form and it is thendesigned to be manufactured for its use. Afterthe material’s use, it is then disposed or recycled (depending on the material qualities).The diagram on your right shows this.

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The cellulose from the hemp plant can be extruded into almost any product. By varying the heat, pressure, chemistry, and retention time with the extrusion process a range of fibre and cellular materials with multiple strength characteristics can be generated.

Hemp Plastics fall into the composites category.This is because “Hemp” and “Plastic” are two different material combinations. Hemp is a soft, durable fibre that is made from plants of the Cannabis genus group. It is an environmetallyfriendly crop that requires no pesticides or herbicides when not grown on an industrial scale.Coming to the other material combination called Bio-plastic. This is a type of biodegradable materialwithin the category of plastics. They are forms of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, pea starch, rather than fossil-fuel plastics which are derived from petroleum. With “Hemp” and “Bio-plastic” we can create a material said to be ten times stronger than steel called “Hemp Plastics”.

Hemp Plastics could be seen similar to the “loam”buildings or “cob” techniqies where a tensilestructure (in this case the Hemp) and acompressive structure (Bio-plastics) are bonded.

Hemp Plastic is known to compete with most engineering compounds in certain properties, such as stiffness and high heat tolerance.Hemp foundation homes and buildings are self-insulated, including thermal and sound insulation, resistant to rotting; rodents, insects, and they are fire proof, waterproof, weather resistant, and the walls breath so the rooms do not get stuffy. Hemp homes stay warm in the winter, and cool in the summer.

Fibreboard, roofing, flooring, wallboard, caulking, cement, paint, panelling, particleboard, plaster, plywood, reinforced concrete, insulation, insulation panels, spray-on insulation, concrete pipes, bricks, and biodegradable plastic composites which are tougher than steel. • Hemp Plastics

• Hempcrete• Hemp Skin Care• Hemp Fabrics• Hemp Food• Hemp Fuel

http://www.hemphasis.net

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_plastic

Further resources:

Automobile inner door material made from hemp reinforced plastic

GLOSSARY

Absorptance (acoustic) the dimensionless ratio of incident vibrational energy that has been converted to another energy form, such as heat, to the total incident energy on a material surface. The working definition of absorptance is slightly different: the dimension-less ratio of incident vibrational energy that is not reflected to the total incident energy on the surface. A perfect absorber with a reflectance of 1 reflects no energy – all the incident energy may be absorbed or transmitted.Absorptance (luminous) the dimensionless ratio of incident radiant energy (in the visible spectrum) that has been converted to another energy form, such as heat, to the total incident energy on a material surface. A perfect absorber with a reflectance of 1 reflects and transmits no light.Actuator a control element that is driven by a signal, often electrical,that produces enough power to operate a mechanical element, such as a valve. Common actuator types are electromechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic.Aerogel generically describes any colloidal solution of a gas phase and solid phase. More typically, aerogel refers to a specific material.Artificial Intelligence programs that can perform activities that are typically associated with human intelligence, such as recognition.Augmented reality a composite view constructed of a real scene overlaid or augmented with a virtual scene.Biomimetic the imitation of nature or the study of the structure and function of biological substances.Birefringence Occurs when an anisotropic material possesses different refractive indices depending on how the incident light is polarized.Bioluminescence light produced by living organisms through an enzymatic chemical reaction.Biosensor a general designation that refers to either a sensor to detect a biological substance or a sensor that incorporates the use of biological substances in its construction.Chemochromics materials that change their color in response to changes in the chemical composition of their surrounding environmentCladding the outer sheathing of a building that provides the final layer of the envelope. The cladding is exposed to weather and thus needs to be durable while, simultaneously, it is the cladding that is most responsible for a building’s appearance.

Composite a multi-component material produced when metal, ceramicor plastic materials provide a macrostructural matrix for the distribution of strengthening agents, such as filaments or flakes, throughout the material, increasing its structural performance. Each component, however, maintains its properties.Conduction (electrical)the transmission of electricity through the movement of electrons.Conduction (thermal)the diffusive transfer of heat and mass, through direct molecular contact.Conductive polymers organic materials that conduct electricity.Convectionspecific motion in a fluid material that results in heat and masstransfer.Copolymer a polymer that consists of two or more distinct monomer units that are combined along its molecular chains, in block, graft or random form.Critical angle the smallest angle of incidence that will produce total internal reflection at an interface boundary between two mediums with different refractive indices.Curtainwall an exterior non-load bearing skin of a building.Detector a device that responds to a change in some energy – usually light – and produces a readable signal.Dichroisma diochroic material that has selective spectral absorption that differentiates its transmissive spectrum from its reflective spectrum.Dielectric a material that is electrically insulating, i.e. a very weak conductor.Distributed intelligence the distribution of intelligent entities throughout a system, with no distinct center.Doping the addition of donor or acceptor impurities into a semi-conductor material to increase its conductivity.Elastomers polymers that have largely amorphous structures, but are lightly cross-linked, and are thus able to undergo large and reversible elastic deformations.Electrochromics materials that change their color in response to changes in an electric field; often used to change the transparency of glass laminates.Electroluminescents materials that luminescence or emit light when subjected to an electric fieldElectromagnetic radiationa large family of wave-like energy that is propagated at the speed of light. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses wavelengths from as small as gamma rays to as large as radiowaves.

Electrostrictionthe change in shape produced when a dielectric material undergoes strain when subjected to an electrical field.Electrorheological ER fluids contain micron-sized dielectric particles in suspension. When exposed to an electrical field, an ER fluid under-goes reversible changes in its rheological properties including viscosity, plasticity and elasticity.Emergent intelligence an intelligent system that is bottom up, emerging from simpler systems.Emissivity the measure of the ability of a surface to emit thermal radiation relative to that which would be emitted by anideal ‘black body’ at the same temperature.Envelope the term describes the three-dimensional extents of a building.Extrinsic property a material property that depends on the amount or conditions of material present. Whereas density is intrinsic, mass is extrinsic.Ferroelectricity the alignment of electric dipoles in a material to produce spontaneous polarization when it is subjected to an electric field.Ferromagnetismthe alignment of magnetic dipoles in a material to produce spontaneous polarization when it is subjected to a magnetic field.Fiber-optics strands, cables or rods that carry light by internal reflection; used in lighting and communications. The fibers can be glass or of PMMA.Fluorescence fluorescence is the property of some atoms and molecules to absorb light at a particular wavelength (higher energy) and to emit light (luminescence) of longer wavelength. If the luminescence disappears rapidly after the exciting source is removed, then it is termed fluorescence, but if it persists for a second or more, it is termed phosphorescence.FOLEDflexible organic light-emitting devices built on flexible substrates typically used for flat panel displays.Fresnel lens a type of flat lens with a concentric series of simple lens sections that either focus parallel light rays on a particular focal point or, alternatively, generate parallel rays from a point source.Gels any semi-solid system in which liquid is held in a network of solid aggregates.Haptics the production of a tactile sensation, such as heat and pressure, at the interface between a human and a computer.Health monitoring (structural)the comparison of the current condition to earlier conditions to proactively predict potential failure. Most often used for large structures such as bridges and building foundations.

HVAC an acronym for heating, ventilation and air conditioning.Hydrogels three-dimensional molecular structures that absorb water and undergo large volumetric expansion.Illuminance the density of light flux on a surface, the ratio of incident flux to the area of the surface being illuminated.Incandescence the production of light through heat.Index of refractionthe ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in a particular medium.Inorganic defined as any compound that is not organic.Intelligent agent software that can perform tasks without supervision.Internal reflectionthe process through which light travels within a high refractive index medium.Intrinsic property a material property that is independent of the quantity or conditions of the material.Inverse Square Law applies to all radiant propagation from a point source, including that produced by sound and light. The intensity diminishes with the square of the distance traveled.Laser an acronym for light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation. A quantum device for producing coherent(parallel) light.LCDliquid crystal display. The typical display sandwiches a liquid crystal solution between two polarizing sheets. When electric current is applied to the crystals, they are aligned in such a manner so as to block transmitting light.LEDlight-emitting diode. A semiconductor device that releaseslight during the recombination process.Light pipe although occasionally used to refer to light guides or fiber-optics, the primary use of the term in buildings is for a hollowmacro-scaled device that transports light through reflectionand refraction.Liquid crystals anisotropic molecules that tend to be elongated in shape andthat have an orientational order that can be changed with theapplication of energy.Luminance the light flux that is reflected from a surface.Luminescence the emission of light from a substance when electrons returnto their original energy levels after excitation. Luminescence is an overarching term referring to any light production thatinvolves the release of photons from electron excitation.Luminescents materials that emit non-incandescent light as a result of achemical action or input of external energy.

Magnetorheological MR fluids go from fluid to solid when subjected to a magneticfield due to a change in their rheological properties, includingviscosity, plasticity, and elasticity.Magnetostrictive materials that change dimension when subjected to amagnetic field or that generate a magnetic field whendeformed.Mechatronic a term generically used to describe electronically controlledmechanical devices (mechanical-electronic).MEMS microelectronic machines; typically small devices based onsilicon chip technologies that combine sensing, actuating andcomputing functions. The term is an acronym for micro-electromechanical system but today almost any micro-scaleddevice is referred to as a MEMS device.MesoOptics TMa type of coating or film with holographically generatedmicrostructural diffusers that produce optical control of thetransmitting light.Meso-scale length dimensions on the mm to cm scale. Often referred toas miniature.Microencapsulationindividually encapsulated small particles or substances toenable suspension in another compound.Micromachine a structure or mechanical device with micro-scale features.Microprocessor the IC-driven arithmetic logic of a computer.Micro-scale length dimensions on the micrometer to 0.1mm scale.Microstructure the structural features of a material such as its grainboundaries, its amorphous phases, grain size and structure.MOEMS micro-electro-optical mechanical systems; MEMS with optics.Nanotechnology the exploitation of the property differences between the scaleof single atoms to the scale of bulk behavior. Also, thefabrication of structures with molecular precision.NEMS nanoscale MEMS at scales of 1000nm or less.Nitinol a nickel–titanium alloy used as a shape memory alloy.OLEDorganic light-emitting devices made from carbon-basedmolecules rather than from semiconductors.Optoelectronics the combination of optical elements, such as lasers, withmicroelectronic circuits.Organic a term applied to any chemical compound containing carbonates well as to a few simple carbon-based compounds such as carbon dioxide.

Pervasive computing when computational and interactive devices are seamlessly integrated into daily life.Phase change the transformation from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to another.Phase transformationchange that occurs within a metal system, most often refers toa change in crystalline structure.Phosphorescence luminescence that remains for more than a second after an electron excitation.Photochromics materials that change their color in response to an energy exchange with light or ultraviolet radiation.Photodiode semiconductor diode that produces voltage (current) in response to a change in light levels.Photoelectrics devices based on semiconductor technologies that convert light (radiant) energy into an electrical current.Photoluminescence the luminescence released from a material that has been stimulated by UV radiation.Photoresistors devices based on semiconductor technologies in which theabsorption of photons causes a change in electrical resistance.Photovoltaic effect the production of voltage across the junction of a semicon-ductor due to the absorption of photons.Piezoceramic ceramic materials that possess piezoelectric properties.Piezoelectric effect the ability of a material to convert mechanical energy (e.g.,deformation induced by a force) into electrical energy and vice-versa.Polarizationoccurs when the centers of the positive and negative chargesare displaced, thereby producing an electric dipole moment.Polarized light electromagnetic radiation, primarily light, in which the wave is confined to one plane.Privacy filma type of film that is transparent from particular view angles and opaque from other angles.Pyroelectric materials materials in which an input of thermal energy produces an electrical current.Radiant energy electromagnetic energy as photons or waves.Radiationthe emission of radiant energy.Reflectance the ratio of reflected to incident radiation.

Reflectionthe amount of light leaving a surface. Surfaces are subtractive,so the amount of reflected light must always be less than the arriving or incident light. Furthermore, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.Refractionthe bending of a light wave when it crosses a boundary between two transparent mediums with different refractive indices.Reverberationreverberation is the continuance of collected sound reflection in a space. The reverberation time is the amount of time it takes for a sound level to drop by 60dB after it has been cutoff.Self-assembly self-assembly (also called Brownian assembly) results from the random motion of molecules and their affinity for each other.It also refers to bottom up molecular construction.Semiconductor a nonmetallic material, such as silicon or germanium, whose electrical conductivity is in between that of metals and insulators, but it can be changed by doping.Sensor a device that quantifies its energy exchange to provide measurement of an external energy field.Shape memory effect the ability of a material to be deformed from one shape to another and then to return to its original shape after a change in its surrounding stimulus environment (e.g., thermal,magnetic). In metals, this phenomenon is enabled by a phase transformation.Shape memory alloys metal alloys, e.g., nickel–titanium, that exhibit the shape memory effect.Shape memory polymers polymeric materials that exhibit the shape memory effect.Snellʼs Law the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction between two dissimilar mediums.Spectral absorptivity wavelength-specific absorption. Reflectivity and transmissivity are often wavelength-specific as well. Most materials have uneven absorption spectra.Suspended particle display or SPD, a suspension of randomly oriented particles that can be oriented under application of a current.Thermochromics materials that change their color in response to a thermal energy exchange with the surrounding thermal environment.Thermoelectric effect the conversion of a thermal differential into a current (Seebeckeffect) and vice versa (Peltier effect).Thermophotovoltaic a device that converts longwave thermal radiation into electricity.Thermotropics materials that change their optical properties due to a thermally produced phase change.Thin films a large class that is commonly used to refer to any thin amorphous film of semiconductor layers.

Total internal reflectiona phenomenon that occurs at the interface between two mediums when light at a small angle (below the critical angle)is passing from a slow medium to a fast medium.Transducer the conversion of the measured signal into another, more easily accessible or usable form.View directional filma type of film that is transparent from particular view angles and opaque from other angles (often called privacy film).Wavelengththe distance traveled in one cycle by an oscillating energy fieldpropagating in a radiant manner. The peak to peak distance between one wave crest and the next.

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Smart Materials and Technology A02 Material Library