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Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
Terry Mohn
Smart Grid Tutorial
Executive Consultant
OATI
Smart Grid Tutorial - 21st Century Grid
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
Trade SecretThis document and attachments contain confidential and proprietary information of Open Access Technology International, Inc. This information is not to be used, disseminated, distributed, or otherwise transferred without the expressed written permission of Open Access Technology International, Inc.
Proprietary NoticeAll OATI products and services listed are trademarks and service marks of Open Access Technology International, Inc. All rights reserved.
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OATI Offerings Overview
DR-DER Management
End-to-End Operation
Scheduling
Compliance
Trading
Risk Management
Market Solutions
Congestion
Renewables
©2016 OATI, Inc.
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
• High use of renewables: 20% – 35% by 2020
• Distributed generation and microgrids
• “Net” metering – selling local power into the grid
• Distributed storage
• Smart meters that provide near-Real Time (RT) usage data
• Time of use and dynamic pricing
• Ubiquitous smart appliances communicating with the grid
• Energy management systems in homes as well as commercial and industrial facilities linked to the grid
• Growing use of plug-in electric vehicles
• Networked sensors and automated controls throughout the grid
What Does the Smart Grid Look Like
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• Increased penetration of renewable energy into the generation mix
• Increased technology within the utility
• Dynamic monetary and electrical exchange between the customer and the utility
• Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are the normal state (generation, storage, controls, building automation)
• Standard approach for physical and cyber interconnections
• Highly economic, reliable, and resilient distribution
Grid 3.0
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The Smart Grid Business Environment
SmartGrid
Variable Generation
AgingInfrastructure
RenewableResources
GreenhouseGasses
SupplyEconomics
CapacityLimitations
OperationalEfficiency
CustomerSatisfaction
Economics & Efficiency
Conservation &Demand Response
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
Traditional Operations
Demand
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
0:00
4:40
9:20
14:0
0
18:4
0
23:2
0
4:00
8:40
13:2
0
18:0
0
22:4
0
3:20
8:00
12:4
0
17:2
0
22:0
0
2:40
7:20
12:0
0
16:4
0
21:2
0
2:00
6:40
11:2
016
:00
20:4
0
1:20
6:00
10:4
015
:20
20:0
0
0:40
5:20
10:0
014
:40
Load
Load Forecast, Demand Bid
Economic Supply
WholesaleSupply
Reliability
Economics
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
Demand Response
Demand Response Offer- Capacity, Energy- Ancillary Services
The New Smart Grid Paradigm
Reliability
Economics
Environmental
PHEV
Smart Appliances
Distributed Resources
Variable Gen.Variable Generation
WholesaleSupply
Demand
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Scope of Smart Grid
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Elements of “The” Grid
Smart
Generation
Smart
End Use
Smart
Grid
Centralized Distributed
Baseload
CHP
Peaking
Critical / Backup
Remote Power
Smart Storage
Transmission Distribution
Asset Management
Back Office Software
Load Management
Advanced Metering
Energy Mgmt
Systems
Power ElectronicsCommunications
& Control
Site Planning
& Design
Grid Monitoring
Grid Automation
Residential
Small Appliances
Commercial /
Industrial
Smart Meters
& Devices
Energy Consulting
& ESCOs
Building Automation
Smart Energy
Computers, Electronics, Advanced Materials
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
• Detect emerging problems and fix them before they seriously impact quality of service
• Incorporate extensive measurements, rapid communications, centralized advanced diagnostics, and feedback control that quickly returns the system to a stable state
• Has the ability to re-route power flows, change load patterns, improve voltage profiles, and take other corrective steps, within seconds of detecting a problem
• Enable loads and distributed resources to participate in operations
• Use modern tools to improve design and operation with reliability, security, efficiency, and safety as fundamental values
A Smart, Integrated Grid
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Emphasis on The Distribution Grid
Source: NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap Report – August 10, 2009
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
– Digital electric meters are also “SENSORS”
– Regional communication system
– Home area network
• Operational initiatives
– Outage management system
– Distribution management system
– DER
– Demand management
– Conservation & dispatched voltage response
• Feeder automation system technologies
– SCADA
– Autonomous, automated switching
Early, Sound Smart Grid Investments
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SDG&E Smart Grid Projects
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
DOE/CEC Microgrid
Solar Power Initiative
Sustainable Communities
Self Healing Grid Pilot
PHEV Integration
Grid Communications
Enhanced Outage and Distribution Management
Smart Substations
Geographic Information System
Asset Investment
Customer Enhancements
Mobile Field Force Deployment
Smart Metering - SDG&E
Smart Metering - Gas
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
SDG&E Smart Grid Investments
2016California Solar Initiative
3000 MW
Automated outage detection, restoration, and
customer notification
Expanded SCADA & line devices
Self Healing Grid technologies in place
Traditional utility relationship with customer is
changing due to more mature new services for
customers
Load control with DR
Bundled services
DER Aggregation (including PHEV)
Major regulatory issues are solved
Data ownership and access
Cross jurisdictional conflicts
T&D renewables strategy
Energy Policy Goals
Deploy base technologies
Smart meters installed
OMS/DMS system
Microgrid Pilot
New Customer programs offered by Utilities
Dynamic Pricing
EE, Demand Response
HAN, Energy Management
Many Smart Grid components are initially
deployed
Self-healing-grid technologies in
full deployment
Microgrid technology deployed and self
sustaining community concept
demonstrated
PHEV infrastructure pilots
Customer supply side & storage decisions become
the norm
Significant DER Penetration
Additional microgrids where cost
effective
“Customers as resources”
PHEV adoption rises- utility becomes "gas station
of the future“
PHEV adoption emerges as a critical
component of DER
Charging infrastructure in place
PHEV rates in place (charge & discharge)
Advanced grid technologies in place
CBM, Cable Diagnostics
Advance Energy Storage to support RPS
goals
Self-healing grid is a reality
20% Renewable
Energy penetration
33% Renewable
Energy penetration
30% Greenhouse Gas emission
reduction from projected levels
2009 - 2011
2020
2016 - 20202012 - 2015
2010
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OMS/DMS - Benefits
• Reduction in forced outages/interruptions
• Reduction in restoration time
• Reduced Operation and Maintenance (O&M) due to predictive analytics and grid self healing
• Reduction in peak demand
• Increased integration of distributed generation resources and higher capacity utilization
• Increased security and tolerance to attacks/natural disasters
• Power quality, reliability, and system availability and capacity improvement due to improved power flow
• Increased capital investment efficiency due to tighter design limits and optimized use of grid assets
• Environmental benefits gained by increased asset utilization
• Assumes AMI and GIS are implemented prior to project completion
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
OMS/DMS Value Lever –Operator Productivity
Supporting EvidenceM
inute
s
Improved Safety
Reduced Apprentice Training Time
Reduced Data Entry
Checking/Review of Manually Written
Switching Orders
Automated Outage Reporting
20
30
10
40
50
60
- Other Benefits -
•Operators manually direct field workers via phone/radio
•Outage reporting produced/reviewed manually by operators
60 min / day on average increased operator productivity
•No integration from SORT-OMS to enable real-time visibility to
troubleshooter activities
•Operators field phone calls due to lack of visibility to outage and
network related data
•Apprentice training involves many disparate systems
•Support staff double checks outage reports – 2 hours per day
•Switching orders produced manually
•Afternoon shift re-checks orders created in the morning
- Other Intangible Benefits -
Reduced Support Staff (Outage Reporting)
•Switching plans are not suggested
•Safety can be improved through improved outage information
Reduced Telephone and Radio Time
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Cash Flow – OMS/DMS
OMS-DMS Cash Flow
($30,000,000)
($20,000,000)
($10,000,000)
$0
$10,000,000
$20,000,000
$30,000,000
$40,000,000
$50,000,000
$60,000,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Net Cash flow Cumulative Cash flow
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Solar Power Potential
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Solar PV Cost and Grid Parity
Source: Green Technical – March, 2015 Joshua S Hill
Annual US Solar PV Installations, 2000–2014
$-
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
$0.35
$0.40
$/k
Wh
Avg Cost of Energy ($/kWh) Solar LCOE ($/kWh)
Source: Deutsche Bank Market Research Feb.2015
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
• As part of Prime Minister, Narendra Modi’s vision of adding 100 GW of solar energy to the Indian Grid in the next 7 years. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has allotted a year wise target for each state in the country for setting up Rooftop PV. The target for Rooftop PV, under this plan, is 40 GW by 2022 starting with 200 MW in 2015
Rooftop PV Revolution in India
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Statewide PV Targets
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• Issues
— Phase Imbalance Impacts
— Voltage/Voltage and Reactive (VAR) Impacts
— Utility bottom line Impacts
• Opportunities
— New opportunities for consumers/prosumers (TransactiveExchanges)
— New opportunities for utilities (new retail and wholesale services)
Retail/Distribution Operation Impacts
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Situation In California
Source: CAISO
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Flexible Resource Adequacy Requirements
SupplyDemand
Reserves, Balancing Energy
AGC and Frequency Response
CAISO Flexible Capacity Needs 2016-2018
©2016 OATI, Inc.
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
• Per MW Demand Response (DR)/ DER Value for Distribution Operation
– Peak Shaving Capacity Value: $40K - $100K per MW DR per Year ($300K -
$800K NPV per MW DR)
– Load Shifting Value: $40K - $50K per MW DR per year ($300K - $400K NPV per
MW DR)
– Deferred Substation Upgrade Value: $300K – $2.2M NPV per MW DR
• Per MW DR/DER Value for Provision of Bulk Power Grid Services
– Regulation: $100K-$300K per MW DR per year
– Spinning Reserve: $20K - $40K per MW DR per year
– Non-spinning/Supplemental Reserve: $10K - $20K per MW DR per year
– Flexibility Reserves: $40K - $100K per MW DR per year
DR/DER Value for System Operations
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DR/DER: “Dancing Partner” of VER
• Under Generation Demand Response
• Over Generation Storage/EV
• Time Variability Distributed Generation ©2016 OATI, Inc.
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
Mapping of DR-DER to Wholesale Products
Firm
Commit-
ment
Noti-
fication
Conventional Maybe Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Flexible Maybe Maybe Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Day Ahead Maybe Maybe Maybe Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Real-time Maybe Yes Yes Yes Yes
30 Min Non-Spin Maybe Yes Yes Yes Yes
10 Min Non-Spin Maybe Maybe Yes Yes Yes
10 Min Spin Yes Yes Maybe
Regulation Maybe Yes Maybe
Ramping Maybe Yes Maybe
Flexibility Reserve Maybe Yes Maybe
Wh
ole
sale
Pro
du
cts
Demand-Side ProgramsNon-Dispatchable Dispatchable
VoluntaryDemand-limiting
Control
Direct Load Control
(DLC)Dispatchable
Voltage
RegulationNotification
Eco
no
mic
Re
liab
ilit
y
Capacity
Energy
Ancillary
Services
Balancing(New)
©2016 OATI, Inc.
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
Potential DR-DER for at a Typical Utility
Total DR Capacity = Asset Capacity x No. of Customers x % Ownership x Asset Diversity Factor
Total Available DR = Total DR Capacity x % participation in DR Program
DR Products = Total Available DR x % qualified
A Community with 150K Households and 10K Small/Large Commercial Customers
Residential Commercial Total
Frequency Response 10 12 22
Regulation 7 7 14
Spinning Reserves 7 9 17
Non-Spin Reserves 15 19 34
Balancing Energy 13 17 30
Total DR Capacity 19 24 42
Demand Response (MW)
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• Modeling assets and aggregating them into dispatchable resources
Demand-Side Asset Modeling
5 Min 10 Min 30 Min 1 Hr DA1 Min
Aggre
gati
on
Dis
patc
hResources/Virtual
Power Plants (VPPs)
DR Programs Contracts
©2016 OATI, Inc.
∑
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
DR-DER Capability Forecasting
Asset Models Program ParametersContracts/Agreeme
nts
Performance
History
Weather Forecast
Capability Forecast
By Aggregated Resource,
By Product, By Location
©2016 OATI, Inc.
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
• Two-Way Data Communications Across the Service Territory
• Hourly, Sub-Hourly, or On-Demand Reads
• Remote Connect and Disconnect
• Outage Reporting and Verification
• Gateway to Home Automation
• Distribution Equipment Status
Advanced Metering Infrastructure
Utility WAN
RF, Microwave,
Fiber
Mesh Network,
PLC Network or Fiber to Home
RF Network,
PLC/BPL Network or Fiber Network
AMI Head-End System
Enterprise Systems
Distribution
Substation
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14 Smart Grid India Pilot Projects
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14 Smart Grid India Pilot Projects (Continued)
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• Method– Direct Load Control: On/Off, Cycling, Set-Point Offset, etc.
– Notification Based: Target Load Reduction
– Price Signal: Time of Use (TOU), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP), Dynamic Pricing
• Residential– A/C, Electric Water Heater, Electric Heaters, Pool Pumps, Appliances, EV Charging,
etc.
• Commercial– HVAC Temp Adjustments, Thermal Storage, Duct Pressure, Variable Speed Fan,
Chiller Set-point, Lighting System, Misc. Equipment, EV Charging, etc.
• Industrial– Distributed Generation, Process Adjustments, Refrigeration, etc.
• Agricultural– Irrigation, Fixed and Variable Speed Pumping, Dispatchable DGs, etc.
DR and Dispatchable DER
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• Customer Baseline Computations
– Automated Daily Updates
– “Morning” Adjustments
• Various Performance Reports
• Billing Determinant Computations – Settlement Support
Tracking DR Performance
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Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
• TOU
• CPP
– A large Increment
– Notification Based
• Peak Time Rebate (PTR)
• Real Time Price (RTP)
– Indexed to Market
– Large Commercial and Industrial (C&I)
• Direct Load Control
• Fixed Incentive Based
• Performance Based
DR Rate Structure
-
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Cent
s / k
Wh
Time of Use TOU Fixed
-
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Cent
s / k
Wh
Critical Peak Price CPP Fixed
-
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Cent
s / k
Wh
Real Time Price RTP Fixed
Open Access Technology International, Inc. www.oati.com
Improvement Through Use of Technology
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
TOU TOU w/ Tech
PTR PTR w/ Tech CPP CPP w/Tech RTP RTP w/Tech
% R
educ
tion
in P
eak
Load
Pricing Pilot Program
Improvement Through Use of Technology70 Different Pilot Tests in the US, Canada, EU and Australia
Source: TheBrattle Group
250%
69%
51%
91%9 Pilots
6 Pilots
9 Pilots
6 Pilots
16 Pilots
15 Pilots
2 PilotsMin
Max
Avg.
1 Pilot
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Value of DR
• Energy
• Load Shifting
• Peak Shaving
• Load Reduction
• Deferred Generation Investment
• Deferred T&D Investment
• Reduced O&M Costs
• Distribution Reliability
• Lower SAIFI
• Lower SAIDI
• Power Quality
• System Reliability
• Capacity
• Ancillary Services
• Load Following
• Balancing Energy
Social
• Improved Green House Gas Reduction
• Higher Renewable Portfolio Standard Compliance
• Renewable Energy Credits
• Enhanced Energy Independence
• Enhanced Economic Development
• Improved Customer Satisfaction
• Improved Customer Choice
EnvironmentalEconomic
DR Benefits: Overview
Reliability
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• Energy Cost Reduction from DR Deployment
– Load Shifting
• Peak Energy MW*Peak Duration*(Peak Energy Price – Off-peak Energy Price)
– Peak Shaving
• Peak Energy MW*Peak Duration*(Peak Energy Price + PBR Incentive Adder - Retail Rate)
– Load Reduction other than Peak Shaving
• Sum over Load Reduction Intervals [Interval MWh Energy Reduction* (Interval Energy Price + PBR Incentive Adder - Retail Rate)]
• Deferred Generation Investment (DGI)
– Base Year
• Non-market Environment: DR MW*Annual Capital Cost of a Peaker ($/MW-yr)
• Market Environment: DR MW*Capacity Market-Clearing Price
• Deferred Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Investment (DT&DI)
– Base Year: DR MW*(Historical T&D cost per MW of historical peak load growth)
DR Economic Benefits Perspective for a Utility Distribution Company (UDC) or Load Serving Entity (LSE)
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Example: Excerpt from CPUC Filings (Net Present Value per MW of DR)
$-
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
PG&E
Low
PG&E
High
SDG&E SCE Avg
NP
V in
$K
Benefits / MW of DR
x 50 MWDR = $ 40 MNPV
Example:
Cost = $ 10 MNPV
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• Assuming AMI is Already in Place, Incremental Cost of DR for a Utility Includes
– DR/DER Management System (hardware/software)
– DR program enrollment (DR program design, outreach, and customer registration)
– Operating costs (personnel, maintenance, etc.)
• Typical Cost (NPV) for 50 MW DR: $10M ($200K per MW DR)
• With Conservative Benefit Estimate of $800K NPV per MW DR, the Benefit to Cost Ratio is 4
Typical Incremental DR Costs
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• Integrated Electric, Water, Building location
• Planned communities are more efficient
• Buildings participate with energy supply
• People take a proactive role in their community
• Improved economic output compared to unplanned communities
• Incorporates all consumer requirements
Sustainable Communities
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Localized Operation and Optimization
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• Integrated Electric, Water, Building location
• Planned communities are more efficient
• Buildings participate with energy supply
• People take a proactive role in their community
• Improved economic output compared to unplanned communities
• Incorporates all consumer requirements
Smart Districts
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Interconnected Smart Districts
VREM
VREM
VREM
VREM
VREM
RegionalSolar Farm
RegionalWind Farm
Regional Distribution Network
Small CityMicrogrid
Biofuels Complex
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• Given the inherent benefits from each (Microgrids and District Energy), the sum of the parts is greater when combined than if separate
• Underground work excavated only once
• Optimized CHP placement minimizes real estate allocation costs
• Reduced losses (thermal and electrical)
• New storage approaches improves efficiency
• Newer technologies offer lower operating costs
• Increased telemetry increases asset life (condition-based maintenance vs. scheduled)
Microgrid/District Energy Synergies
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• Phase 1 (individual service level): Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to improve individual city operations, such as real-time bus schedule
• Phase 2 (vertical service level): integrates related processes and services by smart technology, such as citizens offered information on transportation system’s real-time activity and emergencies, road conditions, road repairs, and detours
• Phase 3 (horizontal service level): no distinction between different service areas, with all parts now seamlessly integrated within an efficient smart city ecosystem
Microgrids Applied to Smart Cities
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• Growing Energy Demand in Mega-Cities
• Easier energy management in city due to its concentrated demand and higher electrification rate
• Keys for energy management in cities
—Electricity Storage
—Thermal Storage
—Regional Demand Control
—Electrification of Transportation
• Mega-Cities and isolated rural areas can cooperate in Energy Supply and Demand, and Green Energy Investment
Rationale
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• The Government of India is determined to develop 100 smart cities on the four pillars of institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. These cities will have the citizen at the center of governance and will deploy extensive ICT to improve the overall efficiencies in the system. There is consensus now that cities have to develop their own customized versions of smartness and that there is no ‘one size fits all’ solution
• A very wide stakeholder consultation is being carried on in the Ministry and the suggestions and views of consultants/academicians/IT companies and the common man are being taken at par to arrive at a working definition of smart cities
• It is now apparent that there is no unique definition of smart cities and that it is a process deploying intelligent ICT to help citizens realize their full potential at work, home, and at leisure
• The main instruments for implementing this program will be integrated ICT, citizen engagement, inclusive environmental sustainability, and public private partnership
100 India Smart City Project
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Rural Area
Abundant natural
resources
Green
Energy
Investment
• Mega-Cities and isolated Rural Areas can cooperate in Energy Supply and Demand, and Green Energy Investment
New Business Model Between Urban Area and Rural Area
Introduction of renewable
energy
Green power supply
Urban Area
Concentration of energy
demand
CO2 emissions increase
Rural Area
Economic Revitalization
CO2
Reduction ElectricPower
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Examples – Smart Districts
Miami Art District
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Lavasa, India’s First “Smart City”
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Barcelona Smart City
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Nice Grid Eco City
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• Economic, sociologic, and environmental pressures require us to examine a new energy management model
• Most distribution investments offer good return on investment
• Networking infrastructure is key, invest in AMI and DR
• Integrate DER for reliability
• Smart Grid, Smart Districts, and Smart Cities meet individual requirements and offer larger grid support
• Microgrids and Smart Districts allow generation, storage, and loads to operate autonomously, balancing out voltage and frequency issues
Summary
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Questions?