Smart Energy ProfileDistributed Energy Resources

Tom Herbst

Smart Energy Profile

• Utility Protocol/Home Device • Home Area Network (HAN) • Has traditionally been developed in ZigBee

Alliance

NAN

SEP

Smart Energy Profile

• Residential/Small Business• US, Canada, UK, Australia • Other Solutions– Germany – Wireless Mbus– Proprietary – Zwave– OpenADR• C&I Focused

– 61850• Electrical Substations

Smart Energy Profile

• Real time Power consumption info to home resident

• Demand Response Load Shed requests– Thermostats (A/C or Electric Heat)– Electric Water Heaters– Pool Pumps

• Price information– Electricity per kilowatt hour (TOU, Dynamic)

• Display with any or all of this

Smart Energy Profile

• 1.0/1.1 – 802.15.4 (2.4ghz) ZigBee Specific– ZigBee Pro, ZigBee Cluster Libraries

• 2.0 – mac/phy agnostic– IPv6, TLS, HTTP, XML, m-DNS, RESTful• Potentially DTLS, CoAP, investigating EXI encoding• Data elements defined in IEC TC57 - CIM

– HomePlug & WIFI Alliances• CSEP

Distributed Energy Resources

• Solar• Storage - Battery• CoGen– Fuel Cell– Internal Combustion

Utility Solar Generation

Large Scale Solar

• Requires distribution system study– May require system upgrades

• Requires dedicated realtime monitoring and control

• SCADA system – part of Distribution Automation – to a control console– 61850 – DNP3

Residential Solar – SEP2.0

Utility Issues with DER

• No visibility to generation (Kw or Volts) by DER systems

• Intermittent generation can introduce power grid instability – especially solar and wind

• Impact of changing Inverter parameters unknown

No Visibility to Generation

• Need to provide “spinning reserve” when generation goes off line

• Over voltage issues in high penetration neighborhoods– Inverters falling off – 1547 over voltage

Metering

• How much is being produced, when?• Revenue Grade– Power Purchase Agreements– Renewables Credits

• Non-revenue grade– Useful for utility operations staff

• Same structure as utility meter information– Common Display device

DER Status

• Generator/Inverter - server• ESI (utility meter) is a client• Detailed information about the configuration

and state of the DER system– DC power– Temperatures

• Much of the same info as in SunSpec– Could be used for monitoring

Utility Issues – Intermittent Generation

• VAR Support – may reduce voltage flux• Watt Curtailment may reduce impact of

instability• Low Voltage ride through may prevent domino

effect • EPRI – Common Functions for Smart Inverters

DER Control

• ESI - server/Inverter - Client• Perform Disconnect/Reconnect• Perform Watt Curtailment• Set low voltage ride through• Define volt/var curves• Instantiate volt/var curves• Some functions are randomized to avoid

synchronized effects

Price

• Tiered/Block, TOU• Feed-in Tariff• Could be used to dispatch CoGen or storage

discharge

Why communications?

• We don’t yet which combinations of parameters or settings will resolve the issues

• Needs to be custom and changeable

FERC/ISO/PUC

• Utilities have an obligation to run a well managed grid– Must maintain delta between generation and load• Cal ISO $250M in fines for 2002/$11M PG&E

• Discussions of requiring storage• Utilities are not required to accept

interconnect