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Smart cities need clean air: How will India’s urban growth clear air pollution for liveable and healthy cities
Sunita Narain,
Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi
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Harish Salve: Senior Advocate
Supreme Court, Vasant Vihar to SC
Date: November 26-27. Maximum exposure level - 408.25µg/m3 between 22:00 and 22:59
p.m. The 24-hour average exposure to PM2.5 was 4 times higher than the safe standard
and 1.4 times higher than the ambient PM2.5 level at Mandir Marg.
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Harish Salve data of PM 2.5
Personal Data
DPCC Mandir Marg
Standard
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William Bissell: MD, Fab India, Hauz
Khas to Okhla
Date: November 19-20. Peak exposure was 705.68µg/m3 between 8.10-8.59 a.m.
during morning walk at Jahapanah Forest (GK II). His 24-hour average exposure to
PM2.5 was 5.5 times higher than the safe standard and almost same as measured in
ambient air at RK Puram.
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DPCC R.K.Puram
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Bhure Lal: EPCA Chairperson, Lodi
Estate to Lodi Garden, November 12-13
Date: Dai 1: November 12-13. His peak hourly exposure level was 1196µg/m3 between
5.50-6.50 when he goes for his morning walk to Lodhi Garden. His 24-hour average
exposure to PM2.5 was almost 12 times higher than the safe standard and almost two
times higher than PM2.5 measured at Mandir Marg
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Personal Data
DPCC Mandir Marg
Standard
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Day 2: Date: December 8--9. Peak hourly exposure level was 832µg/m3 between 7.00-7.59
a.m. His 24-hour average to PM2.5 was almost 7 times higher than the safe standard and
about four times higher than the PM2.5 measured at Mandir Marg station
Bhure Lal
December 8-9, 2014
6
Deadly exposure: way above standards
considered safe
Source: CSE
Comparison of 24 hour average personal exposure with 24 hour
average ambient levels at the nearest DPCC monitoring station
Deadly for our health
Not dust. But toxin in air
2012 epidemiological study on children in
Delhi. Covered 11,628 school-going children
from 36 schools
Every third child has reduced lung function.
Sputum of Delhi’s children contains four
times more iron-laden macrophages than
those from cleaner environments, indicating
pulmonary hemorrhage
Smart is not what we are doing today
How do we build really ‘smart’ cities
Smart is as smart does
This is not smart – cities with foul air and
unacceptably high health burden
How?
Learn what has Delhi done. Needs to do
Delhi’s pollution story
Mid-1990s: air black with smoke
15 years behind the world in terms of
emission and vehicle technology
standards
We said lets leapfrog
Move to CNG; don’t just improve fuel but
change fuel itself to reduce emissions
LeapfrogCNG leapfrog jumped us beyond Europe. Big solution; not
incremental. What can we do now?
Pre-Euro I
Poor diesel
Euro I
Improved diesel
Euro II
Natural gas
Euro III
Hydrogen
Euro IV
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Delhi has fought hard to get breathing space
On vehicles
Introduced low sulphur fuels and petrol with 1 per cent benzene
Mandated pre-mix petrol to two- and three-wheelers
Moved from Euro I to Euro IV over the last decade
Implemented largest ever CNG based public transport programme
Capped the number of three-wheelers
Phased out 15 year old commercial vehicles
Strengthened vehicle inspection programme (PUC)
Efforts made to divert transit heavy traffic
Set up independent fuel testing laboratories to check fuel adulteration
On industry
Relocated polluting units
Tighter controls on power plants. No new power plants.
Air quality monitoring
Adopted new ambient air quality standards
Expanded air quality monitoring and reporting
Other sources
Emissions standards for generator sets
Ban on open burning of biomass
First generation reforms….. Soft options are now all exhausted
Delhi got cleaner air: it avoided pollution. We saw the stars
CPCB: 24% drop in PM10 levels in 2002 compared to 1996 levels
Resources for Future, US: CNG bus programme reduced RSPM, CO, SO2
Jawaharlal Nehru University study: Drop in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels in Delhi’s air
immediately after the introduction of the CNG programme
World Bank: Delhi has avoided more than 3500 premature deaths a year
14
Source: CPCB 2014, National Ambient Air Quality Status & Trends – 2012, page 133
But vehicle numbers up; dirty diesel use up, toxic
emissions in air up
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Ozone: very bad for lungs
Equalizer pollutant: found where it is green and
clean
Source: Delhi Pollution Control Committee
Ozone levels: Delhi summer of 2014
In Indian cities air is toxic: bad for health
Source: CSE based on CPCB air quality data and Census population data
50% of cities monitored are critically polluted for PM10
This is growingPublic health burden
Why air pollution?
Vehicles biggest source of pollution
Cleaner vehicles introduced; but many
more added = Pollution
Cleaner vehicles but diesel vehicles
growing = Pollution
Don’t have money to check every vehicle
We stay behind the problem
Pollution grows; congestion grows
18
Particulate pollution decline and rise again due to rapid increase in vehicle numbers
Vehicles rise and pollution increase
go hand in hand
Trajectory of pollution
Mid-1980s; SPM – cleaned fuel; invested
Mid-1990s; RSPM; PM10; PM2.5 –
Improved engines; mass of particles went
down; but so did size: again invested
Mid-2000; NOx – higher temperatures for
particulate control; again investing
Now black carbon; ozone, climate
change contribution
We cannot afford to first pollute, then clean
Not just India agenda; global agenda for climate change
In UK, cars became more efficient; emissions
increased as people bought more; drove more
2nd generation reform:
hard steps needed
1. Build public awareness about health
impacts of dirty air
2. Need drastic and urgent improvement in
quality of fuel/vehicle technology
3. Stop dieselization of vehicles
4. Push public transport/mobility
transition/right to walk for clean air
Agenda 1: health and air toxin link
Greater awareness about toxins, but not
enough to act
Need monitoring
Need public information
Need health studies
23
India adopts Air Quality Index
Now need a strong monitoring network
Source: National Air Quality Index, CPCB, page 26
Proposed Breakpoints for AQI Scale 0-500; Concentration in μg/m3 unless mentioned otherwise)
24
Health statements for AQI categories: cautious warnings, but
will be good enough to build understanding
Looking to see how to step up emergency measures
Source: National Air Quality Index, CPCB, page 27
Now need to act on this
1. Need monitoring stations – only Delhi
has network to check real time air quality.
Need affordable technology for monitoring
air and need to inform people of danger
2. Smog alert system – close schools, ban
diesel vehicles, stop commercial vehicles
when air is foul and unsafe
26
Last (this) government’s auto-fuel is too little too late
Does not recognise health emergency we face
CSE is demanding advancement of standards:
a.Euro IV nationwide: 2015 instead of 2017-18
b.Euro V nation-wide: 2017 instead of 2020-21
c.Euro VI nation-wide: 2020 instead of 2024-25
Best time to do this as fuel price is low – tax dirty fuel to
clean and leapfrog to best standards for clean air
Agenda 2: fuel/technology improvement
27Source: India, Europe compiled from Diesel Net, USA data provided by Axel Friedrich, Germany
Diesel cars
Technology roadmap: India, US and Europe – not aggressive
enough
Diesel car PM norms in g/km
Note: Europe has additionally introduced particle number standards at Euro V levelFuture norms of US and Europe are tightening NOx norms for diesel more
Agenda 3:
Control dieselisation
Indian style socialism: rich are subsidised
in the name of poor
Diesel and petrol differential remains
because of tax
Diesel is classified class 1 carcinogen by
WHO (same class as tobacco)
We allow its use without restraints
World is acting; we are protecting
France to phase out diesel cars; Recent order from the
European Court of Justice strictures to UK and member
states non NOx standards violation puts diesel on spot
Chinese cities of Beijing, Shanghai etc do not allow
diesel cars; Brazil does not allow diesel cars; Sri Lanka
has discouraged diesel cars with tax measures
We need
To heavily tax diesel cars
To ban use during smog episodes
Agenda 4: Mobility transition
But technology-fuel quality not enough
We cannot afford model to first pollute and
then clean up
Only 15% of people in cities drive today.
Already huge pollution, congestion
Need transformation, not transition
No space for all
Today only 10-15% of India commutes by cars
Private cars take up 90% of road space
Flyovers built and filled
Delhi has 26% under road; 66 flyovers; pollution is up; road speeds are down
Where is the space for the rest 80-90% to drive
No choice but to plan differently today: Equity in road space use
Learn from Delhi: More roads and flyovers not the answer to congestion
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Source: On the basis of Economic Survey, Delhi Govt
We are only taking baby steps
Need massive augmentation of fleet –
metro, bus, taxi
Need last mile connectivity – right to walk,
cycle
Need car restraint measures – increased
parking charges after 2 years of battle
Need strict and innovative enforcement for
illegal parking; road use
Must recognise the threat and opportunity
Cars occupy 90 per cent of road space in cities
Cars have not replaced the bus, the bicycle or walking
Cars have only marginalised the bus
40-60% use bus
10-20% cycle
20-30% walk
Only 10-20% use car+2-wheeler
The opportunity
We walk and cycle because we
are poor
Source: Based on: MOUD 2008, Study on traffic and transportation policies and strategies in urban areas in India, Wilbur Smith Associates, Ministry of Urban Development, May
How can we walk, cycle, bus when and because and when we are rich?
Public transport transition needs a new plan
Need to think all – comprehensive solution
Need to think integrated – all options are linked and easy to use
Need to think of last mile connectivity
Need to think compact – sprawling cities and land-use adds to congestion
DON’T JUST FIT IN A FEW BUSES AND FEW CYCLE AND WALK PATHS. Think big
Each and every trip begins and ends as walk trip. No right to clean air without right to walk
Source: CSE
Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai: Still very high count of walk trips
Delhi, Kolkata have the highest count of cycle trips
But we will take the car as we get rich
Personal motorised travel to gain about 20% additional modal share in most city categories until 2031. Deadly for air. NOT SMART
Source: CSE based on MOUD/WSA data 2008
Walk and cycle will go down because
cities will become bigger. Cities with
shorter trip length have higher share of
walking and cycling
Source: Based on MOUD/WSA 2008
Compact cities have shorter trip length, more walking and cycle share and less CO2 emissions
Source: Based on analysis of data provided in reports: 1) ICLEI-South Asia 2009 2) WSA/MOUD 2008
44
We build unsafe killer roads
Walkers and cyclists are the largest number of
victims ranging from 40-50% in big cities
Source: National Crimes Records Bureau 2012 http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/table-1.8.pdf
Roads are not meant for walkingPolicy is weak; law is weaker
Agenda for reform
1. The MV Act needs to encompass all road users, not just needs and interests of motor vehicles
2. The fines and penalties for irresponsible driving, traffic rule violation and illegal parking must be made much more stringent.
3. The Indian Road Congress guidelines for pedestrian facilities and street designs must be made mandatory as part of the MV Act. The Right To Walk must be made non-negotiable and all conflicts with other acts, like municipal laws or the Street Vendors Act, must be removed
Reinvent growth
without pollution
Reinvent mobility
without cars
Reinvent it at the scale never seen before.
Never done before
Turn the constraints for growth into
opportunity
Smart city has to be smart in
the way it plans for mobility
and clean air
Otherwise dumb and deadly
48
November 2014
October 2012
NEW ISSUE: NASA images of smoke plume
from agricultural burning
October 2014
Paddy straw burning: fallout of mechanization
Strategies to stop by incentivizing soil carbon capture
One airshed
Rich and poor
Urban and rural
We need to have affordable and inclusive
growth for all
Otherwise will not succeed